Audit of Waste.ppt

RTI MUMBAI/DAY 3/SESS 1/ SLIDE 3.1.1

Audit of Waste

• Contamination caused by waste poses problems to mankind

• It is critical• Even Developed nations are concerned

about this menace.• Wastes are of many categories—chemical

wastes, medical wastes, municipal wastes, non-hazardous wastes, radio active wastes


Effects of wastes

• Chemical and radio active wastes can be lethal• Hazardous wastes can cause deaths, illness• Wastes can contaminate air , land and water• Wastes and its contamination have no

boundaries• It goes beyond the boundaries and pollute other

regions and premises• Trans boundary movements of wastes cause

pollution problems not in one’s own country but others also.


What is waste?

• Waste is a product that is no longer suited for its original use

• May be worn out, a by product, unwanted

• Waste is also usable material for some one else than the original user or owner

• By product one user some times becomes the raw material for production of another


Classification of wastes

• There are 2 categories-hazardous and non-hazardous

• Special kinds of hazardous wastes include municipal waste, medical waste, chemical waste, electronic waste, electrical waste etc.

• Depending upon the nature the treatment differs

• Unless treated properly they cause damages to the environment.


Steps in waste management

• Steps in wastes management---• Generation, prevention, recycle, reuse, recover,

collection,transport,export, treatment,disposal,• Wastes generate leachate,an hazardous

substance that can damage land, soil, air and water.

• Leachate is to be controlled or treated to make it harmless


Illegal dumping

• Laws should be made to control illegal dumping

• Proper treatment will minimise or control pollution of the waste materials

• Treatment is to be cost effective

• Concept of sustainable development plays an important role in controlling the wastes.


Waste –a global issue –International awareness

• Wastes have got international ramifications

• Wastes are generated and then cost of prevention or disposal in a safe manner becomes costly to generators.

• They therefore, conveniently avoid waste management and cause damage to the nature and human kind


International Awareness– contd….

• At the Rio Conference,1992Agenda 21 adopted--- Action contemplated globally for environmental protection– 178 Governments adopted the agenda

• Waste is one of the subjects and priorities for action

• Global concern for environmentally managing the toxic chemicals including the prevention of illegal and international traffic of toxic and dangerous products and materials.


Concern in World Summit 2002• Focus –Sustainable Development– Sustainable

consumption and production• Reduction of Resource degradation, pollution and

waste• It was decided to “ prevent and minimise waste and

maximise reuse , recycling,and use of environmentally friendly,alternative materials with the participation of government authorities and all stake holders, in order to minimise the adverse effects of waste on the environment and improve resource efficiency, with financial, technical and other assistance for developing countries.


Contd…

• Through technical innovation the generation of waste can be reduced – the concept of SOP instead of EOP

• Reduction of waste may initially cause large sum– capital expenditure, but in the long run may be cost effective in terms of environmental expenditure

• The initial cost may be for capital expenditure or for raw material cost


Contd…

• Units having clean environment and with reduced wastes will have an upper hand in matters of contracting etc.

• Normally during contracting units having ISO 14001 certificate gets preference as all are concerned about the environment.

• Even the industries want to show that they comply with environmental regulations


Auditing waste

• Environmental problems

• Odor, littering, unsightliness

• Odor unpleasant smell that creates irritation and health problems

• Road side wastes unless handled properly emit bad smell

• They have to be removed


Land fills

• Land fills are places where wastes are stored for safe and timely destruction or treatment of wastes

• Littering from waste can create secondary environmental problems such as blocking of pipes and pumps

• Drainage problems


Contd..

• Landfills are procedures for treating the hazardous wastes in a scientific manner

• Hazardous wastes have to be segregated, tagged and safely transported to a safe place for land filling

• Land fills are properly arranged places for storing and disposing the hazardous wastes


Contd…

• Land fills are protected so that animals or human beings do not get the effect of the hazardous material stored.

• The land fills are scientifically designed and the storing is also done scientifically

• The hazardous material is incinerated


Soil

• Dust, leachate water, pesticides cause contamination of soil

• Heavy metals create health problems if dumped in the soil without treating

• It can affect the human being, flora fauna

• Organic pollutants affect the food chain if left in the soil


Contd…

• Some who keep the hazardous wastes under the soil without proper treatment actually damage the environment

• The effect gets mixed with the ground water and the ground water when used for drinking or other domestic purposes spoil the health and transmit the hazardous wastes in to the water system


Surface water, ground water

• Seeping through wastes will absorb hazardous components

• They go to ground water and surface water

• If such water is used for drinking and other agriculture purposes they can create health hazards

• They have to be treated to be safe


Surface water, ground water

• Uncontrolled burning—Its effects

• Un controlled burning of wastes emit toxic gases in large quantities in the air

• Land fills wastes are burned to get metals

• Results in incomplete combustion

• Emits gases rich in methane, CO2, nitrogen

• Emission is a contributor to GHG-green house gas


Storage collection and transport

• Wastes are to be stored, collected and transported to a safe places for its disposal

• Storage before collection—To avoid access to rodents, ants, and other animals

• Should be stored in special containers to enable easy transport

• The nature of containers depends upon the nature of wastes


Collection and transport

• It is expensive

Requires special types of vehicles

Can be collected in various ways

At the receiving stations

At the land fills itself

Collections –through precaution, no slippage, no sliping


Transportation

• Transportation– In special vehicles

• Protected so that the vehicles do not create any further problems

• Special procedures for loading

• Special procedures for unloading

• Special procedures for cleaning the vehicles

• Special procedures for segregating/tagging


Communal collection, door to door collection

Transportation of wastes, hazardous wastes is done with care so that it does not fill or spill on the road and pollute


Precautions to be taken for transportation of hazardous wastes

• Hazardous wastes have to be separated from other wastes

• They have to be properly collected, stored and incinerated

• Bigger wastes have to be collected and transported.

• Smaller wastes can be given to local collection centres and transported


Knowledge of the hazardous waste essential

• Before handling, the nature of the waste is to be known

• Because they can react vigorously when they come in contact with air or other materials

• The storage of materials should be specific to each hazardous substance so that there is no reaction of chemicals

• The stored materials should be labeled


Waste handling--Control

• Waste control– methods

• Avoid

• Minimise

• Recover-recycle

• Treat and process

• Dispose

• Open uncontrolled dump


Avoid

• This is through improved technology where no waste is produced

• Cost effective methods to be used

• This is an ideal situation

• Not always possible

• Certain specific process only is included in this


Minimise

• Again involves high technology

• May not be cost effective

• May not be always possible

• Process becomes environmentally friendly

• This is effected through EA-measuring the by products and controlling the process

• Not very popular method


Recover --recycle

• Most popular method• Through further process recover or recycle• This reduces large quantity of waste• Cost effective• More environmentally friendly• Recycling industry flourishes• Economic criteria• Egs:Bottles are melted down and compost produced


Recycle--Incineration

• Wastes are burned down

• Egs: production of hot water, steam or electricity form such burning

• Use directly as fuel

• Gasification– produce gas that can be used to produce hot water etc.


Energy from waste

• Waste is useful some times

• When burned by products come out

• Organic matter, paper , card board etc.

• Energy is produced during burning

• This is useful

• Some hazardous wastes can act as fuel substitute


Treatment of hazardous wastes

• Methods—

• Thermal destruction

• Chemical treatment

• Commonly used for inorganic waste

• Thermal destruction for organic waste

• Commonly applied to inseparable solutions– paints mixed with solvents etc.


Neutralization

• Commonly used on corrosives—acids and alkalis

• By adding together they react and salt and water are produced

• The residue can be useful

• the effect is reduced


Stabilization

• In this process the waste is locked in place

• Mixes with gypsum or concrete

• Blocks are prepared

• Wastes` effect is controlled

• The blocks are then land filled and controlled


Land filling

• Disposal of waste– land filling

• Methods– sanitary land fills, controlled dump, and uncontrolled dump

• Covering the land fills

• Incineration

• Fencing the land fills to prevent access of the land fills and to avoid contamination


Audit of waste management

• Waste policy—

• To check whether a national policy in alignment with international accords is in place

• SAI may raise an issue if it not in place

• Policy is the starting issue for SAI


Waste policy to be in tune with Environmental policy

• SAI would have analysed the national Environmental policy

• To check whether the Environmental policy and the waste policy are in agreement

• If contradictory , comment

• Whether the policy is specific or distinct and takes care of the waste issues


Data availability

• Whether adequate data is available on the existence of various types of wastes

• Whether categorization into, hazardous, non-hazardous, municipal, hospital wastes etc are available.

• Whether the information is accessible by the concerned or the same is disseminated to all concerned.


Funding

• Whether the concerned have been provided with adequate funds

• Lack of funds hamper waste management projects/programmes at the implementation level

• Whether the key players are identified– such as governments, NGOs, other authorities, Pollution Control boards


Co-ordination

• At project level and planning level required co-ordination is there or not

• All levels of consultation and problem solving mechanism working or not?

• Regular meetings of the concerned ministries, other authorities such as PCBs are taking place or not?


Risk assessment

• Whether the Govt. is fully aware of the risk involved

• National plan for addressing the risk issue• Analyse the plan and assess the adequacy of

addressing the national policy and international accords on wastes

• Check the adequacy of legislation to take care of the environmental issues arising out of the waste management problems


Goal achievement

• Assess the adequacy of the goals set for the waste management by the executive

• Assess its achievement and any deficiency to be commented

• See the targets for different types of management– water, air, solid and hazardous

• Compare with the actual and comment on the deficiency

• See the working of the regulators and their roles

•


Types of audits

• Regularity and performance• Performance audits of major programmes and

projects• Criteria for audits--- Project reports, plans and

mile stones• See the implementation of the programmes and

projects are undertaken : economically efficiently and effectively

• All targets are met


Time frame

• The projects are undertaken on time frame basis

• There was no delay

• There was no nugatory and wasteful expenditure

• The target population has received the benefits


Monitoring

• Regulatory authorities are empowered to handle the environmental issues

• In India Central pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards play a major role in controlling the waste management

• They measure the effects of various wastes and their impacts on the environment


Contd..

• They implement the legislative frame work of the country

• In India under the EPA Act, 1986 “Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous chemicals Rules, 1989 were framed to control the impact of hazardous chemical wastes.

• The regulators implement various provisions of the rules


Wastes its effects- direct

• The effect of the wastes from direct activities

• Effect of other activities not directly connected with environment

• Both impacts have to be considered and measures taken to abate pollution

• Audit to check the impacts and the measures taken


Auditing contd..

• SAI to see:

• That the legislative guidelines are complied

• That the regulators are aware of the existence of various wastes management issues

• They check the impact and take measures to avoid or abate pollution


Contd..

• Wastes are identified and proper handling systems are in place

• In case of default by any unit preventive measures are taken to contain the impact of the effect

• Hazardous wastes are treated properly before disposal etc.


Thanks

Audit of Waste.ppt

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