Austria, Prussia and Russia. Austria And the Habsburgs.
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Transcript of Austria, Prussia and Russia. Austria And the Habsburgs.
Austria, Prussia and RussiaAustria, Prussia and Russia
AustriaAustria
And the HabsburgsAnd the Habsburgs
HabsburgsHabsburgs Habsburgs look to east for more power Bohemia
• 30 years War, Phase 1
• AbsoluteAbsolute control• New nobility made up of Catholics loyal to
Habsburg rule
• Peasant life miserable
Turn towards Hungary
OttomansOttomans Muslim rulers from the south Tolerant of other religions
• MilletMillet• smaller areas under local control
• paid tax straight to the Sultan
JanissariesJanissaries• Christian boys taken as slaves and trained
to be soldiers and officials for Sultan
Habsburgs v. OttomansHabsburgs v. Ottomans 1527 Suleiman almost takes Vienna 1683 Ottomans attack Vienna again
• Habsburgs and coalition hold off• Counter attack as Ottomans retreat
1687 Battle of ZentaBattle of Zenta• major defeat for Ottomans 30,000 dead v. 500
1689 Peace of KarlowitzPeace of Karlowitz• Habsburgs get Hungary
Habsburgs and Hungary 1713 Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction
• Single Habsburg ruler would always control Austria, Bohemia and Hungary
Hungarian nobility used to independence and tolerance of past Ottoman rule• Resist Habsburg absolutism
• Nationalist Pride
• Have ally in Turkey
• Compromise…Habsburg rule but still independent in respects
PrussiaPrussia
And the HohenzollernAnd the Hohenzollern
Frederick WilliamFrederick William The Great ElectorThe Great Elector
R. 1640 - 1688 Elector of Brandenburg Gains title over Prussia Traditionally powerless Uses political wit and force to unite areas JunkersJunkers
• nobility and landowning class of Prussia
Creates standing army of 30,000
Elector Fred III (King Frederick I)
Useless More worried about palace
than people Treaty of Utrecht
• Gains title from HRE for helping in War of Spanish Succession
• Officially becomes King of Prussia
King Frederick William I (r. 1713 - 1740)
Military FreakFreak Models Prussian society
after the militarymilitary Felt Prussia needed to be
respected militarily to get a say in world politics
Standing army 83,000
Frederick II Frederick II “The Great”“The Great” (1740 - 1786)(1740 - 1786)
“First servant of the state.” Enlightened Despot Religious tolerance 1772 First Partition of 1772 First Partition of
PolandPoland• splits Poland with Russia
• unifies Brandenburg and Prussia
RussiaRussiaAnd the RomanovsAnd the Romanovs
Russia did not develop at the same pace or time as the rest of Europe. Why?
Russia looked to the Greek Orthodox Church at Constantinople, not Rome
Mongol invasions from 1240-1580• Asiatic invaders• Ivan III through out the Mongols in 1580
Russian Geography • No ice free ports
Russia’s non-Europeness
Women were secluded, wore veils Men bearded, skirted garments Churchmen feared western influence
• “Abhorred of God is anyone who loves geometry; it is a spiritual sin” Quote from a Russian Bishop
Ivan IV 1533-1584 “Terrible”
First to assume the Title of Tsar
Time of troubles 1604-1613
Russian nobles elected series of Tsars and demanded certain assurances of their own liberties
Came to an end with the election of the young Michael Romanov 1613
Serfdom
Life worsened Punishment for killing Serf 1675 allowed serf to be sold off the land Steven Razin 1667 led Serf revolt- executed
in 1671
Russian Orthodox Church Crisis
Russians looked to Patriarch in Constantinople Constantinople conquered by Muslim Turks Russia set up independent Patriarch in 1589 After 1700 no new Patriarch was appointed Procurator of the Holy Synod
• Government Official
Peter the Great 1682-1725
Westernizer As a young man Peter
spent a year in western Europe
1697-1698 recruited 1000 technical experts• Don’t copy, compete
Streltsi Rebellion 1698
Form of Feudal rebellion Streltsi were the Royal guard, tried to
overthrow Peter while he was away in the west
Rebellion stopped• Peter killed 5 rebels with his own hands
Windows on the west
Peter sought ice free ports on the Baltic or Black sea
Brought Russia into conflict with Sweden Great Northern War 1709-1721 Charles XII king of Sweden
• Narva 1700 Russ. 40k; Swed 8K Swed win• Peter learns lesson;westernize or die
• Poltava 1709; Russia wins• 1721 treaty of Nystadt; Russia gets windows on the
West
Peter modernized government
Administration- gubernii• Broke Russia into 10 administrative territories
Peter against all old
Required all gentry to put sons in school Simplified russian alphabet Prepared Russian book of etiquette Made men shave beards (barber king) When Peter’s son threatened to return to old
ways (Slavophile) Peter ended up having him executed
Conclusion
It is not simply that he Europeanized Russia and conquered a place on the Baltic-these developments might have occurred in any case. It is the methods he used that set the character of his empire.