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AUTO-1400: AUTOMOTIVE ALIGNMENT, STEERING ANDSUSPENSIONCuyahoga Community CollegeViewing: AUTO-1400 : Automotive Alignment, Steering and SuspensionBoard of Trustees:2017-03-30

Academic Term:2017-08-24

Subject CodeAUTO - Automotive Technology

Course Number:1400

Title:Automotive Alignment, Steering and Suspension

Catalog Description:Theory and principles of automotive alignment geometry and automotivesteering and suspension systems. Laboratory competencies integrate diagnosisand repair of these systems through use of special tools and alignmentequipment.

Credit Hour(s):3

Lecture Hour(s):2Lab Hour(s):3

Other Hour(s):0

RequisitesPrerequisite and CorequisiteNone.

I. ACADEMIC CREDITAcademic Credit According to the Ohio Department of Higher Education, one (1) semester hour of college credit will be awardedfor each lecture hour. Students will be expected to work on out-of-class assignments on a regular basis which, over the length ofthe course, would normally average two hours of out-of-class study for each hour of formal class activity. For laboratory hours, one(1) credit shall be awarded for a minimum of three laboratory hours in a standard week for which little or no out-of-class study isrequired since three hours will be in the lab (i.e. Laboratory 03 hours). Whereas, one (1) credit shall be awarded for a minimum oftwo laboratory hours in a standard week, if supplemented by out-of-class assignments which would normally average one hour ofout-of class study preparing for or following up the laboratory experience (i.e. Laboratory 02 hours). Credit is also awarded for otherhours such as directed practice, practicum, cooperative work experience, and field experience. The number of hours required toreceive credit is listed under Other Hours on the syllabus. The number of credit hours for lecture, lab and other hours are listed atthe beginning of the syllabus. Make sure you can prioritize your time accordingly. Proper planning, prioritization and dedication willenhance your success in this course.The standard expectation for an online course is that you will spend 3 hours per week for each credit hour.

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II. ACCESSIBILITY STATEMENTIf you need any special course adaptations or accommodations because of a documented disability, please notify your instructorwithin a reasonable length of time, preferably the first week of the term with formal notice of that need (i.e. an official letter from theStudent Accessibility Services (SAS) office). Accommodations will not be made retroactively.For specific information pertaining to ADA accommodation, please contact your campus SAS office or visit online at https://www.tri-c.edu/student-accessibility-services (https://www.tri-c.edu/student-accessibility-services/). Blackboard accessibility information isavailable at http://access.blackboard.com.Eastern (216) 987-2052 - Voice. (216) 987-2423 - FaxMetropolitan (216) 987-4344 – Voice.(216) 987-3257 - Fax.Western (216) 987-5079 – Voice. (216) 987-5118 - Fax.Westshore (216) 987-3900 – Voice. (216) 987-5294 - Fax.Brunswick (216) 987-5079 – Voice. (216) 987-5118 - Fax.Off-Site (216) 987-5079 – Voice

III. ATTENDANCE TRACKINGRegular class attendance is expected. Tri-C is required by law to verify the enrollment of students who participate in federal Title IVstudent aid programs and/or who receive educational benefits through other funding sources. Eligibility for federal student financialaid is based in part on enrollment status.Students who do not attend classes for the entire term are required to withdraw from the course(s). Additionally, students whowithdraw from a course or stop attending class without officially withdrawing may be required to return all or a portion of theirfinancial aid based on the date of last attendance. Students who do not attend the full session are responsible for withdrawing fromthe course(s).Tri-C is responsible for identifying students who have not attended a course before financial aid funds can be applied to students’accounts.Therefore, attendance is recorded in the following ways:• For in-person and blended-learning courses, students are required to attend the course by the 15th day of the semester (orequivalent for terms shorter than five weeks) to be considered attending. Students who have not met all attendance requirements forin-person and blended courses, as described herein, within the first two weeks or equivalent, will be considered not attending.• For online courses, students are required to login at least two times per week and submit one assignment per week for the first twoweeks of the semester, or equivalent to the 15th day of the term. Students who have not met all attendance requirements for onlinecourses, as described herein, within the first two weeks or equivalent, will be considered not attending.At the conclusion of the first two weeks of a semester or equivalent, instructors report any registered students who have “NeverAttended” a course. Those students will be administratively withdrawn from that course. However, after the time period inthe previous paragraphs, if a student stops attending a class or wants or needs to withdraw, for any reason, it is the student’sresponsibility to take action to withdraw from the course. Students must complete and submit the appropriate Tri-C form by theestablished withdrawal deadline.Tri-C is required to ensure that students receive financial aid only for courses that they attend and complete. Students reported for notattending at least one of their registered courses will have all financial aid funds held until confirmation of attendance in registeredcourses has been verified. Students who fail to complete at least one course may be required to repay all or a portion of their federalfinancial aid funds and may be ineligible to receive future federal financial aid awards. Students who withdraw from classes prior tocompleting more than 60 percent of their enrolled class time may be subject to the required federal refund policy.If illness or emergency should necessitate a brief absence from class, students should confer with instructors upon their return.Students having problems with coursework due to a prolonged absence should confer with the instructor or a counselor.

IV. LEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENTOccasionally, in addition to submitting assignments to their instructors for evaluation and a grade, students will also be asked tosubmit completed assignments, called ‘artifacts,’ for assessment of course and program outcomes and the College’s EssentialLearning Outcomes (ELOs). The artifacts will be submitted in Blackboard or a similar technology. The level of mastery of the outcomedemonstrated by the artifact DOES NOT affect the student’s grade or academic record in any way. However, some instructors requirethat students submit their artifact before receiving their final grade. Some artifacts will be randomly selected for assessment, whichwill help determine improvements and support needed to further student success. If you have any questions, please feel free to speakwith your instructor or contact the Learning Outcomes Assessment office.

V. CONCEALED CARRY STATEMENTCollege policy prohibits the possession of weapons on college property by students, faculty and staff, unless specifically approved inadvance as a job-related requirement (i.e., Tri-C campus police officers) or, in accordance with Ohio law, secured in a parked vehicle ina designated parking area only by an individual in possession of a valid conceal carry permit.As a Tri-C student, your behavior on campus must comply with the student code of conduct which is available on page 29 withinthe Tri-C student handbook, available at http://www.tri-c.edu/student-resources/documents/studenthandbook.pdf You must also

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comply with the College’s Zero Tolerance for Violence on College Property available at http://www.tri-c.edu/policies-and-procedures/documents/3354-1-20-10-zero-tolerance-for-violence-policy.pdf

VI. CORONAVIRUS/COVID-19 STATEMENTStudents are responsible for adhering to all College health and safety guidance, including that which relates to the COVID-19pandemic.Public health requirements and standards are changing rapidly, and the College is adapting its guidance accordingly. Please checkyour Tri-C email and visit tri-c.edu/coronavirus regularly for updates.All students must adhere to the following general guidelines, until further notice:• Remain at home if you are ill or experiencing symptoms of illness. Do not attend any in-person class or gathering.• Notify your instructor(s) if you are ill, have tested positive for COVID-19, or were exposed to an individual who has tested positive forCOVID-19 and they will report the information to the Tri-C Compliance & Risk Management team and you may be contacted for follow-up information.• Wear a mask or face covering at all times, including, but not limited to: upon entering and exiting any Tri-C facility, in class, and in allcommon areas.• Maintain a distance of at least six feet between yourself and others at all times and if you must pass near an individual do it quicklyand do not linger.• Provide the College with relevant information about your current health status and participate in any required on-site checks (e.g.,temperature checks, current contact information, symptom profile, etc.).• Use only designated areas of Tri-C facilities, including entrances and exits. Sign in and out of Tri-C facilities as directed.The general guidelines listed above do not encompass all coronavirus-related guidance. These guidelines are subject to change atthe discretion of the College and under the direction of public health authorities. Students who fail to adhere to this guidance may besubject to disciplinary action under the College’s Student Code of Conduct and the Student Judicial Code.

OutcomesCourse Outcome(s):Applying the terminology and engineering principles of the subject matter in Automotive Alignment, Steering and Suspension, andusing the correct tools, equipment and service information; students can evaluate, diagnose and maintain vehicle alignment, steeringand suspension systems taking into account safety, work ethics and behaviors, proper repair techniques and customer needs.

Essential Learning Outcome Mapping:Critical/Creative Thinking: Analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in order to consider problems/ideas and transform them ininnovative or imaginative ways.

Objective(s):1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins inautomotive alignment, steering and suspension.2. Diagnose, maintain and repair automotive suspension and steering systems.3. Diagnose wheel alignment angle measurements and make appropriate adjustments using alignment equipment.4. Diagnose and repair wheel and tire assemblies and tire and wheel related issues.5. Identify, select, and use appropriate tools and equipment.6. Prepare the vehicle for service.

Course Outcome(s):Shop and personal safety is a primary and ongoing concern while in the repair environment for automotive alignment, steering andsuspension systems; including using tools and equipment, working around supplemental restraint(SRS) or high voltage circuits,wearing personal protection equipment, awareness of personal clothing, adornments and body, and knowledge of fire safety andevacuation routes.

Objective(s):1. Wear personal protective equipment in the automotive lab.2. Identify and select appropriate personal protective items for working items for working in the automotive lab.3. Wear personal protective equipment in the automotive lab.

Course Outcome(s):Diagnose and repair steering systems.

Objective(s):1. Inspect steering shaft universal-joint(s), flexible coupling(s), collapsible column, lock cylinder mechanism, and steering wheel;perform necessary action.2. Remove and replace rack and pinion steering gear; inspect mounting bushings and brackets.3. Inspect rack and pinion steering gear inner tie rod ends (sockets) and bellows boots; replace as needed.

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4. Determine proper power steering fluid type; inspect fluid level and condition.5. Flush, fill, and bleed power steering system.6. . Inspect for power steering fluid leakage; determine necessary action.7. Remove, inspect, replace, and adjust power steering pump drive belt.8. Remove and reinstall power steering pump.9. Remove and reinstall press fit power steering pump pulley; check pulley and belt alignment.10. Inspect electric power-assisted steering.11. Describe the function of the power steering pressure switch.12. Disable and enable supplemental restraint system (SRS).13. Remove and replace steering wheel; center/time supplemental restraint system (SRS) coil (clock spring).14. Diagnose steering column noises, looseness, and binding concerns (including tilt mechanisms); determine necessary action.15. Diagnose power steering gear (non-rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort, looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns;determine necessary action16. Diagnose power steering gear (rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort, looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns;determine necessary action.

Course Outcome(s):Diagnose and repair suspension systems.

Objective(s):1. Diagnose short and long arm suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.2. Diagnose strut suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.3. Inspect, remove and install upper and lower control arms, bushings, shafts, and rebound bumpers.4. Inspect, remove and install strut rods and bushings.5. Inspect, remove and install upper and/or lower ball joints (with or witout wear indicators).6. Inspect, remove and install steering knuckle assemblies7. Inspect, remove and install torsion bars and mounts.8. Inspect, remove and install front stabilizer bar (sway bar) bushings, brackets, and links.9. Inspect, remove and install strut cartridge or assembly, strut coil spring, insulators (silencers), and upper strut bearing mount.10. Inspect, remove and install track bar, strut rods/radius arms, and related mounts and bushings.11. Inspect rear suspension system leaf spring(s), bushings, center pins/bolts, and mounts.12. Inspect, remove, and replace shock absorbers; inspect mounts and bushings.13. Remove, inspect, and service or replace front and rear wheel bearings.

Course Outcome(s):Inspect, repair, and maintain service related steering and suspension components.

Objective(s):1. Inspect and replace power steering hoses and fittings.2. Inspect and replace pitman arm, relay (centerlink/intermediate) rod, idler arm and mountings, and steering linkage damper.3. Inspect, replace, and adjust tie rod ends (sockets), tie rod sleeves, and clamps.4. Diagnose short and long arm suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.5. Diagnose strut suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.6. Inspect, remove and install upper and/or lower ball joints (with or witout wear indicators).7. Inspect, remove and install short and long arm suspension system coil springs and spring insulators.

Course Outcome(s):Diagnose wheel alignment concerns, adjust, and repair.

Objective(s):1. Diagnose short and long arm suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.2. Diagnose strut suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.3. Inspect, remove and install torsion bars and mounts.4. Diagnose vehicle wander, drift, pull, hard steering, bump steer, memory steer, torque steer, and steering return concerns; determinenecessary action.5. Perform prealignment inspection and measure vehicle ride height; perform necessary action.6. Prepare vehicle for wheel alignment on alignment machine; perform four-wheel alignment by checking and adjusting front and rearwheel caster, camber; and toe as required; center steering wheel.7. Check toe-out-on-turns (turning radius); determine necessary action.8. Check SAI (steering axis inclination) and included angle; determine necessary action.9. Check rear wheel thrust angle; determine necessary action.10. Check for front wheel setback; determine necessary action.11. Check front and/or rear cradle (subframe) alignment; determine necessary action.12. Reset steering angle sensor

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Course Outcome(s):Diagnose and repair wheel and tire concerns.

Objective(s):1. Diagnose vehicle wander, drift, pull, hard steering, bump steer, memory steer, torque steer, and steering return concerns; determinenecessary action.2. Perform prealignment inspection and measure vehicle ride height; perform necessary action.3. Inspect tire condition; identify tire wear patterns; check for correct tire size and application (load and speed ratings) and adjust airpressure; determine necessary action.4. Diagnose wheel/tire vibration, shimmy, and noise; determine necessary action.5. Rotate tires according to manufacturer’s recommendations.6. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel; balance wheel and tire assembly (static and dynamic).7. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel equipped with tire pressure monitoring system sensor.8. Inspect tire and wheel assembly for air loss; perform necessary action.9. Repair tire using internal patch.10. Identify and test tire pressure monitoring system (indirect and direct) for operation; verify operation of instrument panel lamps11. Demonstrate knowledge of steps required to remove and replace sensors in a tire pressure monitoring system.

Course Outcome(s):Prepare the vehicle for the customer.

Objective(s):1. Reset steering angle sensor

Methods of Evaluation:1. Participation and discussion2. Observation3. Written assignments4. Exams5. Quizzes6. Lab tasks7. Classroom recitations

Course Content Outline:1. Fluids, oils, and greases

a. Power steering fluidb. Gear oilc. Chassis and wheel bearing grease

2. Sealsa. Rubber seals

i. o-ringsii. square-cut seals

iii. lip sealsiv. dust covers

b. Other seal materialsc. Boots

3. Bushings and bearingsa. Bushingsb. Bearings

i. bearing surfaceii. ball bearings and roller bearings

4. Basics of handlinga. Dimensions

i. sprung and unsprung weightii. center of gravity

5. Axes of movement

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a. Rolli. body roll

1. roll center, independent suspension2. roll center, solid axle

ii. overturning momentb. Pitchc. Yaw

6. Aerodynamics7. Weight transfer and traction

a. Oversteer and understeer8. Steering wheels

a. Steering wheel buildupb. Horn operationc. Air bags

i. steering wheel buildup with air bagd. Steering wheel freeplaye. Steering ratio

9. Steering columnsa. Steering shaft

i. universal jointii. flexible coupling

b. Column jacketc. Column coverd. Collapsible columne. Tilt mechanisms and telescoping columnsf. Steering column buildup

i. column-mounted controls and switches1. lock housing2. gear selector lever housing

10. Steering gearsa. Standard steering gear operation

i. worm and sector operationii. cam and lever operation

iii. worm and roller operationiv. recirculating ball operation

b. Standard steering gear buildupi. worm and roller buildup

ii. recirculating ball buildupc. Standard steering gear installationd. Standard steering gear adjustments

i. worm bearing preloadii. gear mesh preload

iii. sector shaft endplaye. Rack and pinionf. Steering gear operationg. Rack and pinion builduph. Rack and pinion installationi. Rack and pinion adjustments

i. pinion torqueii. pinion bearing preload

j. Steering gear lubricationk. Steering gear ratios

i. constant ratioii. variable ratio

11. Steering linkage ball jointsa. Standard ball jointsb. Rubber bonded socket jointsc. Rack and pinion inner tie rod ends

12. Parallelogram linkages

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a. Parallelogram operationb. Parallelogram buildup

i. pitman armii. idler arm

iii. center linkiv. tie rods

c. Parallelogram linkage variantsd. Parallelism

13. Rack and pinion linkagesa. Rack and pinion linkage tie rods

i. boots14. Other steering linkages

a. Single-tie-rodb. Center pointc. Long-and-short-armd. Haltenberger

15. Steering damper16. Steering arms17. Bump steer18. The Ackermann angle19. Power steering hydraulic systems

a. Hydraulic principlesb. System components

i. hoses and fittings20. Power steering pump and reservoir

a. Pulley and belti. belt tension

b. Pump installationc. Pump buildup and operation

i. power steering fluid reservoirsii. vane pump

1. pump body2. cam case and pump cover3. rotor, vanes, and cam ring

iii. roller pump and slipper pumpiv. gear pump

1. pump cover2. pump body3. port housing

21. Integral power steeringa. Integral standard steering gear

i. rotary control valve1. steering limit valve2. pressure relief valve3. spool control valve

b. Integral rack and pinion steering geari. rotary control valve

ii. spool control valve22. Linkage power steering23. Variable-assist power steering

a. Hydraulically controlled systemsi. pressure control valve and speed sensor orifice

ii. speed sensor1. one-way and relief valves

iii. gain control valve and reaction chambersb. Electronically controlled systems

i. electronic sensors and control unitii. solenoid

iii. system operation24. Four-wheel-steering operational modes

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25. Mechanical four-wheel steering26. Electronically controlled four-wheel steering

a. modified pumpb. rear steering gear

i. control yoke and swing armii. main and small bevel gears

iii. control rod and valve input rodiv. control valvev. output rod

c. rear steering linkaged. fail-safe system

27. Framesa. Ladder frameb. Unit-body

28. Axles29. Ball joints and bushings

a. Ball jointsi. non-load-carrying

ii. load-carrying1. tension-loaded2. compression-loaded

b. Bushings30. Suspension links

a. Control armsb. Other suspension links

31. Cushioning devicesa. Springs

i. spring materialsii. spring characteristics

1. spring rate2. spring frequency3. sprung weight4. wheel rate5. natural frequency

iii. types of springs1. leaf springs2. coil springs3. torsion bars4. air springs

b. Shock absorbersi. shock absorber mounts

ii. shock absorber characteristics1. shock absorber ratio2. damping force

iii. hydraulic shocksiv. gas-filled shocks

1. monotube shocksv. heavy-duty shocks

1. coil-over shocks2. air shocks3. variable shocks

vi. MacPherson strutsvii. modified struts

viii. pivot-base struts32. Knuckles33. Solid front suspensions

a. Solid suspension characteristicsb. Beam axle suspensionsc. I-beam suspensions

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34. Independent front suspensionsa. Independent suspension characteristicsb. Twin I-beam suspensions

i. twin I-beam characteristicsc. Short-long-arm suspensions

i. coil springs on lower control armsii. coil springs on upper control arms

iii. longitudinal torsion barsiv. transverse torsion barsv. transverse leaf springs

vi. short-long-arm characteristicsd. Strut suspensions

i. MacPherson strutsii. modified struts

iii. strut characteristicse. Strut/short-long-arm suspensions

i. low knuckleii. long knuckle

iii. third linkiv. strut/short-long-arm characteristics

35. Solid rear axlesa. Solid rear axle characteristics

i. axle windup1. full-floating axle2. three-quarter-floating axle3. semi-floating axle

b. leaf spring suspensionsi. leaf springs with driven axle

ii. leaf springs with non-driven axlec. Trailing arm suspensions

i. trailing arms with driven axles1. panhard rod2. torque arm

ii. trailing arms with non-driven axles1. coil spring2. strut

d. Semi-trailing arm suspensions36. Independent rear suspensions

a. Independent rear suspension characteristicsb. Short-long-arm suspensions

i. short-long-arm characteristicsc. Strut suspensions

i. MacPherson strutii. modified strut

1. coil spring2. transverse leaf spring

iii. strut characteristicsd. Strut/short-long-arm suspensions

i. strut/short-long-arm systems with driven axlesii. strut/short-long-arm systems with non-driven axles

iii. strut/short-long-arm characteristics1. compliance steer

e. Semi-trailing arm suspensionsi. semi-trailing arm characteristics

f. Multi-link suspensionsi. multi-link characteristics

37. Semi-independent rear suspensionsa. Semi-independent rear suspension characteristicsb. Coil spring suspensions

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c. Strut suspensionsd. Transverse torsion bar suspensions

38. Electronic controlsa. Sensors

i. ride height sensorii. vehicle speed sensor

1. pickup coil2. hall-effect switch3. optical sensors4. reed switch

iii. g-force sensoriv. steering angle sensorv. throttle position sensor

vi. other sensorsb. Switchesc. Electronic control moduled. Actuators

i. electromagnets1. solenoids

ii. motors1. actuator motors

39. Rear load leveling40. Variable-rate air springs

a. System inputb. Electronic control module operationc. System actuatorsd. System function indicator

41. Variable shocksa. System inputb. Electronic control module operationc. System actuatorsd. System function indicator

42. Air springs with variable shocksa. System inputb. Electronic control module operation

i. antiroll controlii. antidive control

iii. antisquat controliv. pitching and bouncing controlv. speed-responsive damping

vi. vehicle height adjustmentc. System actuatorsd. System function indicator

43. Wheelsa. Wheel discb. Wheel rimc. Wheel specifications

i. center hole diameterii. bolt circle

iii. wheel offsetiv. wheel backspacing and dishv. wheel diameter and rim width

d. Custom wheels44. Wheel bearings

a. Roller bearingsb. Ball bearings

45. Brake friction assembliesa. Drum brakesb. Disc brakes

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46. Tiresa. Tire construction

i. tire carcass1. ply patterns

ii. tire casingiii. tire tread

1. grooves, ribs, and sipesiv. tread patterns

b. Special-purpose tiresi. snow tires

ii. rain tiresiii. off-road tiresiv. space-saver spare tires

c. Tire specificationsi. tire size and dimensions

ii. tire sidewall information1. tire size code2. uniform tire quality grading system code3. load range, maximum load, and maximum pressure4. other designations

d. Tire characteristics47. Wheel runout and balance

a. Runouti. radial runout

ii. lateral runoutiii. runout tolerancesiv. causes of runout

1. causes of radial runout2. causes of lateral runout

b. Balancei. static balance

ii. dynamic balanceiii. correcting imbalance

1. wheel balancing weights48. Steering geometry

a. Camberi. effects of camber

ii. influences on camberb. Caster

i. effects of caster1. caster trail2. camber roll

ii. influences on casterc. Toe

i. effects of toeii. toe change

d. Steering axis inclination (SAI)i. SAI measurements

ii. effects of SAIiii. SAI and scrub radius

1. scrub radius effectse. Toe-out on turnsf. Thrust angleg. Setback

49. Wheel alignmenta. Two-wheel alignmentb. Four-wheel alignment

50. Laboratory Topics: Safety precautionsa. Emergenciesb. Fire

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c. Solvents and chemicalsd. Operating vehicles in the shope. Electrical safetyf. Using liftsg. Jacks and safety standsh. Supporting undercarriage componentsi. Compressing springs

i. compressor platesii. spring clips

iii. integral-spring strut compressorsj. Mounting and dismounting tires

k. Brake service safety51. Shop practices52. Special tools

a. Steering wheel pullerb. Tie rod adjusterc. Snapring pliersd. Torque wrenchese. Parts washerf. Air compressorg. Grease gunh. Pickle forki. Spring scale

53. Power steering service toolsa. Flare nut wrenchb. Pressure gaugec. Pulley pullerd. Drive belt tension gaugee. Dial indicator

54. Tire changing machine55. Wheel bearing tools

a. Wheel bearing pullers and driversb. Wheel bearing packer

56. Seal pullers and drivers57. Wheel balancer

a. Spin balancerb. On-chassis balancer

58. Wheel alignment equipmenta. Steering wheel lockb. Brake lock

59. Gathering information for chassis diagnosisa. The vehicle ownerb. Visual inspectionc. Road test

60. Analyzing the information61. Electrical and electronic safety62. Organized troubleshooting

a. Ask the owner or driverb. Know the systemc. Recreate the problemd. List the possible causese. Isolate the problem circuitf. Know the problem circuitg. Test systematicallyh. Verify your findingsi. Repairj. Test the repair

63. Electricity and electronics principles

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a. Electrical currenti. amperage

b. Electromotive forcei. voltage

ii. voltmeterc. Resistance

i. ohmsii. Ohm''s Law

64. Electrical test instruments and testinga. Test lamp

i. external-powered test lampii. self-powered test lamp

iii. sealing wires after probingb. Jumper wiresc. Voltmeter

i. testing with a voltmeter1. checking source voltage2. checking voltage drop3. checking continuity

d. Ammeteri. testing with an ammeter

e. Ohmmeteri. testing with an ohmmeter

f. Multimeterg. Scan tool

65. Steering wheel and columna. Preliminary checks

i. steering wheel freeplay testii. steering wheel neutral position check

iii. visual inspectioniv. test drive

b. Steering wheel removali. air bag module removal

ii. steering wheel removalc. Steering column accessory removald. Steering column removale. Steering column and shaft inspection

i. steering shaft joint inspection and replacement1. checking and replacing u-joints2. checking and replacing flexible couplings3. checking and replacing pot joints

ii. steering shaft and bearing serviceiii. checking for a collapsed steering column

f. Steering column and steering wheel installationi. steering column assembly

ii. steering column installation66. Steering gears

a. Steering gear troubleshooting67. Standard steering gears

a. Visual inspectionb. Steering gear adjustment

i. checking and adjusting worm bearing preloadii. checking and adjusting gear mesh preload

iii. checking and adjusting sector shaft endplayc. Steering gear removald. Steering gear teardown and inspection

i. worm and roller steering gear1. disassembly2. inspection3. assembly

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ii. recirculating ball steering gear1. disassembly2. inspection3. assembly

e. Standard steering gear installation68. Rack and pinion steering gears

a. Visual inspectionb. Rack and pinion adjustments

i. pinion torqueii. pinion bearing preload

c. Rack and pinion assembly removald. Rack and pinion disassembly and inspectione. Rack and pinion assemblyf. Rack and pinion installation

69. Identifying the steering linkage70. Inspecting and replacing components

a. Inspecting the overall conditionb. Ball joint service

i. checking ball jointsii. lubricating ball joints

iii. separating and installing ball jointsiv. Ford RBS ball joints

c. Pitman armi. inspection

ii. replacementd. Center link, relay rod, and drag link service

i. inspectionii. replacement

e. Idler armi. inspection

ii. removaliii. repairiv. installation

f. Tie rodsi. inspection

ii. replacementg. Steering damper

i. inspectionii. replacement

h. Steering armi. inspection

ii. replacement71. Measurements and adjustments

a. Parallelismi. checking parallelism

ii. adjusting parallelismb. Rack horizontal position

72. Power steering fluida. Power steering fluid level checkb. Interpreting power steering fluid conditionc. Checking the hydraulic system for leaksd. Flushing the systeme. Bleeding the system

73. Drive belt servicea. Drive belt inspectionb. Drive belt tension

i. checking belt tensionii. adjusting belt tension

c. Drive Belt replacement

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i. v-belt removalii. serpentine belt removal

iii. checking for causes of belt weariv. drive belt installation

74. Power steering testinga. System pressure testb. Pump pressure testc. Steering gear pressure testd. Oil pressure switch test

75. Hoses and fittingsa. Hose and fitting inspectionb. Hose replacement

76. Power steering pumpa. Inspection

i. pump inspectionii. mount inspection

iii. pulley inspectionb. Pump replacementc. Pump mount and pulley replacement

i. pump mount replacementii. pump pulley replacement

d. Pump rebuilding77. Power-assisted steering gears

a. Hydraulicb. Electrica. Power steering gear inspection

i. standard steering gearii. rack and pinion steering gear

b. Steering gear removal and installationc. Steering gear adjustments

i. standard steering gear1. control valve centering

d. Rack and pinion steering gear78. Identifying a four-wheel-steering system

1. Steering angle transfer shaft2. Electronic and hydraulic controls3. Power steering pump4. Identifying shocks, struts, and springs5. Shock absorbers

a. Inspectioni. bounce test

ii. visual inspectioniii. bench test

b. Shock absorber replacementi. removal

ii. installation6. Struts

a. Inspectionb. Removalc. Disassembly

i. coil spring removalii. cartridge replacement

iii. assemblyiv. installation

7. Springsa. Inspection

i. visual inspectionii. coil spring inspection

16        AUTO-1400: Automotive Alignment, Steering and Suspension

iii. leaf spring inspectioniv. torsion bar inspection

b. Coil Spring Servicei. securing coil springs

1. safety clips2. compressor plates

ii. coil spring replacement1. with control arms2. with a solid or semi-independent axle

c. Leaf Spring Servicei. leaf spring removal

1. longitudinal leaf springs2. transverse leaf springs

ii. leaf spring inspectioniii. leaf spring installation

1. longitudinal leaf springs2. transverse leaf springs

iv. auxiliary leaf springsd. Torsion bar service

i. torsion bar adjustment1. SLA front suspension2. trailing arm rear suspensions

ii. torsion bar removal1. longitudinal SLA front suspensions2. transverse SLA front suspensions3. transverse trailing arm rear suspension

iii. torsion bar installation1. longitudinal SLA front suspensions2. transverse SLA front suspensions3. transverse trailing arm rear suspension

8. Suspension ball jointsa. Identificationb. Inspection

i. checking wear1. non-load-carrying ball joint2. load-carrying ball joint

c. Lubrication Serviced. Replacement

i. separating the ball jointii. removing the ball joint

iii. installing the balljoint9. Bushings

a. Inspectionb. Replacement

10. Knucklesa. Inspectionb. Removal

i. ball joint-to-knuckle connectionii. strut base-to-knuckle connection

iii. pivot bushing-to-knuckle connection1. kingpin-to-knuckle connection

11. Control armsa. Inspectionb. Replacement

i. removalii. installation

c. Bushing replacement12. Trailing and semi-trailing arms

a. Inspectionb. Replacement

AUTO-1400: Automotive Alignment, Steering and Suspension           17

i. independent trailing armsii. solid axle trailing arms

1. solid non-driven axle trailing arms2. solid driven axle trailing arms

iii. semi-trailing armsc. Trailing arm bushing replacement

13. Antiroll bars and other suspension linksa. Antiroll barb. Strut rodc. Radius armd. Trailing and lateral linkse. Panhard rodf. Torque arm

14. Axlesa. Non-driven axles

i. rear axle replacement1. removal2. installation

ii. front I-beam axle replacementiii. solid axles

1. inspection2. removal3. installation

iv. axle shafts1. inspection

15. Driveline jointsa. Constant velocity joints

i. inspectionii. axle removal

iii. cv joint replacement16. Identifying electronically controlled suspensions17. Electronic suspension precautions

a. Lifting and towingb. Wheel alignment

18. Electronic control system inspectiona. Hydraulic systemb. Pneumatic systemc. Electronic system

i. vehicle electrical systemii. electronic self-diagnostic programs

19. Electronic component servicea. Sensors

i. ride height sensorii. vehicle speed sensor

iii. steering angle sensoriv. g-force sensor

b. Actuatorsi. flow control valve

ii. motors20. Wheel and tire service

a. Removal and installationb. Tire mounting and dismountingc. Inspection

i. tire pressure checkii. tire inspection

iii. wheel inspectioniv. tire leak check

18        AUTO-1400: Automotive Alignment, Steering and Suspension

v. tire injury repairvi. valve stem and valve core replacement

d. Selecting custom wheels and tires21. Basic wheel bearing service

a. Bearing replacement tipsb. Cleaningc. Inspectiond. Lubricatione. Adjustable dual wheel bearing service

i. tapered roller bearings adjustment1. hand adjustment2. torque wrench adjustment3. dial indicator adjustment

f. Sealed wheel bearing servicei. rear axle sealed bearing replacement

ii. front axle sealed bearing replacementg. Solid driven axle wheel bearing service

i. c-lock axle serviceii. retainer plate axle service

22. Runouta. Measuring radial runoutb. Measuring lateral runoutc. Reducing radial and lateral runout

23. Balancinga. Bubble balancingb. Spin balancing

i. off-the-vehicleii. on-the-vehicle

24. Tire Rotation25. Pre-alignment inspection

a. Visual inspectionb. Test drivec. Preliminary measurements

i. ride heightii. engine cradle alignment

iii. toe-out on turnsiv. setback

26. Measuring alignment anglesa. Alignment rack maintenanceb. Computerized four-wheel alignment

i. preparing the vehicleii. equipment programming

1. setting up the specifications screeniii. installing the sensors

1. compensating the sensorsiv. reading alignment angles

1. caster and cross caster2. SAI and included angle

v. adjusting alignment angles1. adjusting rear wheel alignment angles2. adjusting front wheel alignment angles

vi. printing the alignment reportc. Two-wheel alignment

i. computerized two-wheel alignmentii. bubble gauge alignment

27. Alignment angle adjustmentsa. Shim adjustmentsb. Eccentric cam bolt adjustmentsc. Suspension component adjustmentd. Strut rod adjustments

AUTO-1400: Automotive Alignment, Steering and Suspension           19

e. Ball joint sleeve adjustmentf. Strut mount adjustmentg. Bending the axleh. Camber, caster, and toe adjustments

i. adjusting front wheel camberii. adjusting caster

iii. adjusting front camber and caster simultaneouslyiv. adjusting front wheel toev. adjusting rear wheel camber

vi. adjusting rear wheel toevii. adjusting rear camber and toe simultaneously

28. Special considerationsa. Camberb. Casterc. Toed. Steering axis inclinatione. Included anglef. Setback

ResourcesDuffy, James. Modern Automotive Technology. 8th ed. Tinley Park, Illinois: Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 2014. 

Erjavec, Jack and Rob Thompson. Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2015. 

Halderman, James D. Automotive Steering, Suspension, and Alignment. 7th ed. New York, New York: Pearson, 2017. 

Halderman, James D. Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service. 5th ed. New York, NY: Pearson, 2015. 

Schnubel, Mark. Today's Technician: Automotive Suspension and Steering Systems. 8th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2015. 

Giles, Tom. Automotive Service: Inspection, Maintenance, Repair. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2015. 

Halderman, James D. Automotive Chassis Systems. 6th ed. New York,NY: Pearson, 2013. 

Resources Other1. http://www.aa1car.com/library/engine_noise.htm - Troubleshooting Problems with Steering & Suspension2. http://www.aa1car.com/library/tr295.htm - How To Fix Wheel Alignment Problems3. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/tire5.htm - Tire Problems4. http://tires.about.com/od/wheel_safety_maintenance/a/Diagnosing-Wheel-Vibration.htm - Diagnosing Wheel Vibration5. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/vehicle-maintenance/how-to-diagnose-power-steering-problems.htm - How To

Diagnose Power Steering Problems6. http://autopride.ca/warning-signs-of-suspension-problems/ - Warning Signs of Suspension Problems7. http://www.tirereview.com/back2basics-5-step-by-step-vehicle-alignment/ - Tire Review: Back2Basics 5: Step-byStep Vehicle

Alignment8. http://www.carparts.com/alignment.htm - A Short Course on Wheel Alignment9. http://lusequip.com/site/1212late/Alignment_Basics.pdf - Basic Wheel Alignment Fundamentals

10. http://yospeed.com/wheel-alignment-explained-camber-caster-toe/ - Wheel Alignment Explained

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