Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates...

Atoms and Bonds

I. Atoms

II. Bonds

III. Biologically Important Molecules

A. Water

B. Carbohydrates

C. Proteins

C. Proteins

1. Structure

monomer = amino acid

C. Proteins

1. Structure


polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions

C. Proteins

1. Structure


polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions

VARIABLE... 20 "letters" can make a very diverse "language" of words...

C. Proteins

1. Structure

2. Functions

a. energy storage... but since they probably do other things, these are metabolized last...

b. structure

- after water, animals are mostly protein

collagen, elastin, actin, myosin, etc...

c. metabolic - enzymes

d. transport

- in the cell membrane

- hemoglobin and other transport proteins

e. immunity: antibodies are proteins

Atoms and Bonds

I. Atoms

II. Bonds


A. Water

B. Carbohydrates

C. Proteins

D. Lipids

D. Lipids

1. Structure

monomer = fatty acid

D. Lipids

1. Structure

monomer = fatty acid

Mammal, bird, reptile fats - saturated - solid at room temp

Plants, fish - often unsaturated - liquid at room temp.

Unsaturated fats can be 'hydrogenated' (peanut butter)

D. Lipids

1. Structure

transfats associated with atherosclerosis

D. Lipids

1. Structure

polymer = fat (triglyceride)

D. Lipids

1. Structure

polymer = fat (triglyceride)

phospholipid

D. Lipids

1. Structure

2. Function

a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds

b. Cell membranes

c. insulation

d. homones and cholesterol derivatives

Atoms and Bonds

I. Atoms

II. Bonds


A. Water

B. Carbohydrates

C. Proteins

D. Lipids

E. Nucleic Acids

E. Nucleic Acids

1. DNA and RNA Structure

a. Monomer = nucleotide

- sugar:

Ribose in RNA

Deoxyribose in DNA

E. Nucleic Acids



- sugar:

:

Ribose in RNA

Deoxyribose in DNA

- Phosphate group (PO4)

E. Nucleic Acids



- sugar:

Ribose in RNA

Deoxyribose in DNA

- Phosphate group (PO4)

- Nitrogenous Base

DNA = (A, C, G, T)

RNA = (A, C, G, U)

E. Nucleic Acids



E. Nucleic Acids


2. DNA and RNA Function

a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein.

E. Nucleic Acids




b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)

E. Nucleic Acids




b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)

c. Some RNA molecules bind to RNA or RNA and regulate the expression of these molecules, turning them off.

Cell Biology

Robert Hooke, and his drawing of cells

Van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope

Schleiden and Schwann

Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotic Cells(eubacteria and archaea)

- no nucleus - no organelles

- binary fission- small (0.2 – 2.0 um)


1. Prokaryotic Cells

- biofilms

Staphyloccocus aureus biofilm


1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells(protists, plants, fungi, animals)

- nucleus - organelles - mitosis - larger (10-100 um)


1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells

B. How Cells Live - take stuff in



B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed)

ADP +P ATP

mitochondria



B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed)

and - transform radiant energy to chemical energy

ADP +P ATP

mitochondria

ADP +P ATP

chloroplast



B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) - use energy to make stuff (like enzymes and other

proteins,and lipids,

polysaccharides, and nucleic acids)

- DNA determines sequence of amino acids in enzymes and other proteins

ADP +P ATPribosome

ADP +P ATPribosome

Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure

1. phospholipids

Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure

2. proteins and carbohydrates

Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function

1. semi-permeable barrier

Aqueous Solution (inside cell)

dissolved ions

dissolved polar molecules

suspended non-polar(lipid soluble)

Aqueous Solution (outside cell)

dissolved ions

dissolved polar molecules

suspended non-polar(lipid soluble)


1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport

Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibrium


1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport - diffusion

Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibriumNet diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium

Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium


1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport - osmosis


1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport – facilitated diffusion


1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport – active transport

Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds tothe sodium-potassium pump

Na+ binding stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP.

Phosphorylation causesthe protein to change itsconformation, expelling Na+

to the outside.

Extracellular K+ bindsto the protein, triggeringrelease of the phosphategroup.

Loss of the phosphaterestores the protein’soriginal conformation.

K+ is released and Na+

sites are receptive again;the cycle repeats.


1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)4. signal transduction


1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)4. signal transduction5. cell-cell binding6. cell recognition7. cytoskeleton attachment

Cellular Respiration

CATABOLISM

“ENTROPY”ENERGY FOR:

ANABOLISM WORK

Chemical Potential Energy

Energy+

Energy+

Coupled Reaction

Energy+

Energy+

ATP ADP + P + Energy

Coupled Reaction

Coupled Reaction

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:

MATTER and ENERGY in FOOD

MONOMERS and WASTE

DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

ADP + P ATP


Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism

GLYCOLYSIS



GLYCOLYSIS

Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?Aerobic Resp. Anaerobic Resp.



GLYCOLYSIS

Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?

Fermentation

A little ATP



GLYCOLYSIS

Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?

Fermentation

A little ATP

GatewayCACETC

LOTS OF ATP

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis:

- Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas. - All cells do this! (very primitive pathway) - Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis:

C6H12O6 2 C3 and energy released

some of the energy is trapped in weak bonds between ADP + P…. Making ATP.

Some is trapped in bonds made between NAD + H…. Making NADH

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Aerobic Respiration

VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration

- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH

a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH

b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP

c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

LE 9-10

Pyruvate

NAD+

Transport protein

NADH + H+

Coenzyme ACO2

Acetyl Co A

energy harvested as NADH

Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH

The C3 molecules produced in the cytoplasm cross into the mitochondria, and one C is broken off (as CO2), and the energy released from breaking this bond is trapped in NAD + H NADH.


- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH

a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH


c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP


1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)



2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)




3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!





4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.





4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.

5. In summary, the C2 acetyl is split and the energy released is trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3 NADH. (this occurs for EACH of the 2 pyruvates from the initial glucose).


a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH

b - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH

c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP

d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

LE 9-13

ATP ATP ATP

GlycolysisOxidative

phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis

Citricacidcycle

NADH

50

FADH2

40 FMN

Fe•S

I FAD

Fe•S II

IIIQ

Fe•S

Cyt b

30

20

Cyt c

Cyt c1

Cyt a

Cyt a3

IV

10

0

Multiproteincomplexes

Fre

e en

erg

y (G

) re

lati

ve t

o O

2 (k

cal/m

ol)

H2O

O22 H+ + 1/2

electron

ADP + P

ATP

RELEASES ENERGY

STORES ENERGY

LE 9-13

ATP ATP ATP

GlycolysisOxidative

phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis

Citricacidcycle

NADH

50

FADH2

40 FMN

Fe•S

I FAD

Fe•S II

IIIQ

Fe•S

Cyt b

30

20

Cyt c

Cyt c1

Cyt a

Cyt a3

IV

10

0

Multiproteincomplexes

Fre

e en

erg

y (G

) re

lati

ve t

o O

2 (k

cal/m

ol)

H2O

O22 H+ + 1/2

electron

ADP + P

ATP

RELEASES ENERGY

STORES ENERGY

HEY!!! Here’s the first time O2 shows up!!! It is the final electron acceptor, and water is produced as a waste product!

NADH gives up the high-energy electron (and the H+ ion) to the proteins in the mitochondrial membrane.

as the electron is passed down the chain, energy is released that is trapped by adding P to ADP, making ATP.

Oxygen gas splits, and each oxygen atom accepts two electrons, and two H+ ions to balance its charge, producing water as a waste product.


d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP

- OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR - WATER is produced as a metabolic waste - All carbons in glucose have been separated, and are expelled as the waste gas, CO2. - Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP.

AND SO THIS IS HOW THE ENERGY IN YOUR FOOD IS HARVESTED BY EACH CELL IN YOUR BODY, AND EACH CELL IN MOST OTHER LIVING THINGS . CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE PRODUCT FROM FOOD DIGESTION AT A CELLULAR LEVEL, AND THE OXYGEN YOU BREATHE IN IS CONVERTED TO WATER.

FOOD CO2, water, and waste

ADP + PATP

ANABOLISM WORK

Phosphorylation of myosin causes it to toggle and bond to actin; release of phosphate causes it to return to low energy state and pull actin…contraction.

FOOD CO2, water, and waste

ADP + PATP

ANABOLISM WORK

Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates...

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Transcript of Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates...