CROMOSSOMOS E DIVISÃO CELULAR. CARACTERÍSITCAS GERAIS DOS CROMOSSOMOS.
Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo
Transcript of Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo
![Page 1: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA, cromossomos e organização dos genes do genoma
Profa. Dra. Aline Maria da Silva
Instituto de Química- USP
Bibliografia:
Genes VII - Benjamin Lewin
Lenhinger Principles of Biochemistry (3a. Ed.)
![Page 2: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Genoma humano3 bilhões de bases/genoma haploide
Obtido de http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis
![Page 3: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Replicação
Transcrição
Tradução
Proteína
Ácido Desoxirribonucleico
Ácido Ribonucleico
![Page 4: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Polipeptídeo
Fluxo da Informação Genética
![Page 5: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Como se provou que DNA é o material genético?
O DNA é o material genético em todos os organismos exceto em alguns vírus (vírus de RNA)
![Page 6: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Avery, McLeod & McCarty
1944
Princípio transformante
![Page 7: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hershey & Chase
1952
![Page 9: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
RibossomosNucleoide (DNA compactado)
Pili
Flagelo
Envelope celular (membrana)
Célula procariótica (bactérias):
Não tem organelas (núcleo, mitocondrias, etc)
Material genético compactado no nucleóide (não compartimentalizado)
Cromossomo único, circular fechado (na maioria das bactérias, ex: Escherichia coli)
![Page 10: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nucleóide expelido de um célula
bacteriana lisada:
Alças de uma fibra
Nucleóide da Bactéria
![Page 11: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Célula eucariótica:
Organelas (núcleo, mitocondrias, cloroplastos, etc)
Material genético compactado no núcleo
Cromossomos lineares
Ribossomos
Envelope nuclear
Núcleo
Ribossomos
Mitocondrias
Cloroplasto
![Page 12: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Uracila Timina
Citosina 2´desoxirribose
Ribose
Adenina Guanina
Ácido fosfórico
Componentes dos ácidos nucleicos
![Page 15: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ribonucleotídeo
![Page 16: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Desoxirribonucleotídeos
![Page 20: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DNA fita dupla: cadeias antiparalelas
![Page 23: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sulco maior
Sulco menor
Dupla hélice de DNA:
Watson-Crick, 1953
![Page 25: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Características das diferentes formas de hélice dupla de DNA
![Page 29: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A dupla hélice de DNA pode ser desnaturada reversívelmente:
Aquecimento
Extremos de pH
![Page 30: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Desnaturação e Renaturação da fita dupla de DNA
![Page 31: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Tm= Temperatura de fusão
50% da molécula de DNA está desnaturada
Efeito hipercrômico
![Page 32: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Absorbância do DNA sob luz UV
Comprimento de onda (nm)
Absorbância
Efeito hipercrômico
Fita simples
Dupla fita
![Page 33: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Sulco maior
Sulco menor
Dupla hélice de DNA:
Watson-Crick, 1953
![Page 37: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
RibossomosNucleoide (DNA compactado)
Pili
Flagelo
Envelope celular (membrana)
Célula procariótica (bactérias):
Não tem organelas (núcleo, mitocondrias, etc)
Material genético compactado no nucleóide (não compartimentalizado)
Cromossomo único, circular fechado (na maioria das bactérias, ex: Escherichia coli)
![Page 38: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Célula eucariótica:
Organelas (núcleo, mitocondrias, cloroplastos, etc)
Material genético compactado no núcleo
Cromossomos lineares
Ribossomos
Envelope nuclear
Núcleo
Ribossomos
Mitocondrias
Cloroplasto
![Page 39: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Compactação do Material Genético
6 x 109
(diplóide)1,8m46 cromossomos
6um diametroesferóideNúcleo Humano
16 00050um10 dsDNA
3 x 0,5umesferóideMitocondria Humana
4,6 x 1061,3 mm1,7 x 0,65 umcilindroE.coli
170 00055um0,065x0,10umiscosaedroFago T4
Número de bases
Tamanho do DNA
DimensõesFormaOrganismo / Compartimento
![Page 40: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Número normal de cromossomos em alguns organismos
![Page 41: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Empacotamento do DNA do bacteriófago
lambda
Pré- Capsídeos Vazios
Partícula Madura
![Page 42: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
enrolado
superenrolado
![Page 44: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Conformação tridimensional do DNA circular fechado
![Page 45: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
DNA circular superespiralado
DNA circular relaxado
Quebra em uma das cadeias da dupla-fita
![Page 46: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Superenrolamento crescente
![Page 47: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Compactação de Genomas Procarióticos
O material genético apresenta-se organizado de forma compacta ocupando 1/3 do volume total da célula bacteriana Nucleóide
Densidade do DNA na célula bacteriana é alta:
10mg /ml !!!!
![Page 48: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Nucleóide expelido de um célula
bacteriana lisada:
Alças de uma fibra
Nucleóide da Bactéria
![Page 49: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Empacotamento do genoma bacteriano
Proteínas com caráter básico estão envolvidas na organização da fibra compacta e na formação das alças do nucleóide
![Page 50: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Compactação de Genomas Eucarióticos
Proteínas nucleares específicas + DNA
Cromatina
Eucromatinamenos compactada
Heterocromatinamais compactada
Cromossomos Estado mais condensado na Mitose ou Meiose
![Page 51: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Heterocromatina
Citoplasma
HeterocromatinaNucléolo
Corte de um núcleo corado com Feulgen
![Page 52: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Telômero Cromossomo mitótico
Centrômero
Cromátides irmãs
Telômero
![Page 53: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cromossomo Artificial de Levedura (YAC)
Centrômero
Telômero
Sequencia para Replicação Autônoma
![Page 54: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cromossomos desprovidos de histonas: arcabouço de proteínas no qual as alças do DNA estão ancoradas
![Page 55: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Níveis de Compactação da Cromatina
Fibra de 30nm
Razão de compactação ~1000-2000
Razão de compactação ~7000
![Page 56: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cerne de histonas do nucleossomo
DNA de ligação dos nucleossomos
![Page 57: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Enrolamento helicoidal da fibra de 30nm: 6 nucleossomos por volta organizados radialmente
![Page 58: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Estrutura Molecular da Cromatina:Nucleossomos
Eletroforese em gel de agarose
![Page 60: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Estrutura Molecular da Cromatina:Nucleossomos
![Page 61: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Nucleossomo: DNA organizado em duas voltas
![Page 62: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Histonas:
Proteínas com caráter básico (carga +) que interagem com o DNA (carga -)
Nucleossomo
![Page 63: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Organização das histonas no nucleossomo
![Page 65: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
0 gene geralmente é maior do que a sequência codificadora para a proteína
5´UTR5´UTR 3´UTR3´UTR
Proteína
UTR: Região não traduzida (Untranslated region)
![Page 67: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Estrutura típica de um gene transcrito pela RNApol II
PromotorEnhancer Gene
![Page 68: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
(hnRNA)
Gene
s eu
cariót
icos
são
em g
eral
inte
rrom
pido
s po
r intr
ons
Splicing: remoção dos introns
![Page 69: Aula Aline DNA cromossomos genes bioinfo](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052300/5870a7291a28abeb2e8bbdf0/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
O que faz a diferença?
Human genome
32,000 genes
Yeast 6,144 genes
Arabdopsis25 706 genes
D. melanogaster 13,338 genes
C. elegans 18,266 genes