Our Ref: DEERPt3

AUSTRALIAN

DEER INDUSTRY MANUAL

PART 3

CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIES

SELECTION

Chris Tuckwell

Rural Industries Research and Development

Corporation

&

Deer Industry Company

© 1998 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 54048 9 ISSN 1321 2656 "Australian Deer Industry Manual - Part 3,Classification and Species selection" The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author/s and not necessarily those of persons consulted or the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole, or in part, on the contents of this report unless authorised in writing by the Managing Director of RIRDC. This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research, study, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced in any form, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without the prior written permission from the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction should be directed to the Managing Director. Disclaimer

This publication has been prepared in good faith to provide a useful guide to deer

farmers. The author, to the best of his knowledge, believes that the information

contained in this book is true and accurate. No warranty of accuracy or reliability

is given and the author cannot accept any responsibility or liability for the results of

applying information contained in this book to any particular situation.

Researcher Contact Details Mr Chris Tuckwell PO Box 1105 GAWLER SA 5118

Phone: 08 8523 3500 Fax: 08 8522 6126

RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 06 272 4539

Fax: 06 272 5877 email: rirdc@netinfo.com.au Internet: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in March 1998 Printed on recycled paper by Union Offset

FOREWORD

This publication the third of a series of publications that will collectively constitute the

Australian Deer Industry Manual.

Each publication in the series will focus on a particular aspect of the Australian Deer Industry

and the completed manual will provide an up-to-date, objective perspective of the Industry, the

market for its products and technical production information.

This publication provides information about each of the species of deer farmed in Australia

and their genetic relationships.

It briefly describes the origins of deer farmed in Australia, their appearance and basic

biological differences.

The project to develop the Deer Industry Manual is funded by the Rural Industry Research and

Development Corporation and the Australian Deer Industry. The project is managed by the

chairman of the Deer Industry Company, Mr Terry Mahoney.

Peter Core Henry Shapiro

Managing Director President

Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Deer Industry Association of

Australia

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

CLASSIFICATION OF DEER 2

CHOICE OF SPECIES 3

SPECIES FARMED IN AUSTRALIA 4

Red Deer 4

Fallow Deer 6

Rusa Deer 9

Wapiti/Elk 11

Sambar Deer 13

Chital Deer 14

SUMMARY COMPARISONS 16

REFERENCES 18

APPENDIX 1

Taxonomic Charts - Relationships of Living Deer (developed from Groves and Grubb (1987)

and Groves (1997))

1

INTRODUCTION

There are many species of deer that exist in the world today while numerous others are now

extinct.

The biological diversity of different populations of deer classified as the same species (ie. Red

Deer and Wapiti/Elk) is uncertain according to taxonomists. Many of the phenotypic (visible)

differences seen between groups of deer are thought to result from human intervention rather

than genetic differences.

Deer are not native to Australia. All deer on the Australian continent have been introduced

since European settlement.

The major species of deer farmed commercially in Australia are Red Deer, Fallow Deer, Rusa

Deer and Wapiti or Elk. Chital and Sambar are also farmed but only in small numbers. All are

members of the Sub Family Cervinae that is part of the Family Cervidae.

A schematic diagram of the relationship between living species is presented in Table 1.

Some interbreeding of deer can occur naturally and some can occur with human intervention.

For example, Red Deer and Wapiti/Elk will freely interbreed and all offspring are fertile.

Sambar Deer and Rusa Deer will interbreed and offspring are fertile. Red Deer will join with

Rusa Deer hinds and while the female offspring are fertile, all male offspring are thought to be

infertile. Red Deer can successfully join with Sika Deer, as can Wapiti/Elk.

New Zealand researchers have been successful in hybridisation of Red Deer and Pere David

Deer.

Like any other commercial animal breeding programs, selection for particular traits and control

of mating can develop lines of animals that are phenotypically different (superior) for a

particular trait (body size, antler, weight). This selection and manipulation of particular traits

does not change the biological make up of the animal (it will, for example, always be a Red

Deer).

2

CLASSIFICATION OF DEER

Deer have probably received less attention than other livestock from most branches of

science in recent history, including biologists involved in taxonomy.

Taxonomy can be described as the study and classification of living things into groups

according to their structure, origin, colour, etc.

Groves and Grubb (1987) suggest that many of the biological relationships between

populations of deer have been unclear. Historically, some populations that have been

regarded as different species on the basis of their phenotype (physical appearance) have only

developed with human intervention.

Groves and Grubb (1987) state that previously accepted “Formal classification of deer have

been inadequate, yet through repetition have become regarded as unquestioned primary

sources of knowledge”.

The inter-relationships between living deer were reviewed in 1987 by Groves and Grubb.

Tables (1, 2, 3, 4) describing the relationships between living deer are developed from Groves

and Grubb (1987) and Groves (1997).

3

CHOICE OF SPECIES

The choice of which species to farm and the type of enterprise established (breeding, growing,

velvetting) will be influenced by a range of factors including:

1. climate of farm locality (tropical, temperate, cold)

2. species available

3. price of stock

4. personal preferences (species appearance, characteristics)

5. product preferences (venison, velvet, specialist breeding or all)

6. area of land available

7. annual profit required

8. proximity to markets (cost of transport for sale)

Deer can be managed in a wide range of environments and can be profitable in tropical,

Mediterranean and cold climates. There may be deer species best suited for farming in

particular environments, based on the climatic zones in which they evolved.

Enterprise type can range from:

(i) elite breeding herds that provide improved genetics to multiplier herds or to commercial

producers;

(ii) enterprises that produce venison only, velvet only or both;

(iii) enterprises that sell weaners;

(iv) enterprises that buy weaners annually to finish for the market; and

(v) enterprises that produce hybrid animals that are sold as terminal parents for

commercial herds producing venison and velvet.

The DIAA and state Departments of Agriculture offer extensive services that can help

intending deer farmers select a species and enterprise type for their locality.

4

SPECIES FARMED IN AUSTRALIA

Red Deer (Predominantly thought to be red deer from Europe)

Scientific Name: (Cervus elaphus elaphus - Red Deer from Western Europe)

(Cervus elaphus montanus - Red Deer from Eastern Europe)

Red Deer populations have originated and evolved in many environments throughout the

world. They are said to have been introduced into Australia in the mid 1800’s.

They are considered to be a large deer and are farmed commercially in many countries

including New Zealand and Australia. They cope well with environments ranging from cold

and wet to hot and dry to sub tropical. Almost half of the deer commercially farmed in

Australia are Red Deer.

Figure 1 - Typical Red deer hinds

They are considered a ‘dual purpose’ breed, suited to both venison and velvet production.

Summer coat colour of Red Deer is a reddish brown colour and in winter when hair is longer

their colour tends to be more grey to brown.

At birth calves’ coats carry distinct white spots, which gradually disappear by about 3 months

of age.

Mature Red Deer show a straw coloured patch on the rump. The hair on the underside of the

body is usually a lighter colour than the main coat.

In Australia the breeding season commences in late March or early April and lasts for 6 to 12

weeks. Gestation lasts for about 233 days and calves are usually born in November to

January. New antler growth is initiated in August or September each year and if not removed,

growth is usually completed by the end of February.

5

Figure 2 - 8 year old Warnham hybrid (left) and 6 year old Pure Warnham (right) stags

For most of the year Red Deer behave and can be managed in a similar manner to cattle.

However, during the breeding season males are very aggressive and untrustworthy. They

should be left alone (observed only from a distance) unless it cannot be avoided.

Some groups of Red deer have been bred in isolation for many years and although they are

biologically the same species, they have developed obvious phenotypic differences. These

groups (including Hungarian, German, Warnham Yugoslavian and all other Red deer) should

be regarded as strains of the same species. However, different strains may have been bred

for specific characteristics that give them a different appearance (antler size, antler shape,

body size, etc) and perhaps a commercial advantage over other groups (strains) of Red deer.

Figure 3 - 4 year old Hungarian Red Deer stag

6

Fallow Deer

Scientific Name: (Dama dama)

Fallow Deer are thought to have originated in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean.

They are considered to be small deer and are suited to commercial farming in many

environments. They are farmed in significant numbers in Australia, Canada and Europe.

However experience suggest that very young fawns do not tolerate extreme heat well unless

they have access to well shaded areas.

Figure 4 - Typical European Fallow Deer

A significant percentage (reported to be about 50%) of Australia’s farmed deer population are

Fallow Deer.

Coat colour varies markedly although four predominant colours are recognised. They are:

(i) common or ginger - reddish brown over the head, back of neck, back flanks and

outside of the legs. The back and upper flanks often show

white spots in summer;

- a black strip runs the length of the animal’s back to the tip of

its tail;

- the belly and inside of the legs are white to beige and a white

rump patch is obvious;

(ii) menil - these animals lack the black markings of the common fallow

and their coat has a lighter hue;

- they were distinct while spots which remain throughout the

year;

(iii) white - these animals have a white or creamy coat (similar to a goat)

with no other colour markings;

(iv) black - black animals are single coat colour animals that are sooty

black in summer and grey black in winter when they carry their

winter coat.

Figure 5 - Fallow Deer

7

The breeding season for Fallow Deer in Australia is similar to that for red deer. The season

usually begins in April and last for 6 to 8 weeks (although males remain aggressive until early

August). Gestation persists for about 230 days and fawns are born in November to January.

Fallow Deer are principally venison producing animals as the velvet antler they produce is

small so annual returns from velvet production are generally less than for larger species of

deer.

Like Red Deer, Fallow Deer are easily managed although their management is more similar to

sheep management than cattle management. Fallow bucks should not be handled during the

breeding season and until late July or August unless absolutely necessary. They are very

aggressive.

Figure 6 - Pure Danish Fallow Buck

Danish and Hungarian Fallow Deer are considered genetically the same species as other

Fallow Deer although they have been bred in isolation to be genetically superior for particular

traits, including body weight and antler formation.

Mesopotamian Fallow (Dama dama mesopotamica) originated in the area now called Iran.

They are also called Persian Fallow and are a sub species of the genus Dama. They are on

average about 30% larger than European Fallow and so offer commercial opportunities to

increase venison production by hybridisation with European Fallow. Individuals do not show

coat colour variation. Their colour can be described as white spots on a light rusty brown

background.

8

Figure 7 - Pure Mesopotamian Fallow Buck

Mesopotamian fallow are listed as an endangered species by the Convention on International

Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Although the CITES agreement bans the commercial

trade in Mesopotamian Fallow deer that originate from pure gene pools, CITES has given an

exemption to the ban for captive bred, hybrid Mesopotamian Fallow deer (F2 generation) that

are produced by hybrid stock. As no pure Mesopotamian Fallow deer have been introduced

into Australia, all progeny that result from interbreeding of imported hybrid stock, are

unaffected by CITES bans that related to other Mesopotamian deer.

9

Rusa Deer

Scientific Name: (Cervus timorensis)

Rusa Deer are tropical deer that originated in Asia. Most of the feral Rusa deer in Australia

are said to have originated from Indonesia. There are two sub species farmed in Australia,

Javan Rusa and Moluccan Rusa.

Their size is approximately half way between Fallow Deer and Red Deer. They are usually

considered as medium size deer.

Due to the nature of their hair coat, Rusa deer are used principally for venison production,

although they also produce velvet antler. These animals do not cope well with stresses

associated with cold weather, although the stresses can be reduced with very good shelter

and high energy feed.

Figure 8 - Moluccan Rusan Stag

Rusa deer are well adapted to tropical and sub tropical environments and owner reports

indicate they use unimproved pastures more efficiently than other species of deer and cattle.

Their coat colour varies from a reddish brown to dark brown in summer to a dull grey brown in

winter. Their brisket and belly is grey/white to beige.

The two species of Rusa are often hybridised with each other for improved performance and

both species will hybridise with Sambar Deer.

A breeding season for Rusa Deer is less defined than for Fallow, Red and Wapiti/Elk. Rusa

Deer can breed year round and under ideal conditions can produce three fawns in two years.

Although less research has been undertaken on Rusa Deer, the gestation length is said to be

about 220 days and most fawns are born in March and April. Like other deer, Rusa Deer grow

a new set of antlers each year. Individual stags have their own antler cycle, but most antlers

are cast from December to January, to hardening of the new antlers in time for a breeding

season that generally runs from June to October.

10

Figure 9 - Javan x Moluccan Rusa weaners

Advantages of Rusa Deer include their temperament, which with training in proper handling

facilities, allows them to readily accept handling (much like Red Deer) and their potential to

produce three offspring in two years. Experience of processors suggests a high meat to body

weight ratio compared to other species.

11

Canadian Wapiti/Elk

Scientific Name: (Cervus elaphus canadensis)

Wapiti are native to North America and Asia. They are often called Elk but the term is

misleading. Prior to immigration to North America from Northern Europe, early settlers were

familiar with only one large deer in Europe. That large deer was what we commonly call

Moose, but in Northern Europe it was called by a name that sounded like Elk. When settlers

arrived in North America and saw Wapiti they mistakenly called them Elk.

Figure 10 - Pure Canadian Wapiti/Elk Stag

The correct name for the large deer from North America is Wapiti and not Elk. However, in

Australia the term Wapiti is commonly used for impure Wapiti (Red Deer/Wapiti hybrids)

animals sourced from New Zealand, while the term Elk is commonly used to describe Wapiti

imported directly from North America.

Wapiti are the largest of the deer species and are used for both velvet and venison production.

As the largest species of farmed deer Wapiti stags have the largest antlers and produced the

greatest weight of velvet annually.

A common use of Wapiti genetics is in cross breeding programs with Red Deer to produce

hybrid stock that reach slaughter weight earlier than pure Red Deer.

Coat colour of Wapiti is similar to that of Red Deer except they have large creamy white area

over the rump and the tail which extends below the tail and to the inside of the upper thighs.

Their belly is a rusty red to grey brown colour similar to the majority of the coat. The hair on

the neck of mature Wapiti bulls grows long during the rut and resembles a mane.

In Australia the breeding season for Wapiti begins a little earlier than for Red Deer. It

commences during March/April and lasts until May/June. Pregnancy lasts for approximately

255 days and calves are born from November to January.

12

Figure 11 - Pure Canadian Wapiti/Elk hinds

Like Red Deer, new antler growth is initiated from August to September. If not removed as

velvet antler, antler growth is completed by the end of February.

Management of Wapiti is similar to management of Red Deer. However, some suggest that

multi sire matings should not be undertaken with Wapiti, as a bull’s libido can be suppressed if

other bulls are in the local area.

13

Sambar Deer

Scientific Name: (Cervus unicolor)

Although Sambar deer were introduced into Australia from tropical environments (India and Sri

Lanka), they have demonstrated their ability to adapt well to a range of environments in

Australia.

They are considered large deer and are suited for the production of venison.

Their colour is a uniform grey brown to dark brown but can vary from an almost black colour to

a reddish brown. The belly hair is usually a lighter colour than the body and tends toward

beige.

Sambar hair is very coarse and is larger around the neck (mane like) particularly on mature

males.

Figure 12 - Sambar stag and hinds

Sambar Deer are usually regarded as solitary animals that show very little herding

characteristics. This characteristic makes them less suited to commercial farming than

species described to date. Their management and movement of deer must be considered

differently for this species.

These deer will easily hybridise with Rusa Deer to produce fast growing offspring.

Like Rusa Deer, Sambar Deer can breed throughout the year. Their gestation length is similar

to that of Red Deer (about 233 days).

English (1984) suggests in Victoria, Sambar Deer have two common rutting peaks of

September/October and March/April. Calves are commonly dropped in May/June and

November/December.

14

Chital Deer

Scientific Name: (Axis axis)

Like Rusa and Sambar Deer, Chital Deer originate in tropical environments. Chital Deer are

also called spotted or axis deer and are reported to have been introduced into Australia in the

late 18th Century (English 1984).

Chital deer are usually confined to the tropical and sub tropical areas of Australia, although

small numbers have been maintained in cooler areas where there is adequate shelter in

winter.

Figure 13 - Two year old Chital stag

They are considered as a venison breed and are visually appealing. Although these deer are

regarded by most as difficult to handle, those who have experience in their regular mustering

and handling suggest that they can be easily trained and managed with little difficulty if their

behaviour is understood.

Their coat is a rusty red colour evenly marked with large white spots. They have an obvious

dark strip along the back line while the belly is white and legs are off white to beige. A white

patch is obvious on the throat and the muzzle is darker than the remainder of the face. The

tail of Chital Deer is larger than most other deer.

Chital Deer hinds do not have a defined breeding season. Although a herd of males can

remain fertile all year, fertility and libido of individuals in a group tends to be cyclic. However,

in Australia most Chital stags are in hard antler in the first half of the year and as a

consequence a majority of calves are born in the second half of the year. Like Rusa deer,

Chital deer are capable of producing three offspring in two years. Twining is not unusual in

Chital Deer (English, 1984).

Gestation is estimated to be about 230 days. Main advantages of Chital Deer include their

high reproduction potential and lean, high quality venison.

15

Disadvantages include their susceptibility to cold and stress associated with inappropriate

handling.

16

SUMMARY COMPARISONS

Table 1 shows a broad comparison of species of deer that are farmed in Australia. The data

displayed is intended as a guide and only relates to animals that are ‘pure’. Factors that

should be considered when using the table are:

Hybridisation between sub species may affect live weights and growth rates.

Individual strains within a species group may be bred for particular characteristics (body,

weight, velvet antler weight, age at maturity etc) that influence the data in the table.

The weight of animals varies throughout a year and is influenced among other factors by

production status, nutrition and age.

Change in day length influences the mating season, so the environment where animals are

maintained may affect the mating season and time of parturition.

The gestation period can vary by up to seven days from the guide figures shown.

Weaning weight assumes animals are weaned at 16 to 20 weeks of age.

17

TABLE 1: COMPARISONS AT A GLANCE

FEATURES SPECIES

FALLOW RED CANADIAN

WAPITI/ELK

JAVAN RUSA SAMBAR CHITAL

Classification Dama dama Cervus elaphus

elaphus

Cervus elaphus canadensis Cervus timorensis

russa

Cervus unicolour Axis axis

Terminology

Male

Female

Young

Buck

Doe

Fawn

Stag

Hind

Calf

Bull

Cow

Calf

Stag

Hind

Fawn

Stag

Hind

Calf

Stag

Hind

Calf

Breeding pattern Seasonal Seasonal Seasonal All Year All Year All Year

Mating Season

(Rut)

April to June April to June March to April Often peaks June to

August

Often peaks in

September/ October and

March/ April

Average Gestation

(days)

230 233 255 252 233 234

Parturition November to January November to January November to January Variable, but often

March to April

Peaks in May/June and

November/

December

Birth weight (kgs) 4.0 8.0 14.5 4.8 6.0 3.0

Weaning weight

Male (kg)

20

50

85 30 55 25

Female (kg) 18 40 70 24 30 20

15 month weight

Male (kg)

50

110

220

60

120

50

Female (kg) 35 80 170 50 85 38

Mature weight

Male (kg)

90

220

400

120

260

90

Female (kg) 42 100 230 80 180 45

18

REFERENCES

[1] COWAN, A (Ed) (1996) Deer Farming - a Practical Guide In: Vicdeer, Volume 5

Issue 2. Deer Industry Association of Victoria.

[2] ENGLISH, A.W. (1984) Veterinary Aspects of Deer Farming in New South Wales. In:

Proceedings - Refresher Course for Veterinary 72 Post Graduate Committee in

Veterinary Science University of Sydney.

[3] GROVES, C.P. and GRUBB, P. (1982) The species of Muntjac (Genus MUNTIACUS)

in BORNEO: Unrecognised sympatry in tropical Der. ZOOLOGISCHE

MEDEDELINGEN 56. 203-216

[4] GROVES, C.P. and GRUBB, P. (1983) Notes on the taxonomy of the Deer

(Mammalia, Cervidae) of the Philippines. Zool. Anz., Jena 210 (1983) 7/2, S. 119-

144.

[5] GROVES, C.P. and GRUBB, P. (1987) Relationships of Living Deer. In: Biology and

Management of the Cervidae. Ed. Christen, M. Wemmar, Smithsonian Institution

Press Washington and London.

[6] GROVES, C.P. and GRUBB, P. (1990) Muntiacidea. In: Horns, Pronghorns and

Antlers Evolution, Morphology, Physiology and Social Significance. Ed: Bubenik,

G.A. and Bubenik, A.B. Springer Verlag Press, New York.

[7] GROVES, C.P. (1997) Personal Communication. Department of Archaeology and

Anthropology Australian National University.

[8] HAIGH, J.C. and HUDSON, R.J. (1993) Farming Wapiti and Red Deer. Mosbey

Press ISBN 0-8016-6787-9.

[9] MACDONALD, I. (1995) The Complete Deer Farming Guide 1995. Gippsland

Printers Pty Ltd Victoria.

[10] OHTAISHI, N and GAO Y - T (1990). A review of the Distribution and of all species of

deer (Tragulidae, Moschidae and Cervidae) in China. Mammal Review 20 p. 125-

144.

[11] OHTAISHI, N. And SHENG, H.-I. (1992) Deer of China. Biology and Management.

Elsevier Science Printers, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-81540-6.

[12] WANG, Z.R. and DU, R.F. (1988) The Deer Features and the Development of its

Colour (Chinese) ISBN 7-03-000348-9/Q066.

[13] YEREX and SPIERS (1990) Modern Deer Farm Management. Ampersand Publishing

N.Z. ISBN: 0 447 00001-0.

APPENDIX 1

TAXONOMIC CHARTS

Relationships of Living

Deer (developed from

Groves & Grubb (1987)

and Groves (1997))

ARTIODACTYLA

RUMINATA

TRAGULINA PECORA

TRAGULOIDEA CERVOIDEA BOVOIDEA GIRAFFOIDEA

TRAGULIDAE CERVIDAE MOSCHIDAE ANTILOCAPRIDAE

CERVINAE HYDROPOTINAE ODOCOILEINAE

MUNTIACINI CERVINI ALCINI CAPREOLINI ODOCOILEINI

Branched Antler

Genera Spiked Antler

Genera

MUTIACUS ELAPHODUS CERVUS ELAPHURUS DAMA AXIS HIPPOCAMELUS OZOTOCERVUS

BLASTOCERVUS ODOCOILEUS RANGIFER MAZAMA PUDU

RUSA RUCERVU

S PRZEWALSKIUM CERVUS HYELAPHUS AXIS

LEGEND

1 Order

2 Sub order

3 Infraorder

4 Super family

5 Family

6 Sub family

7 Tribe

8 Genus

9 Sub genus

10 Species

11 Sub species

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

ARTIODACTYLA

RUMINATA

TRAGULINA PECORA

TRAGULOIDEA CERVOIDEA BOVOIDEA GIRAFFOIDEA

TRAGULIDAE CERVIDAE MOSCHIDAE ANTILOCAPRIDAE

CERVINAE ODOCOILEINAE HYDROPOTINAE

(see table 4) ODOCOILEINI ALCINI CAPREOLINI

(see table 7) ALCES CAPREOLUS

Tragulus sp

- Mouse Deer or

Chevrotains -

Alce alces

- Elk and Moose -

Capreolus capreolus

- Roe Deer of Europe and Middle East -

Capreolus pygarus

- Roe Deer of China and Siberia -

Hydroptes inermis

- Water Deer -

Mochus sp

- Musk Deer - at least 5 species

Antilocapra americana

- Prong Buck -

Table 2: Summary Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

11

at least 5 sub species up to 5 sub species

(from table 3)

CERVINAE

MUNTIACINI CERVINI

MUTIACUS ELAPHODUS CERVUS ELAPHURUS DAMA AXIS

(see table 5) HYELAPUS AXIS

Muntiacus species

- at least 6 species of

Muntjac Deer -

E. cephalophus

- Tufted Deer -

E. davidianus

- Pere David or Milu Deer -

Dama dama

- Fallow Deer -

Dama mesopotamica

- Mesopotamian Fallow Deer -

A. porcinus

- Hog Deer -

A. calamianenisis

- Calamain Deer -

A. baweanus

- Bawean Deer -

A. axis

- Chital Deer -

Table 3

6

7

8

9

10

(from table 4)

CERVUS

RUSA RUCERVUS PRZEWALSKIUM CERVUS

(see table 6)

C. timorensis

Rusa Deer

C. unicolour

Sambar Deer

C. mariannus

Philipine Deer

C. alfredi

Prince Alfreds Deer

C. eldi

Thamin or Elds Deer

C. schomburgki

Schomburgk’s Deer

C. duvauceli

Swamp Deer

C. albirostris

White Lipped Deer

number of sub species is unsure

number of sub species is unsure

number of sub species is unsure

number of sub species is unsure

3 sub species 3 sub species

Table 4

8

9

10

11

Table 5

(from table 4)

CERVUS

RUSA RUCERVUS PRZEWALSKIUM CERVUS

C. Nippon C. elaphus

Sika Deer

number of distinct species unsure,

Red Deer Group

C. e. elaphus

Western Europe

C. e. montanus

Wallichi or Acoronate Group

C. e. bactrianus Buckharan Stag of Turkey, Caucasus and Kurdistan

Wapiti Group

C. e. alashanicus Alshan Wapiti

C. e. xanthopygus

8

9

10

11

up to 10 Eastern Europe

C.e. maral Turkey, Caucasus and Kurdistan

C. e. corsicus Sardinia, Corsica, Nth Africa and southern Spain

C. e. yarkandensis Tamarin Red Deer or Yarkland Stag

C. e. hanglu Hangul Red Deer

C. e. wallichi Tibetan Red Deer

C. e. affinis

Shou Deer

C. e. kansuensis

Gansu Red Deer

C. e. macneilli Sichuan Red Deer or McNeill’s Deer

Manchurian Wapiti

C. e. nannodes Found on the southern Californian coast

C. e. roosevelti Found in northern California

C. e. canadensis All other North American wapiti

Table 6

(from table 3) ODOCOILEINI

Branched Antler Genera Spiked Antler Genera

HIPPOCAMELUS OZOTOCERUS BLASTOCERUS OCOCOILEUS RANGIFER MAZAMA PUDU

H. antisensis

Taracua Deer

H. bisulus

Huemal Deer

O. bezoarticus

Pampus Deer

B. dichotomus

Marsh Deer

O. hemionus

Black Tailed and Mule Deer

O. virginianus

White Tail Deer

R. tarandus

Reindeer and Caribou

Mazama sp

Brocket Deer several species

P. puda

Pudu deer of Chile &

Argentina

P. mephistophetes

Pudu deer of Columbia,Equador

and Peru

3 sub species several sub species many sub species 9 sub species

7

8

10

11

Table 7