Attitude Ppt Final
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Transcript of Attitude Ppt Final
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An attitude is a learned predisposition, an evaluative statement
either favorable or unfavorable toward a given object, a person
or an event.
Attitudes are narrow as they represent our feelings, thoughts
and behavioral tendencies towards a specific object or situation.Over a period of time our attitudes unless we strongly believe in
them also undergo a change.
It express an individual's positive or negative feelings about
some object.Attitude have a past, present and future; they evolve from past
experience, they guide our current behavior and can direct our
development in the future.
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Nature of attitude
1.Attitudes refer to feelings and beliefs of
individuals or groups of individuals.
2.The feelings and beliefs are directed
towards other people, object or ideas.
3.Attitude constitutes a psychologicalphenomena which cannot be directly
observed.
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4.Attitudes are gradually acquired over
a period of time starts right fromchildhood and continues throughout
the life of a person.
5.All people irrespective of their status
and intelligence hold attitude
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1. Informational or cognitive component: it consists of beliefs,
values, ideas and other information a person has about theobject. It makes no difference whether or not this
information is correct or real. The cognitive component is
sometimes referred to as opinion.
2. Emotional or affective component: it basically consist of the
feelings,sentiments,moods and emotions a person has
towards an individual, event object or sitution.this
component is concerned with the evaluation and emotion
and often expressed as like or dislike, goods or bad, pleasing
or displeasing, favorable or unfavorable. the expression of
warmth, love, hate and other emotional expression also
belong to the affective component. For example Ifeel
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3. The behavioral component; it consist of the tendency of aperson to behave in a particular manner towards an
object. For example Ill never call them again
Out of three components only the behavioral componentcan be directly observed
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Experience: People gain experience informing attitudes by coming in direct
contact with an attitude object.
Association: People are highly influenced by
the major groups or associations to which
they belong. Our geographic region,religion, educational background, race
etc.all influence our attitudes strongly.
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Family: Individuals develop certainattitudes from their family members-
parents, brothers,sisters,etc. the family
characteristics influence the individualsattitude patterns to which he is initially
exposed.
Peer group: As people approach their
adulthood, they increasingly rely on their
peer groups for approval/attitude.
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Society: Social class and religious affiliation
also play a vital role in forming attitudes of
an individual. The culture, language and
the structure of society, all provide an
individual with the boundaries of his initial
attitude.
Personality factors: Personality differences
between individual play a major role in the
formation of attitude.
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Attitudes serve a number of functions. According to
katz,attitudes serve four important functions:
1.Adjustment functions: people strive to
maximize the rewards and minimize thepenalties in their external environment.
Attitudes are the means for reaching desired
goals or for avoiding undesirable results.Attitudes are the expression of sentiments
based on experiences in attaining the motive
satisfaction.
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2. The ego-defensive function: people normally
expend a great deal of their energies in theprocess of learning to live with themselves.
Many of our attitudes serve the function of
defending our self-image.for instance, whenpeople cannot admit their inferiority feelings,
they project their feelings over some
convenient minority group and bolster theiregos by showing attitudes of superiority
towards this minority groups.
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3. The value-expression function: many attitudes serve
another functions in term of positive expression of an
individual in the minds of other people. Value-
expressive attitudes, according to katz,not only give
clarity to the self image but also mould that self-
image closer to the hearts desire. Attitudes makepeople either bond or clash. They allow us to tell
others our opinion and views.
4. The knowledge functions: the world can be aconfusing and strange place, attitude help us to
organize our social world, thus making the world
more familiar and predictable.
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Lawler porter model
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Value of reward (Box 1) People desire various
outcomes (rewards) which they hope to achievefrom work. The value placed on a reward
depends on the strength of its desirability.
Perceived effortreward probability (Box 2) It
refers to a persons expectation that certain
outcomes (rewards) are dependent upon a
given amount of effort.
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Effort (Box 3) is how hard the person tries, the
amount of energy a person exerts on a given activity. It
does not relate to how successful a person is in
carrying out an activity. The amount of energy exerted
is dependent upon the interaction of the input
variables of value of reward and perception of the
effortreward relationship.
Abilities and traits (Box 4). Porter and Lawler suggest
that effort does not lead directly to performance but is
influenced by individual characteristics. Factors suchas intelligence, skills, knowledge, training and
personality affect the ability to perform a given
activity.
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Role perceptions (Box 5) refer to the way in which
individuals view their work and the role they should
adopt. This influences the type of effort exerted. Role
perceptions will influence the direction and level of
action which is believed to be necessary for effective
performance.
Performance (Box 6) depends not only on the amount
of effort exerted but also on the intervening influences
of the persons abilities and traits, and their role
perceptions. If the person lacks the right ability orpersonality, or has an inaccurate role perception of
what is required, then the exertion of a large amount of
energy may still result in a low level of performance or
task accomplishment
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Rewards (Boxes 7A and 7B) are desirable
outcomes. Intrinsic rewards derive from theindividuals themselves and include a sense of
achievement, a feeling of responsibility and
Recognition. Extrinsic rewards derive from the
organization and the actions of others and include
salary, working conditions and supervision etc.
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Perceived equitable rewards (Box 8).
This is the level of rewards people feel
they should fairly receive for a given
standard of performance. Self-rating of
performance links directly with the
perceived equitable reward variable.
Higher levels of self-rated performance.
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Satisfaction (Box 9). This is not the same
as motivation. It is an attitude, an individuals
internal state. Satisfaction is determined by
both actual rewards received and perceived
level of rewards from the organization for a
given standard of performance. If perceivedequitable rewards are greater than actual
rewards received, the person experiences
dissatisfaction. The experience ofsatisfaction derives from actual rewards that
meet or exceed the perceived equitable
rewards.
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