Auto Upkeep Homeschool Curriculum

Homeschool Curriculum Kit

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AUTO UPKEEP

Sample UnitChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work

Copyright © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing

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“...When I first thought about this course, I envisioned this being more of a father son project, but I ended up being the one who participated in these labs. They were great! I am not a “technical” person at all and that’s just the point. This course is for everyone. In fact, I think it was created with people like me in mind especially. The text is so easy to follow and learn from, that a person who feels quite out of their element in a mechani-cal situation can now be more at ease! The CD also has Power Point slides, study ques-tions and answer keys, texts and exams as well as suggested grading. I was also happy to see in the Extras something called Career Exploration. This is something that is woven through the whole curriculum...”

Review* from Amy Christy The Old Schoolhouse® Magazine, LLC

* Based on the 2nd Edition of Auto Upkeep

Read Amy’s complete review and additionalreviews from Homeschool parents at:



Practical Elective for Homeschools!

Homeschool Curriculum KitTextbook ▪ Workbook ▪ Resource CD

32 Step-by-Step Illustrated Hands-On and Internet-Based Activities


q Diagnose Common Problems

q Talk Effectively with Technicians

q Handle Roadside Emergencies

q Perform Basic Maintenance

Discover

How to...

Co-op PacksAvailable Too!

AUTO UPKEEP

“Have your teens been askingfor a fun and practical elective?This kit has the resources youneed to homeschool your teens on basic car care, maintenance, repair, and ownership.”Authors -

800-918-7323

Introduction and How Cars Work Buying an Automobile Automotive Expenses Repair Facilities Safety Around the Automobile Basic Tools Auto Care and Cleaning Fluid Level Check Electrical System Lubrication System Fuel System Cooling System and Climate Control Ignition System Suspension, Steering, and Tires Braking System Drivetrain Exhaust and Emission System Alternative Fuels and Designs Automotive Accessories Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SCAN FOR DETAILS

SCAN FOR REVIEWS


Sample Course SyllabusAuto Upkeep:

Basic Car Care, Maintenance, and Repair




This course is intended to provide you with the knowledge to make economical decisions and take preventative measures to enhance the overall satisfaction of being an automotive consumer. The class discussions and lab activities provide the fundamental knowledge and experience in owning and maintaining an automobile.

This course is designed to provide you with the necessary environment and interactions to advance your knowledge and understanding in owning, maintaining, and repairing the automobile.

Please see the Excel spreadsheet titled on the Auto Upkeep Resource CD.

This course includes in-class activities and lab/shop activities. In-class activities include lectures, discussions, student presentations, and research. Lab/shop activities include completing designated procedures that involve inspection, replacement, and identification of automotive components. During lab/shop activities you will apply knowledge obtained from in-class discussions and readings to further advance your understanding of the automobile.

Course Syllabus for Auto Upkeep

Course Description:

Course Goal:

Intended Competencies/Skills:

Content Delivery Method:

Auto Upkeep Competency Profile

You will be evaluated on the achievement of the tasks/skills as listed on the competency profile, study questions, lab activity participation, daily reflection logs, and exams.

20% Competency Profile20% Study Questions20% Lab Activities

20% Daily Reflection Logs20% Exams (Written and Practical)

Assessments and assignments will be recorded in the grade book on a 4 point scale and averaged together within the main categories (competency profile, study questions, lab activities, daily reflection logs, and exams) to establish a final grade.4.0 = A 2.7 = B- 1.3 = D+3.7 = A- 2.3 = C+ 1.0 = D3.3 = B+ 2.0 = C 0.7 = D-3.0 = B 1.7 = C- 0 = F

Gray, M.E., & Gray, L.E. (2013). (3rd

Edition) Ozark, MO: Rolling Hills Publishing.

ISBN: 978-1-62702-005-3 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Kit (Paperback Text/Paperback Workbook/Resource CD)

ISBN: 978-1-62702-008-4 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Kit (Hardcover Text/Paperback Workbook/Resource CD)

ISBN: 978-1-62702-015-2 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Co-op Package (10 Paperback Texts/10 Paperback Workbooks/1 Paperback Homeschool Kit)

ISBN: 978-1-62702-018-3 Auto Upkeep Homeschool Co-op Package (10 Hardcover Texts/10 Paperback Workbooks/1 Hardcover Homeschool Kit)

Available at www.Homeschool.AutoUpkeep.com

It is essential that each student follow all safety guidelines, rules, and procedures as discussed in class and demonstrated in the lab/shop. Safety glasses are required for all lab activities.

Course Evaluation:

Grades:

Homeschool Curriculum:

Safety:

Grade Distribution/Weight

Auto Upkeep: Basic Car Care, Maintenance, and Repair.


1 1Introduction to the ClassCourse SyllabusTour of Area

Daily Reflection Log

1 2Chapter 1Introduction and How Cars Work

Pages 8-11



Pages 12-15

Study QuestionsExplore Web LinksDaily Reflection Log


Car Identification ActivityDaily Reflection Log


Review Chapter TestDaily Reflection Log

2 6Chapter 2Buying an Automobile

Pages 16-18



Pages 19-21



Buying a New Automobile ActivityBuying a Used Automobile ActivityDaily Reflection Log



2 10Chapter 3Automotive Expenses

Pages 22-25



Pages 26-27



Automotive Expenses ActivityDaily Reflection Log


ReviewChapter TestDaily Reflection Log

3 14Chapter 4Repair Facilities

Pages 28-30 Daily Reflection Log


Pages 31-33



Repair Facilities ActivityDaily Reflection Log



4 18Chapter 5Safety Around the Automobile

Pages 34-38



Pages 39-43


Course Schedule:18 Weeks

Week Day Topic Read/Discuss

Assignment/Lab/LogTest


Automotive Safety ActivityDaily Reflection Log



5 22Chapter 6Basic Tools

Pages 44-51



Pages 52-57



Basic Tools ActivityDaily Reflection Log



6 26Chapter 7Auto Care and Cleaning

Pages 58-62



Pages 63-65



Interior Cleaning ActivityExterior Cleaning ActivityDaily Reflection Log


Waxing ActivityDaily Reflection Log

6 30 Chapter 7Auto Care and Cleaning


7 31Chapter 8Fluid Level Check

Pages 66-69



Pages 70-73

Study QuestionsExplore Web Links


Fluid Level Check ActivityDaily Reflection Log



7 35Chapter 9Electrical System

Pages 74-79



Pages 80-83



Battery ActivityDaily Reflection Log


Charging ActivityStarting ActivityDaily Reflection Log



8 40Chapter 10Lubrication System

Pages 84-87



Pages 88-89



Oil and Filter Change ActivityDaily Reflection Log



9 44Careers Paths Chapters 1-10Review Chapters 1-10 for Mid-Term Exam

Discuss Career PathsReview for Mid-Term ExamDaily Reflection Log

9 45 Mid-Term ExamMid-Term ExamDaily Reflection Log

10 46Chapter 11Fuel System

Pages 90-95



Pages 96-99



Fuel System ActivityDaily Reflection Log



10 50Chapter 12Cooling System and Climate Control

Pages 100-105



Pages 106-109



Air Conditioning ActivityCabin Air Filter ActivityDaily Reflection Log


Cooling System ActivityDaily Reflection Log



11 55Chapter 13Ignition System

Pages 110-113



Pages 114-115



Ignition System ActivityDaily Reflection Log



12 59Chapter 14Suspension, Steering, and Tires

Pages 116-119



Pages 120-125



Suspension and Steering ActivityDaily Reflection Log


Tire Inspection and Rotation ActivityDaily Reflection Log



13 64Chapter 15 Braking System

Pages 126-129


13 65Chapter 15Braking System

Pages 130-131



Brake Inspection ActivityDaily Reflection Log



14 68Chapter 16Drivetrain

Pages 132-135



Pages 136-137



Drivetrain ActivityDaily Reflection Log



15 72Chapter 17Exhaust and Emission System

Pages 138-141



Pages 142-145


15 74Chapter 17 Exhaust and Emission System

Exhaust and Emission ActivityDaily Reflection Log



16 76Chapter 18Alternative Fuels and Designs

Pages 146-151



Pages 152-159



Payback Period ActivityDaily Reflection Log



16 80Chapter 19Automotive Accessories

Pages 160-165



Pages 166-171



Automotive Accessories ActivityDaily Reflection Log



17 84Chapter 20Common Problems and Roadside Emergencies

Pages 172-179



Pages 180-185



Changing a Flat Tire ActivityReplacing Wipers ActivityDaily Reflection Log


Jump-Starting ActivityLighting ActivityOn-Board Diagnostics ActivityDaily Reflection Log



18 89Careers Paths Chapters 11-20Review for Final Exam

Discuss Career PathsReview for Final ExamDaily Reflection Log

18 90 Final ExamFinal ExamDaily Reflection Log

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Chapter

1resourCes

IntroductIon and How cars work

• How do cars work?• Howarevehiclesclassified?• Why is it a good idea to know the size of your vehicle’s engine?

Fuel for Thought

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IntroductionFor hundreds of years people have been compelled to find a better way to travel. It would be impossible to credit just one person for the development of the automobile. The word “automobile” literally means self-moving. People wanted a vehicle that could take them to new places. For many years people worked and lived within miles of where they were born and where they eventually died. Before the automobile, most people traveled on land from one place to another by foot, train, bicycle, or horse and carriage. Within a few years of the turn of the 20th century, the automobile would change society forever. Today, there are millions of vehicles on the roadways.

ObjectivesUpon completion of this chapter and activities, you will be able to:

• Identify people that have impacted the development of the automobile.

• Differentiate between vehicle manufactur-ers, makes, models, and types.

• Describe how cars work.

Major Automotive ContributorsOne of the earliest recorded major milestones in the development of the automobile was the Cugnot steam traction engine in 1769-1770. Even though this self-powered road vehicle was rather impractical, it was a starting point for the automo-bile. The development of the internal combustion engine in 1860 made road vehicles more promis-ing. Then in 1886 Carl Benz was credited with building theworld’sfirst practicalmotorcar.Atthe turn of the century, blacksmith shops around the country were hand-building cars. Henry Ford, who introduced the Model T in 1908, put an end to many of the small hand- building automotive shops. By 1914, Ford was able to significantly decrease production time using a conveyor (moving) assembly line. Workers could put together a Model T in just 93 minutes. Ford even selected black paint because it dried faster than any other color. By 1920, half the cars in the world were Model T Fords. In 1923 alone, Ford produced over 1.8 million Model T’s. The last Ford Model T rolled off of the assembly line in 1927. Ford produced over 15 million Model T’s (Figure 1.1), but that was not enough for it to remain the best selling car in history.

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Figure 1.1 Model TCourtesy of Taylor Virdell, Llano, TX

Dr. Ferdinand Porsche invented the highly popular “people’s car” the Volkswagen Beetle in the 1930s, eventually selling over 23 million. The Toyota Corolla has the record for the best selling car ever, with over 37 million sold. Over the last hundred years, automobile production has grown substantially. In 1900 about 9500 motor vehicles were produced in the world. That number grew to over 50 million per year just a century later.

Automotive Museum SitesAntique Automobile Club of America Museumwww.aacamuseum.orgGilmore Car Museumwww.gilmorecarmuseum.orgHenry Ford Museumwww.thehenryford.orgManitoba Antique Auto Museumwww.mbautomuseum.comNational Automobile Museumwww.automuseum.orgPetersen Automotive Museumwww.petersen.orgSmithsonian National Museumhttp://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove

Web Links

Automotive MilestonesAutomobileshavegone througha largenumberof changes since Carl Benz’s 1886 Motorcar. Numerousmilestonesandsignificantautomotiveevents (Figure 1.2) have made vehicles more efficient,comfortable,andreliable.

Timeline of Automotive Milestones1769-1770

Nicholas Cugnot built and demonstrated the Cugnot steam traction engine.

1876 Nikolaus Otto developed the four-stroke engine.1886 Carl Benz patented the world’s first practical

motorcar.Daimler-Benz Company formed.

1892 Rudolf Diesel patented the diesel engine.1895 The word “automobile” coined.1897 Automotive insurance introduced.

Olds Motor Vehicle Company organized.1900 Steam and electric vehicles more popular than

gasoline powered vehicles.1901 Ransom Olds used an assembly line to build the

first mass-produced automobile, the Curved Dash Oldsmobile, which sold for $650.

1902 American Automobile Association (AAA) formed.Cadillac Automobile Company organized.

1903 Ford Motor Company formed.Buick Motor Company founded.Windshield wiper invented by Mary Anderson.

1908 Model T introduced and sold for $850.General Motors Company organized.

1911 Chevrolet Motor Company organized.Self starter invented.

1914 Cleveland, Ohio the first city with traffic lights.Henry Ford raised the minimum daily wage from $2.30 to $5.00.

1916 Brake lights installed.1917 The all-steel wheel developed.1937 Toyota Motor Company, Ltd. established.1938 Volkswagen Beetle produced.1939 Nash Motor Company offered air conditioning.

Hydra-matic (automatic) transmission introduced.1942-1945

U.S. automotive manufacturers supported Allied Powers by producing airplanes, tanks, etc.

1948 Honda Motor Co. formed with $3,300.1951 Power steering installed in cars.1954 Fuel injection used on Mercedes-Benz 300SL.1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act passed, the

first federal emissions standards.1973 Arab oil producers imposed U.S. export ban of oil.1997 Toyota Prius introduced and sold in Japan.1999 Honda Insight Hybrid introduced in U.S.2006 Ford Motor Company planned to cut North

American workforce by 25%.2007 Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) required.2009 General Motors and Chrysler filed for Chapter 11

bankruptcy protection.2010 Tesla Motors launched its IPO (initial public

offering) and became a publicly traded company.2011 Average age of a U.S. vehicle was 10.8 years old.2013 The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

(NHTSA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) require new fuel economy and environmental label for all new cars and trucks.

Figure 1.2 Significant Automotive Events

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http://www.aacamuseum.org

http://www.gilmorecarmuseum.org

http://www.thehenryford.org

http://www.mbautomuseum.com

http://www.automuseum.org

http://www.petersen.org

http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove


Chapter 1

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How Cars WorkCurrently the most common propulsion system in an automobile is the internal combustion engine (ICE). ICEs burn fuel in a combustion chamber inside the engine. Examples include the four-stroke, two-stroke, rotary, and gas turbine engines. The four-stroke internal combustion engine (also known as the Otto cycle, named after Nikolaus Otto) is the most common type used in automobiles. In a four-stroke engine the piston makes reciprocating (back and forth or up and down) movements to convert the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy of motion (kinetic energy). Spark ignition engines are fueled by gasoline, propane, natural gas, or gaso-line/alcohol blend. Compression ignition engines are fueled by diesel. This section focuses on:

• Engine Components• Power Transfer• Four-Stroke Engines

Engine ComponentsThe basic parts in a four-stroke engine include intake valves, exhaust valves, pistons, connecting rods, engine block, cylinder head(s), crankshaft, camshaft(s), and oil pan (Figure 1.3).

IntakeValve

ExhaustValve

Camshaft

PistonEngineBlock

CombustionChamber

Crankshaft

Oil Pan

ConnectingRod

CylinderHead

Oil

Coolant

Crankcase

Figure 1.3 Dual Overhead Camshaft (DOHC) Engine

Power TransferSeveral processes have to happen in order for a vehicle to move. The following are the basic power transfer steps (Figure 1.4) in a common gasoline powered (non-hybrid) automobile.

Power Transfer Steps1 Fuel is stored as chemical energy in the gas tank.2 Fuel is transported to the engine by a fuel pump.3 Air-fuel mixture enters the engine.

4 Electrical energy is used to create a spark at the spark plug.

5Combustion occurs, converting the chemical energy to kinetic energy. The piston moves linearly, recipro-cating up and down or back and forth.

6 The reciprocating motion of the pistons is converted to rotary (circular) motion of the crankshaft.

7 The crankshaft’s rotary motion turns the transmission.

8

On front-wheel drive (FWD) vehicles, rotary motion is transferred through a transaxle (transmission and differential combined). From the transaxle, rotary power is moved through constant velocity (CV) shafts. On rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicles, rotary motion is transferred from the transmission through the drive shaft then to a differential and final drive assembly. In this situation, the differential changes the power flow 90° and allows the drive wheels to turn at differ-ent speeds when cornering. Power is transferred from the differential to axle shafts.

9 The axle shafts or CV shafts turn the wheels.

10 The rotary motion of the wheels converts to linear motion on the roadway.

Figure 1.4 How Power is Transferred

Four-Stroke EnginesThe four-strokes of the spark ignition engine (Figure 1.5) and the compression ignition engine (Figure 1.6) are intake, compression, power (combustion), and exhaust. To complete the four strokes, the crankshaft makes two revolutions. The four-strokes of the compression ignition engine are similar to the spark ignition engine, except fuel is not mixed with air in the intake system. Instead diesel is injected directly into the combustion chamber or indirectly into a swirl (precombustion) chamber. Once in the combus-tion chamber, the diesel combusts spontaneously from the high pressure and heat. Compression ignition engines do not use spark plugs. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, now becoming popular, will be explained in Chapter 11.

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Intake StrokeIn take va lve is open. Exhaust valve is closed. P i s t o n m o v e s d o w n . Air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber.

Spark PlugAir-FuelMixture

Figure 1.5 Four-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Compression Ratio Commonly 8:1 to 12:1

Figure 1.6 Four-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine (Direct Injection Diesel)Compression Ratio Commonly 16:1 to 20:1

Compression StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. Piston moves up. Air- fuel mixture is compressed.

Power (Combustion) StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. A spark plug ignites the fuel. Piston is forced down by combus-tion. This is the stroke that provides the power.

Exhaust StrokeExhaust va lve opens. Intake valve is closed. Piston moves up, pushing exhaust gases out of the engine.

Exhaust Gases

Intake StrokeIn take va lve is open. Exhaust valve is closed. Piston moves down. Air enters the combustion chamber.

Fuel Injector

Air

Compression StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. Piston moves up. Air is compressed.

Power (Combustion) StrokeIntake and exhaust valves are closed. Fuel is injected into the combustion cham-ber. The high pressure and heat ignite the fuel. Fuel combusts spontaneously. Piston is forced down by combustion. This is the stroke that provides the power.

Exhaust StrokeExhaust va lve opens. Intake valve is closed. Piston moves up, pushing exhaust gases out of the engine.

Exhaust Gases

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Chapter 1

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Engine IdentificationAvehicle’sengineisclassifiedbyits:

• Size/Displacement• Configuration

Size/DisplacementThe size of the engine is the combined volume of the cylinders. Engine size can be found on the vehicle emission control information sticker under the hood. Engine size is commonly listed in liters or cubic inches (Figure 1.7).Note: 1 L = 61.02 cu. in.

International System of Units (Metric System) and U.S. Customary Units (English System) Equivalent

1.8 L = 110 cu. in. 5.0 L = 305 cu. in.

2.4 L = 147 cu. in. 5.3 L = 323 cu. in.4.6 L = 281 cu. in. 6.8 L = 415 cu. in.

Figure 1.7 Common Engine Sizes

ConfigurationEngineconfiguration is thedesignof theengine block. Common engine configurations include inline, opposed, slant, or V (Figure 1.8). The configuration describes the way cylinders are arranged in the block. The number of cylinders within the engine block is also used to identify the type of engine design. Engines have 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 12 cylinders. The most common engine configurationsareinline4s,V6s,andV8s.

4 Cylinder Inline

4 Cylinder Opposed

6 Cylinder Slant

V8

Figure 1.8 Engine Configurations

Vehicle IdentificationVehiclescanbeidentifiedbythe:

• VIN• Manufacturer• Make

• Model• Year• Type

VINTheVehicle IdentificationNumber (VIN) is animportant number on a vehicle. This 17-character number can be seen on the left side of the dash from outside the vehicle through the windshield. Left and right sides are determined by sitting inside the vehicle facing forward. This number also appears on the vehicle certification label on the inside of the driver’s doorjamb (Figure 1.9) and also on the vehicle’s title card. The VIN contains information including codes that identify the engine type, body type, model year (MY), assembly plant, production sequence number, and other information specific to that vehicle. In the followingfigure, the tenth character “D”identifies themodel year as 2013, even thoughthe manufacture date was February 2012. For additional resources on decoding a VIN visit www.3rd.AutoUpkeep.com/resources/ch1. Keep the VIN handy, automotive parts stores may need ittofindthecorrectreplacementparts.

Figure 1.9 Doorjamb VIN

ManufacturerAn automotivemanufacturer (Figure 1.10) is a company that produces vehicles. Through the years some manufacturers have taken over others, joined forces, or completely gone out of business.

Figure 1.10 Automotive Manufacturer Logos

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MakeAutomotivemanufacturers (Figure 1.11) iden-tify the various vehicles they produce by their “make”.

Manufacturer MakeGM Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMCChrysler Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, and RamDaimler Maybach, Mercedes-Benz, and smartFord Ford and LincolnToyota Lexus, Scion, and ToyotaVolkswagen Audi, Bently, Bugatti, Lamborghini, and

VolkswagenHonda Acura and HondaHyundai Hyundai and KiaNissan Infiniti and NissanFiat Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Fiat, and MaseratiMitsubishi MitsubishiGeely Geely and VolvoTata Jaguar, Land Rover, and TataBMW BMW, MINI, and Rolls-RoyceMazda Mazda

Figure 1.11 Examples of Makes

ModelThe model (Figure 1.12) of a vehicle refers to thespecificnameofeachvehiclewithinamake.Model names often change over time.

Make ModelChevrolet Camaro, Colorado, Corvette, Cruze, Equinox,

Impala, Malibu, Silverado, Spark, Suburban, and Volt

Figure 1.12 Examples of Models

YearThe model year of a vehicle is not necessarily theyear inwhichitwasbuilt.Avehiclebuilt inOctober 2012 most likely would be considered a 2013 model year vehicle. To find the actual model year of the vehicle look at the vehicle emission control information (VECI) sticker under the hood. This sticker indicates the year of pollution standards conformance, which is also the model year (MY). The date of manufacture is listed inside the driver’s door on the vehicle certification label.This is the actualmonth andyear that the vehicle rolled off the assembly line.

TypeAutomotivemanufacturersdesignmanydifferenttypes (Figure 1.13) of vehicles to meet consumer demands.

Type ModelMicrocar GEM e2, Nano, and smart fortwoSubcompact Car Accent, Fiesta, Fit, Spark, Versa, and

YarisCompact Car Civic, Corolla, Focus, Golf, and SentraMid-size Car Accord, Camry, Fusion, and MalibuFull-size Car Avalon, Charger, Impala, and MaximaSports Car Challenger, Corvette, Mustang, and

Porsche 911Compact SUV Escape, RAV4, Wrangler, and XterraMid-size SUV Durango, Explorer, Grand Cherokee,

Highlander, and PathfinderCrossover SUV Edge, Flex, Murano, Outback, and

Tiguan Full-size SUV Escalade, Expedition, Suburban, and

TahoeSUT Avalanche, Escalade EXT, and

RidgelineCompact Pickup Colorado, Frontier, Ranger, and

TacomaFull-size Pickup F-Series, Ram, Sierra, Silverado,

Titan, and TundraMinivan Caravan, Odyssey, Quest, Sedona,

and SiennaVan E-Series, Express, and Savana

Figure 1.13 Examples of Types and Models

Identifying Vehicle PartsTo purchase the correct maintenance items (e.g., filters) or replacement parts (e.g., alternators and starters), it is important to know a vehicle’s VIN, make, model, engine size/configuration, production date, and model year. Note: The date of manufacture and the model year of a vehicle may differ. Manufacturers produce millions of vehicles each year by continuous manufacturing. Showroom floors often include vehicles from next year’s model lineup six to nine months before that calendar year.

Tech Tip

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Chapter 1

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Common Fuels and DesignsMost of the 255 million vehicles registered in the United States today burn either gasoline or diesel in an internal combustion engine. This section focuses on:

• Gasoline Powered Vehicles• Diesel Powered Vehicles

Gasoline Powered VehiclesPassenger cars and light trucks powered solely by burning gasoline in an internal combustion engine are the most popular. Gasoline engines use spark plugs to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine. There are several reasons for the popularity of gasoline powered vehicles. They are currently affordable (this depends on the price of gas (Figure 1.14)), easy to refuel (gas stations in just about every town), they meet performance expectations (range, acceleration, and speed), and we are most familiar with the technology. One of the major disadvantages of gasoline is that once the fuel is burned, it is gone forever. In addition, gasoline engines emit hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). HC and NOX contribute to smog formation. Carbon monoxide can enter the bloodstream, reducing the flow of oxygen throughout the body. Carbon dioxide is consid-ered a greenhouse gas which impacts global climate change (global warming).

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

1992

19

95

1998

20

01

2004

20

07

2010

20

13

Gasoline Prices

Figure 1.14 U.S. Gasoline Price History

Diesel Powered VehiclesDiesel engines are compression ignition engines; they do not have spark plugs. When thinking of diesel,amediumorheavy-dutytruckmightfirstcome to mind. Diesel powered specialty vehicles (e.g., garbage trucks, school buses, and fire engines) and semi trucks pulling trailers are very common. Diesel engines have also become popu-lar in light trucks. Recently in the United States there has been a resurgence of diesel powered cars. In Europe, diesel powered cars are fairly common, making up about one-half of new cars. Diesel fuel (Figure 1.15) has more energy per gallon as compared to gasoline, making it more efficientforeverygallonoffuelburned.Diesels emit NOX, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM), in addition to greenhouse gas pollutants. Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain. Particulate matter can be microscopic particles like dust, soot, or smoke that are able to penetrate into the lungs and cause a variety of health problems. Ultra-low sulfur diesel and newer engine designs with particulate traps have greatly decreased the amount of PM emissions.

Figure 1.15 Auto Diesel Fuel Dispenser

More Alternative Fueled VehiclesQ: Why do automotive manufacturers not produce more alternative fueled vehicles?A: It is expensive to develop new technologies that meet our high performance expectations. Many customers are not willing to buy newer technologies, especially when gas and diesel fueled vehicles are meeting their expectations.

Q & A

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Emerging TechnologiesNear the turn of the millennium, Toyota and Honda started mass-producing hybrid (i.e., gas and electric) vehicles. In 2012, the following gas-free, 100% electric vehicles were produced by major auto manufacturers: Nissan Leaf (99 MPGe) (Figure 1.16), Ford Focus Electric (105 MPGe), and Mitsubishi i (112 MPGe). Note: Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe) is a measure used to compare energy usage in advanced technology vehicles to the miles per gallon (MPG) rating in conventional vehicles. The interest in developing energy efficient vehicles also led to the creation of new auto manufacturers(e.g.,FiskerAutomotiveandTeslaMotors).

Automotive Manufacturer SitesBMW of North America, LLCwww.bmwusa.comChrysler Group LLCwww.chrysler.comFiat Group Automobileswww.fiat.comFisker Automotivewww.fiskerautomotive.comFord Motor Companywww.ford.comGeneral Motorswww.gm.comHonda Motor Companywww.honda.comHyundai Motor Companywww.hyundai.comMitsubishi Motors North America, Inc.www.mitsubishicars.comNissan Motor Companywww.nissanusa.comTesla Motorswww.teslamotors.comToyota Motor Corporationwww.toyota.comVolkswagen of Americawww.vw.com

Web Links

Figure 1.16 100% Electric Nissan Leaf

SummaryIn a little over one hundred years, automobiles have become extremely popular. The auto-mobile has made personal land transportation easy, allowing people to work great distances from where they live. Cugnot, Benz, Ford, and Porsche, among others, changed the development of the automobile forever. With an ever-growing number of vehicles on the road and demand for oil increasing, fossil fuel prices will certainly rise. Today, manufacturers are mass-producing hybrid and100%electricvehiclestoincreaseefficiency,minimize pollution, and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. See Chapter 18 to learn more about alternative fueled vehicles.

Introduction and How Cars Work• CarIdentificationActivity• Chapter 1 Study Questions

ActivitiescanbeaccessedintheAuto Upkeep Workbook or online at www.AutoUpkeep.com.

Activities

Automotive TeacherEducation: Bachelor’s Degree and/or ASECert.Median Income: $52,000Abilities: Good communication with students in a technical hands-on environment.Find your career at www.bls.gov/ooh.

Career Paths

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http://www.bmwusa.com

http://www.chrysler.com

http://www.fiat.com

http://www.fiskerautomotive.com

http://www.ford.com

http://www.gm.com

http://www.honda.com

http://www.hyundai.com

http://www.mitsubishicars.com

http://www.nissanusa.com

http://www.teslamotors.com

http://www.toyota.com

http://www.vw.com

http://www.autoupkeep.com

http://www.bls.gov/ooh


Chapter

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Moving and/or hot engine components can be dangerous. Shut off the engine and remove the key before opening the hood.

Think Safety

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ObjectivesAfter reading the Auto Upkeep text and complet-ing the following activities, you will be able to:

• Identify people that have impacted the development of the automobile.

• Differentiate between vehicle manufactur-ers, makes, models, and types.

• Describe how cars work.

SummaryIn a little over one hundred years, automobiles have become extremely popular. The auto-mobile has made personal land transportation easy, allowing people to work great distances from where they live. Cugnot, Benz, Ford, and Porsche, among others, changed the development of the automobile forever. With an ever-growing number of vehicles on the road and demand for oil increasing, fossil fuel prices will certainly rise. Today, manufacturers are mass-producing hybrid and100%electricvehiclestoincreaseefficiency,minimize pollution, and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.

Key Terms/Internet Search WordsVisit www.google.com to investigate any of the following terms or phrases. Summarize yourfindingsinaresearchpaper.

• AutomotiveManufacturers• AutomotiveMilestones• Carl(Karl)Benz• CugnotSteamTractionEngine• DieselEngines• FerdinandPorsche• Four-StrokeEngine• GasolineEngines• HenryFord• HowCarsWork• InternalCombustionEngine• LeonardodaVinciAutomobile• ModelT• NicholasCugnot• NikolausOtto• RansomOldsFirstAssemblyLine• VehicleIdentificationNumber• VolkswagenBeetle• WhatisMPGe

Web Exploring

7

http://3rd.autoupkeep.com/resources/ch1/

http://www.AutoUpkeep.com

http://www.google.com

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Name Class Date / / Score

Study Questions - Introduction and How Cars Work

1. What was the earliest self-powered road vehicle?

2. Whowascreditedwiththeworld’sfirstmotorcar?

3. Howdocarswork?

4. Howarevehiclesclassified?

5. What is the difference between a manufacturer and make?

6. WhatdoestheacronymVINrepresent?

7. What two units of measurement are used to classify engine sizes?

8. Whatisanengineconfiguration?Listseveralexamples.

9. What is the difference between a gasoline and diesel engine? What are the strokes in a four-stroke internal combustion engine?

10. Why is it a good idea to know the size of your vehicle’s engine?

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Chapter 1 IntroduCtIon and how Cars work

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Name Class Date / / Score

Car Identification Activity

ObjectiveUpon completion of this activity, you will be able to correctly identify an automobile by manufac-turer, make, model, year, and type.

NATEF ConnectionsPreparing Vehicle for Service

• Vehicle identifying information.

ToolsNone

SuppliesNone

CautionsFollow all procedures and safety guidelines specifiedbyyourinstructor.

DirectionsCheck off the boxes when completed. When you see a hand next to the task, write the information in the activity journal. If you have any questions during the duration of this activity, stop and ask the instructor for assistance.

Procedure Openthedriver’sdoorandlookforthevehiclecertificationlabel.

Vehicle Certification

Label

Identify the date of manufacture. Identify the vehicle manufacturer. LookinthefrontwindshieldandfindtheVIN.WritedowntheVIN.

VIN

Lookontheoutsideofthevehicle.Themakeandmodelareusuallyidentifiedontherear,front, or side of the vehicle.

Notethemakeandmodel. Identify the vehicle type (e.g.,Microcar,Subcompact Car, Compact Car, Mid-size Car, Full-size Car, Sports Car, Compact SUV, Mid-size SUV, Crossover SUV, Full-size SUV, SUT, Compact Pickup, Full-size Pickup, Minivan,orVan).

Openthehood.Ifunsurehowtoopenthehood,refer to the owner’s manual. A release latch should be under or near the steering column.

Oncethehoodispopped,thereisasafetylatchon the outside.

Hood Safety Latch

Locatethevehicleemissioncontrolinforma-tion(VECI)stickerunderthehood.

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LookontheVECIsticker todeterminethemodel year.

LookontheVECIsticker todeterminethesize(e.g.,2.4L)andtype(e.g.,gasolineordiesel)ofengineinyourvehicle.

Size of Engine Type of Engine

Model Year (MY)

Lookattheenginedesigntodeterminethecon-figuration(e.g.,inline,opposed,slant,orV).

4 Cylinder Inline

4 Cylinder Opposed

6 Cylinder Slant

V8

Look at the engine to try to determine thenumber of cylinders. Identifying the number of spark plugs may help you. Note: Most engines have one spark plug per cylinder, but some have two.

Close the hood.

Activity Journal

1. What is the date of manufacture for the vehicle?

2. What company manufactured the vehicle?

3. WhatistheVINforthevehicle?

4. What is the make and model of vehicle?

5. What is the vehicle’s type?

6. WhatisthemodelyearaccordingtoVECIsticker?

7. What is the engine size and type?

8. Whatistheengineconfiguration?

9. Howmanycylindersdoestheenginehave?

10


Sample PowerPoint SlidesChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work




Chapter 1 © 2013 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com

1

Auto Upkeep Basic Car Care, Maintenance, and Repair (3rd Edition)

Chapter 1 Introduction and How Cars Work

Online Resources

www.3rd.AutoUpkeep.com/resources/ch1


2

Fuel for Thought

•  How do cars work? •  How are vehicles classified? •  Why is it a good idea to know the size of

your vehicle’s engine?


3

Objectives

•  Upon completion of this chapter and activities, you will be able to: –  Identify people that have impacted the

development of the automobile. – Differentiate between vehicle manufacturers,

makes, models, and types. – Describe how cars work.


4

Major Automotive Contributors

•  Nicholas Cugnot •  Carl Benz •  Rudolf Diesel •  Ransom Olds •  Henry Ford •  Dr. Ferdinand

Porsche •  Many others…


5

Automotive Milestones


6

Power Transfer Steps


7

How Cars Work

•  Basic Engine Components –  Engine Block –  Crankshaft –  Pistons –  Connecting Rods –  Camshaft(s) –  Intake and Exhaust

Valves


8

How Cars Work •  Four-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine


9

How Cars Work •  Four-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine


10

Engine Identification

•  Size/Displacement – Two systems of measurement

•  International System of Units (metric system) •  U.S. customary units (English system)


11

Engine Identification •  Configuration

–  Inline –  Opposed –  Slant –  V


12

Vehicle Identification

•  VIN –  Vehicle Identification

Number •  17 Characters •  Found on driver’s

doorjamb and on the top of the dashboard


13


•  Manufacturers –  GM –  Chrysler –  Ford –  Toyota –  VW –  Honda –  Many others…


14



15



16



17

Common Fuels and Designs •  Gasoline

Powered Vehicles – Pollutants

•  hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide


18

Common Fuels and Designs •  Diesel Powered

Vehicles – Pollutants

•  Greenhouse gases + nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter


19

The Future •  Currently and Near Future

–  Hybrids –  Electrics –  Flex Fuel E85

•  More Distant Future –  Fuel Cell Technology –  Photovoltaics???


20

Summary

•  The automobile has made land transportation easy.

•  Automobiles allow people to work great distances from where they live.

•  Automobiles create pollution. •  New technologies are emerging.

Daily Reflection LogChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work




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daIly reflecTIon logDirections - At the end of each day, write a short 3-5 sentence reflection on what you learned.

monday

tuesday

Wednesday

thursday

FrIday

Name Class Week / / Score

147appendIx d — daIly reFlectIon log

Sample TestChapter 1 - Introduction and How Cars Work




Auto Upkeep (3rd Edition) Name __________________

Chapter 1 Test Date ____/____/____

Introduction and How Cars Work Test Score ____

Section 1: Selected Response

Directions: Place the letter that corresponds to the correct answer on the space provided.

___ 1. The ______________ was one of the earliest self-powered vehicles.

a. Hummer

b. Cugnot steam traction engine

c. Tucker

d. Taurus

___ 2. Most 4-cylinder engines are configured in this way.

a. V

b. Slant

c. X

d. Inline

___ 3. Automobiles became popular in the _____ century.

a. 14th

b. 16th

c. 18th

d. 20th

___ 4. The VIN is commonly located on the __________.

a. dashboard

b. taillight

c. headlight

d. wheel

___ 5. The Ford Model T became famous for being ___________.

a. the first car

b. mass-produced on a moving assembly line

c. hand built

d. blue in color

___ 6. Who patented the world’s first practical motorcar?

a. Carl Benz

b. Henry Ford

c. Nicholas Cugnot

d. Ferdinand Porsche

___ 7. Which of the following can enter the bloodstream, reducing the flow of oxygen throughout the

body?

a. nitrogen

b. particulate matter

c. carbon dioxide

d. carbon monoxide

Section 2: Selected Response ASE Style Questions

Directions: Place the letter that corresponds to the correct answer on the space provided.

___ 8. Technician A says that gasoline engines have spark plugs to ignite the air-fuel mixture.

Technician B says that diesel engines use compression to ignite the air-fuel mixture. Who is

correct?

a. Technician A

b. Technician B

c. Both Technician A and Technician B

d. Neither Technician A nor Technician B

___ 9. Technician A says that the day the vehicle comes off the assembly line is the model year.

Technician B says that the model year can be located on the vehicle emission control

information (VECI) sticker. Who is correct?

a. Technician A

b. Technician B



___ 10. Technician A says that the number of cylinders within the engine block is used to identify the

engine design. Technician B says that the engine configuration is used to identify the engine

design. Who is correct?

a. Technician A

b. Technician B



___ 11. Technician A says that engine size can be listed in liters. Technician be says that engine size

can only be listed in cubic inches. Who is correct?

a. Technician A

b. Technician B



___ 12. Technician A says that rotary motion of the pistons is converted to reciprocating motion of

the crankshaft. Technician B says that rotary motion is up and down or back and forth. Who

is correct?

a. Technician A

b. Technician B



Section 3: Constructed Response

Directions: Use complete sentences to answer the following questions. The criteria below will be

used to assess your answers.

Outstanding

(A = 4.0)

Very Good

(B = 3.0)

Acceptable

(C = 2.0)

Attempted

(D = 1.0)

Did Not Attempt

(F = 0) Student demonstrates a

complete understanding

of the problem. Several

details and examples were

given to support the

answer. The response was

extremely well organized.

Student demonstrates a

considerable

understanding of the

problem. Some details

and examples were given

to support the answer.

The response was

presented in a thoughtful

manner.

Student demonstrates a

partial understanding of

the problem. Few details

and examples were given

to support the answer.

The response was

somewhat organized, but

did not have smooth

transitions.

Student demonstrates

little understanding of the

problem. Details and

examples were not

relevant or not given. The

response was difficult to

follow and confusing to

the reader. However, the

student made an honest

attempt at answering the

question.

No attempt was made to

answer the question.

13. How is power transferred in a gasoline powered vehicle?

14. What are the four strokes in the four-stroke spark ignition engine? What occurs during each

stroke?

What will your son or daughter learn from the Auto Upkeep Homeschool Kit?

Chapter 1Car Identification ActivityIdentify an automobile by make, model, year, and type.

Chapter 2Buying a New Automobile ActivityDifferentiate between MSRP, dealer invoice, and dealer cost.Buying a Used Automobile Activ-ityResearch prices, reliability ratings, and safety ratings on used automo-biles.

Chapter 3Automotive Expenses ActivityCalculate automotive expenses.

Chapter 4Repair Facilities ActivityChoose a quality repair facility. Interpret a repair invoice.

Chapter 5Automotive Safety ActivityIdentify the location of emergency and safety equipment.

Chapter 6Basic Tools ActivityIdentify basic tools that are used in automotive shops.

Chapter 7Interior Cleaning ActivityClean the inside of a vehicle.Exterior Cleaning ActivityClean the outside of a vehicle.Waxing ActivityWax the finish on a vehicle.

Chapter 8Fluid Level Check ActivitySafely check the fluid level in various vehicle components.

Chapter 9Battery ActivitySafely clean and test the battery.Charging ActivitySafely test the alternator and replace belt.Starting ActivitySafely test the starter.

Chapter 10Oil and Filter Change ActivitySafely change the oil and filter on a vehicle.

Chapter 11Fuel System ActivityIdentify the components of the fuel system. Change the air filter, CCV filter, PCV valve, and fuel filter.

Chapter 12Air Conditioning ActivityInspect and identify the compo-nents within the air conditioning system.Cabin Air Filter ActivityReplace the cabin air filter on a vehicle.Cooling System ActivitySafely test, inspect, and service the cooling system. Observe thermo-stat operation.

Chapter 13Ignition System ActivityInstall spark plugs. Inspect, test, and install spark plug wires. Inspect and install distributor cap and rotor on conventional or distributor systems.

Chapter 14Suspension and Steering ActivitySafely inspect and perform basic service procedures on suspension and steering components.Tire Inspection and Rotation ActivitySafely inspect tires for wear and rotate tires.

Chapter 15Brake Inspection ActivitySafely inspect disc brakes.

Chapter 16Drivetrain ActivitySafely inspect drivetrain compo-nents.

Chapter 17Exhaust and Emissions ActivitySafely inspect exhaust and emis-sion components.

Chapter 18Payback Period ActivityCalculate payback period.

Chapter 19Auto Accessories ActivityEstimate the cost of accessories for a vehicle.

Chapter 20Changing a Flat Tire ActivitySafely change a spare tire.Jump-Starting ActivitySafely jump-start a vehicle.Lighting ActivityReplace various lights on a vehicle.Replacing Wipers ActivityReplace wipers on a vehicle.On-Board Diagnostics ActivitySafely retrieve diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) from an OBD II system using a basic scan tool.

32 Step-by-Step Illustrated Hands-On and Internet Activities

Auto Upkeep Homeschool Curriculum

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