Associates:Dr. Socorro Guajardo GonzálezMs. Valeria Verdalet

Magazine Director: Salvador Hernandez Gonzalez 1656888

Magazine Supervisor: Manuel Humberto martinez Padilla 1665440

Chief in Design: Alejandra Castillejos Longoria 1663878

Writer: Ignacio Flores Gallegos 1659301

Chief in Research: Brandon Alexis Linares Nolazco 1685789

Index

Introduction.........................................3chemical reactions in our surroundings:carbon cycle and global warming.......4aquous solutions..................................6acid and bases........................................9hydrocarbons......................................11references............................................14

Introduction

Chemistry is a very interesting subject. Even if you didn’t think it matters, chemistry applies to almost everything in our daily life.Thanks to it, we understand better how our body works, also it has help us to discover the elements and its relation between them, and many other things.

During this semester of chemistry we learned a lot of different things, some of them we had already heard of, whi-le from others we just didn’t. Most of the topics related to mathematics were more familiar to us in some ways because of the formulas and the numbers, some other things where more theorical, still either way, we can tell that this semester was really fun and we are not able to keep seeing chemistry as we used to.

On this magazine we are going to show you a little part of chemistry, more precisely, what we studied this semester. So you can learn what we learned and develop a curiosity for it too. Our purpose is to express what we learned in our own words and with our own touch of creativity and imagination. We hope you like it and enjoy it.

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carbon cycle

and global warmingCarbon CycleAll living things are made of carbon. Carbon is also a part of the ocean, air, and even rocks. Because the Earth is a dynamic place, carbon does not stay still. It is always moving! In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to some oxygen in a gas called carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide and sunlight to make their own food and grow. The carbon becomes part of the plant. Plants that die and are buried may turn into fossil fuels made of carbon like coal and oil over millions of years. When humans burn fossil fuels, most of the carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

Step 1. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration (brea-thing) and combustion (burning).Step 2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by

producers (life forms that make their own food e.g. plants) to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis. These producers then put off oxygen.Step 3. Animals feed on the plants. Thus passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon these animals consume however is exhaled as carbon dioxide. This is through the process of respiration. The animals and plants then eventually die.Step 4. The dead organisms (dead ani-mals and plants) are eaten by decomposers in the ground. The carbon that was in their bodies is then returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In some circumstances the process of decomposition is prevented. The decomposed plants and animals may then be available as fossil fuel in the future for combustion.

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Main Chemical Reactions.One chemical reaction is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is used to break down carbohydrates which then results to energy, CO2, & H2O.

CO2 is also released in various exothermic reactions; some natural, some synthetic.Photosynthesis, in this process, plants use solar energy to turn atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (sugars). Organisms use these carbohydrates through the process of respiration.

Increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.CO2 is also released

in various exothermic reactions; some natural, some synthetic. Natural reactions include: volcanic eruptions, forest fires, & volcanic vents. Synthetic reactions include: burning of fossil fuels, gasoline, & coal.

Causes and effects of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.Carbon dioxide is essential to life onEarth and is an integral part of the carbon cycle, a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the

Earth’s oceans, soil, rocks and biosphere. Biologically, plants and other photoautotrophs extract carbon from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide by the process of photosynthesis and use it as an energy source and for the construction of their body parts.Global warming has been attributed primarily to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere. The global annual mean concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased markedly since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels, also CO2

released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes which contributes to ocean acidification.

Conclusion.My point of view, is that since all the industrial revolution we start abusing about all the resources that we have, many people

think that it last forever, and don’t think in the consequences on the future. In my opinion I think that, we need to care more for our planet and try to decrease the global warming. I mean start more campaigns, teach the younger students, publicity. After, all of us need to really start, like start using at least a complete week in a month the public transport, and stop buying unnecessary products, that we just don’t need.

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aqueous solutions

Water is one of the most important substances in the World. It’s widely used in many applications and is the responsible of keeping life in earth. This takes a big role in our homes. We use it to cook our food and also to drink, we also use the water for our personal hygiene, when we take a bath or flush the toilet and even for the cleaning of our house in general. When we end using this water it goes to the drainage, actually there are two types of drainage, the one that goes directly to rivers and oceans, and the one that goes to a water treating plant, water from the toilet and bathtub should go here for example. But when we dump our water sometimes

we dump it with some pollutants such as the following:• Oil or greases (this are when people dump their cooking oil or car oil into the flush)• Detergents (when people clean their houses and then waste the water filled with this chemicals)• Solid material ( sometimes people throw away stuff like paper, wrappings or even plastic through the drainage)

All of this are just some examples of pollution of water from your homes, so when this are thrown away to the drainage they can end directly on rivers and oceans or maybe would make more difficult the filtration and cleaning process on the water treating plants. Either of both are bad for us and for the planet.

Other problem we have with water now a day is the acid rain and the pollution it su-ffers when in the atmosphere. As we know industries often burn products that release chemicals into the air and apart of just po-lluting the air, these chemicals also filtrate into water in clouds, so when it rains this water will be already polluted. Here are some of the major atmospheric pollutants:• Carbon dioxide ( produces by many living organisms as well as in the burn of hydrocarbons)• Nitrogen dioxide ( its produce by bur-ning fuel in cars, and also by power plants)• Ozone (this is good when produce in the stratosphere but bad when is produce near to the ground.)

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The majority of these are produced in the world biggest cities because of the excess population and industries.

Finally, we have the pollution in our rivers and damns. This is produced by the illegal wasting of factory residues, also by the irresponsible use of our own drainage and also because of the ground and air pollution. Some of the major pollutants in the rivers and streams are the following:

• Dirt ( even if you doubt it, dirt could smother fishes and other animals, also can block the passage of water and kill algae because the lack of sunlight)• Bacteria ( the main source of this bacte-ria can be the inappropriate and irrespon-sible drainages )• Phosphorus and nitrogen ( this can cause an excessive amount of algae growth in the area, making more difficult the filtration)

All of these things that we found in the rivers and streams of our country are a risk for our health and also for the environment, that’s why filtrations processes are used, and here is how they work.

To clean the water we have 4 major steps. The first one is Coagulation, this removes dirt and other particles suspended in water, here they add some chemicals to make particles stay together. Then we have Sedimentation, here the heavy particles settle to the bottom and the clear water moves to Filtration, the water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles. And at last we have Disinfection, where a small amount of chlorine is added or some other disinfection method is used to kill any

bacteria or microorganisms that may be in the water.

When all of this is finished water is stored, and for example here in Monterrey they store the water in “La presa Rodrigo Gomez”, also in “La presa Cuchillo” and also in “Cerro Prieto,” all of this supply potable water to Monterrey and its surroundings.All of this demonstrate you that water is a very important and taking care of it can help you and your future family, so don’t waste the water and also take care of it.

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acid And bases• Acid rain causes and effects -Definition of acid rain: Is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. -Compounds that cause acid rain, emission sour-ces, and chemical reactions involved : In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reac-tion with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction:[5]

SO2 + OH• → HOSO2•

Which is followed by: HOSO2• + O2 → HO2• + SO3In the presence of water, sulfur trioxide (SO3) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid: SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq)Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid: NO2 + OH• → HNO3Emission source: -Cars -Sprays -Pesticides -Industries

Effects of acid rain in the world:Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to the damage of trees at high ele-vations (for example, red spruce trees above 2,000 feet) and many sensitive forest soils. In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building mate-rials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures that are part of our nation’s cultural heritage. Prior to falling to the earth, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases and their particulate matter derivatives—sulfates and nitrates—contribute to visibility degradation and harm public health. A real life example could be crop getting ruined by acid rain.

• Acid rain in Mexico: pollution in Mexico mainly attack crops and forests also is know that acid rain have destroyed ancient carvings.

• I think we could change this at a personal level by go checking our car to the mechanic so it don’t pollute too much and stop using sprays and at a community level we should start a campaign to make people think about the danger that causes acid rain.

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hydrocarbons

Importance of hydrocarbons:Hydrocarbons have become an essential part in our lives and that’s because they can help us in many ways. They are an important source of energy and of various materials we use in our daily life such as plastic, lubrication oil and waxes.

Risks of hydrocarbons:Hydrocarbons are easily accessible in products such as gasoline, turpentine, furniture polish, household cleansers, propellants, kerosene, and other fuels. Although hydrocarbons include all compounds composed predominantly of car-bon and hydrogen, the compounds of

interest are derived from petroleum and wood. Most of the dangerous hydrocarbons are derived from pe-troleum distillates and include aliphatic (straight-chain) hydrocarbons and aromatic (benzene-containing) hydrocarbons. Other hydrocarbons such as pine oil and turpentine are derived from wood.Types of exposure include unintentional ingestion, intentional recreational abuse, unintentional inhalation,

and dermal exposure or oral ingestion in a suicide attempt. The highest rates of morbidity and mortality result from accidental ingestion by children younger than 5 years. Aspiration pneumonitis is the most common complication of hydrocarbon ingestion, followed by CNS and cardiovascular complications.

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Environmental problems:

Crude oil takes millions of years to form, and we are using it up more quickly than it is created. Present estimates suggest world supplies of crude oil will run out in about 30 years, unless we use it more efficiently. There are additional reserves of oil in rocks called oil shale. However, it is expensive to extract oil from oil shale because it needs to be heated to release the oil.

Oil is carried from oil fields to refineries using ocean-going tankers. If the oil is spilled, it causes considerable damage to the environment:• Oil slicks travel across the sea, far from the original spill.• Beaches and wildlife are harmed when they are coated with oil.

alkanes alkenes alkynes

Are hydrocarbons with only single bonds

Hyrdocarbons with at least one double bond

Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond

Suffix - ane Suffix - ene Suffix -yne

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referencesEPA (2012) “Water treatment” online, found on: http://water.epa.gov/learn/kids/drinkingwater/watertreatmentprocess.cfm

EPA (2012) “Three big pollutants” online, found on: http://water.epa.gov/learn/resources/bigpollutants.cfm

Yahoo (2011) “Fuentes que proveen de agua potable a Monterrey” online, found on: https://mx.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110303203024AA3be5M

Helmestine, A (2014) “Acids and bases Definition” online, found on: http://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbases/a/acidsbasesterms.htm

National Geographic (2014) “Acid rain” online, found on: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/acid-rain-overview/

Reibeek, H (2011) “The carbon cycle” online, found on: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/

Francis, A, Carey (2014) “Hydrocarbon” online, found on: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/278321/hydrocarbon

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