Auditory: Stimulus Auditory: Receptorswebs.wofford.edu/reidak/Psych 150/PSY 150 - Chapter...

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9/27/2011 1 Auditory: Stimulus 440 Hz 1500 Hz Sound waves vary in amplitude (intensity) and frequency (Hz or cycles per second – tone) Humans can detect 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz frequencies at their best (i.e. no environmental damage) Auditory: Receptors Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear = receptors Auditory: Transduction The tectorial membrane “bounces” on the hair cells in rhythmic fashion to physically open ion channels and produce action potentials in the cochlear nerve Auditory: Afferent Signals Receptors in the cochlea are “tuned” to send action potential only for certain frequencies from high (outermost) to low (innermost). More receptors/ afferent signals for 5005,000 Hz

Transcript of Auditory: Stimulus Auditory: Receptorswebs.wofford.edu/reidak/Psych 150/PSY 150 - Chapter...

Page 1: Auditory: Stimulus Auditory: Receptorswebs.wofford.edu/reidak/Psych 150/PSY 150 - Chapter 5...9/27/2011 1 Auditory: Stimulus 440 Hz 1500 Hz • Sound waves vary in amplitude (intensity)

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Auditory: Stimulus

440 Hz 1500 Hz• Sound waves vary in amplitude (intensity) and frequency (Hz or cycles per second – tone)

• Humans can detect 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz frequencies at their best (i.e. no environmental damage)

Auditory: Receptors• Outer ear  Middle ear  Inner ear = receptors

Auditory: Transduction• The tectorial membrane “bounces” on the hair cells in rhythmic fashion to physically open ion channels and produce action potentials in the cochlear nerve

Auditory: Afferent Signals• Receptors in the cochlea are “tuned” to send action potential only for certain frequencies from high (outermost) to low (innermost).

• More receptors/ afferent signals for 500‐5,000 Hz

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Auditory: Pathways

• Each auditory cortex receives input from both ears BUTprimarily from the contralateral ear.

• Neural signal goes to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Auditory: Perception (Left Brain)

• There are specialized brain regions for complex sounds and language. (secondary auditory cortex = language & music)

Green = primary auditory cortex

Brown = language comprehension area

Gold = language production area

Auditory: Perception (Right Brain)

• The same areas of the right hemisphere appear to be specialized to detect all environmental sounds other than language.

Auditory: Summary• Stimulus: 20‐20,000 Hz sound waves• Receptors: Hair cells in the cochlea• Transduction: Physical opening of ion channels in the cochlea by the tectorial membrane

• Afferent Signals: unevenly distributed to allow most signals for range of human speech

• Pathway: contralateral to primary auditory cortex • CNS Areas: Primary in superior temporal lobe; Wernicke’s, Broca’s, and right hemisphere specializations

• Perception:  Complex processing of language in the left hemisphere and music in the right hemisphere.

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The chemical senses . . .

• Taste and olfaction are grouped together as “chemical senses” because chemicals are the stimuli that activate both senses.

PHYSICAL STIMULUS:• Taste (gustatory system) stimuli are dissolved chemicals (in solution or saliva)

• Smell (olfactory system) stimuli are typically chemicals suspended in the air

Olfactory Receptors

• Olfactory receptors are found in the back of the nasal cavity. (regenerate)

• Protected by mucous layer

• Olfactory receptors are modified neurons with cilia

OlfactoryTransduction

• Olfactory receptors are similar to the neurotransmitter receptors (both stimuli are chemicals, right?)

• Odorants fit only in certain receptors  like a lock & key

LOCK & KEY

Olfactory:Signals

• Chemicals bind tothe receptor causing a reactionin the neuron to send a neural signal to the olfactory bulb

• Each odor has its own pattern of activity

LOCK & KEY

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Olfactory: Pathways & CNS Areas

• What is your perception of odors?

• Olfactory bulb to:• Amygdala –emotional value of stimuli

• Frontal Lobe –memories, moods

Olfactory Perception

• Projections to the limbic system and frontal lobe closely link smell with memories and emotions

• Evolutionary pressure to remember harmful stimuli – strong long‐term memory mechanism

• Olfaction is a powerful component to flavor linked with gustation (taste).

Olfactory: Summary• Stimulus:  Chemicals in air from nostrils or mouth• Receptors: Olfactory receptor neurons with lock & key shape binding

• Transduction: Binding activates sending signal• Afferent Signals: Odors produce unique patterns• Pathway: Olfactory bulb  Amygdala & Frontal Lobe

• CNS Areas & Perceptions:  Amygdala (emotional value), Frontal Lobe (memory association), Orbitofrontal cortex (flavor perception)

Gustatory: Receptors

• Taste buds are found on the surface of the tongue

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Gustatory: Transduction

Chemicals dissolve in saliva and enter the taste bud pits

Chemicals are interact with receptors on the taste receptor cells

Taste cells release neurotransmitters on afferent taste neurons

Gustatory: Pathways

• 3 afferent sensory nerve relay taste sensations to the brain.

• Insular cortex = primary taste quality  (between the temporal & parietal lobes)

Gustatory: CNS Areas

• Many secondary areas

Limbic system & Frontal LobeHypothalamus – hunger & satiety

Flavor Perception

• Flavor ‐ the overall perception of an oral stimulant

• Includes taste, smell, texture, temperature, even color & appearance

Black bars = normal Gray bars = pinched nose

% subjects correctly identify flavored solutions

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Gustatory: Summary• Stimulus: Chemicals in saliva or solutions• Receptors: Taste receptor cells in taste buds• Transduction: Different for each taste category• Afferent Pathway: 3 nerves from oral cavity to the NST of the brainstem 

• CNS Areas & Perceptions:   Insular cortex (primary taste categories), Amygdala (cravings and aversions), Frontal Lobe (memory association), Hypothalamus (hunger & satiety) Orbitofrontal cortex (flavor perception)

Somatosensory: Stimuli & Receptors

Somatosensory: Transduction

• Mechanoreceptors (Meisners, Merkel, Ruffini, Pacinian, and Hair cells): physical movement opens ion channels to depolarize the neuron and send action potentials to the brain

• Bare or Free Nerve endings: detect increases or decreases in temperature and chemicals released in response to tissue damage (like histamines)

Somatosensory: Pathway• Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord organized by body region from toe to head, form synapses, & then send axons up the dorsal spinal cord

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Somatosensory: Pathway• Temperature and Pain pathway comes into the spinal cord, crosses over, then goes up through the anterolateral pathway

• Special destination: anterior cingulate gyrus (pain perception)

Plasticity in the CNS

Loss of a finger does not result in loss of cortical use - cortical area is taken over by adjacent areas.

• You can not replace CNS neurons but their connections can change with use (experience)

• For example: each finger is represented in the sensory cortex.

Temperature & Pain

• Free nerve endings are specialized to detect:– changes in temperature

• Cold fibers respond only to decreasing temp.• Warm fibers respond only to increasing temp.

– extreme stimuli• Pressure (cuts) or temperature (burns)

– chemical signals from tissue damage• Histamines, capsaicin, etc.

• Pain following injury is often 2 sensations:• Sharp immediate pain• Dull throbbing secondary pain• Speed difference due to myelin on axons!

Pain Perception

- unmyelinated neurons- myelinated neurons

Immediate Sensation Delayed Sensation Overall Perception

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Controlling PainSensations & Perceptions

• Pain perception can be modified!• Reduction of the sensation through the :

Natural Pain Management System

• Efferent signal from the brain to the spinal cord at pain sensation level.

Pain input to brain

Brain output to block pain

• Localized release of endorphins to block the sensation at a precise site

Somatosensory: Summary• Stimulus: mechanical, thermal, and chemical• Receptors: Mechanoreceptors & Free nerve endings• Transduction: Physical movement, change in temp., or chemicals released by tissue damage

• Afferent Pathway:  Dorsal column pathway for touch, anterolateral pathway for temp and pain

• CNS Areas & Perceptions:   Postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex (touch organized by body part); anterior cingulate gyrus (pain)

• Gate control theory is natural pain management

Psychophysics

• Psychophysics is the study of the our perceptions (behavior) to physical stimuli

• The first field of experimental psychology!• Two types of thresholds:

– Absolute: can you detect a stimulus or not?– Difference: can you detect a change in a stimulus?

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Signal Detection Theory

• The sensory system must deal with interference and noise to detect appropriate stimuli

• There are four possible outcomes when trying to detect stimuli: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections

Difference Thresholds

• Usually our perception of stimuli does not exactly match changes in the actual stimulus 

• Weber’s  law provided an equation to quantify (& predict) changes in perceptions based on changes in stimuli

• 1800s – 1st quantification of brain activity!

Sensory Adaptation

• Decrease in perception due to a constant stimulus• Bottom‐up adaptation at the level of the receptor:

–Olfactory and Gustatory Systems• Top‐down adaptation at the level of the thalamus:

–Auditory & Somatosensory Systems

• Allows us to focus are relevant stimuli and ignore unimportant stimuli