Atmospheric Remote Sensing. Weather Forecasting Cannot exist without telecommunications Most...
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Atmospheric Remote Sensing
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Weather Forecasting
• Cannot exist without telecommunications• Most fundamental ideas are very recent
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No Weather Forecasting
• He said to the crowd: "When you see a cloud rising in the west, immediately you say, 'It's going to rain,' and it does. And when the south wind blows, you say, 'It's going to be hot,' and it is. (Luke 12:54-55)
• People could interpret local, immediate weather signs
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No Weather Forecasting
• Little travel• No telecommunications• The wind blows wherever it pleases. You hear
its sound, but you cannot tell where it comes from or where it is going. (John 3:8)
• As far as anyone knew, weather originated spontaneously and locally
• All meteorology is remote sensing
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What Are We Sensing?• 1600’s and 1700’s: Basic weather instruments
invented• 1743: Benjamin Franklin deduces that storms move• 1802-1803: Luke Howard classifies cloud types • 1806: Francis Beaufort introduces his system for
classifying wind speeds.• 1840’s: Telegraph invented• 1854: Jean Joseph Leverrier demonstrated that a
devastating storm could have been tracked and predicted if telegraph had been in use
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Weather Mapping• 1849: Smithsonian Institution institutes
observing system in U.S.• 1860: Robert FitzRoy – Produces the first synoptic charts– Coined the term "weather forecast" – Published the first ever daily weather forecasts
• 1873: Army Signal Corps issues first hurricane prediction
• 1900 Galveston blind-sided by hurricane
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1905 Weather Map of US
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Modern Weather Forecasting• 1902: Stratosphere discovered• 1902: Radio• Norwegians pioneered modern weather forecasting• World War I inspired the name “front”• 1930: First radiosonde• 1944: First radar detection of hurricane• WWII: Jet streams discovered• 1948: First successful tornado prediction• 1954: Sweden starts first real-time numerical
predictions
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First Modern Concept of
Fronts
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First U.S. Weather Map With Fronts
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Scales in Meteorology
• Microscale: kilometers• Mesoscale: tens of kilometers• Synoptic: hundreds or thousands of
kilometers– Weather Maps
• Global– Wind belts– El Nino and other oscillations
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Atmospheric Remote Sensing
• Even in pre-satellite days, weather observing was one of the first applications envisioned for satellites.
• In 1954, a rocket photograph showed a storm system that later caused a flood and inspired creation of a weather satellite program
• Vanguard II (1959) was a prototype weather satellite but only partially successful
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TIROS 1
• Television Infrared Observation Satellite• Launched April 1, 1960• First successful weather satellite• Altitude 468 miles
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Nimbus Series
• 7 satellites, launched 1964-1978• Transmitted data until 1994• Pioneered atmospheric pressure
measurements by satellite– Measures optical effects of pressure on
atmosphere
• Monitored ozone hole depletion
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)
• First launched 1962• Declassified 1972• Most advanced night imaging capabilities• Still active
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DMSP Image of Japan and Korea
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Aurora over the US
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The Perfect Low, 19 April 2006
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The “Chi-clone” 26 Oct. 2010
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Typhoon Longwang
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GOES
• Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
• GOES-11 (West) at 135 W over Pacific• GOES-12 (East at 75 W over Atlantic)• GOES-13 and -14 in storage orbits
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GOES
• Imager: Multi-channel visible and IR• Sounder: vertical atmospheric temperature
and moisture profiles, surface and cloud top temperature, and ozone distribution
• Ground-based meteorological platform data collection and relay
• Space environment monitor• Beacon locators for search and rescue
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Global Water Vapor, July 2009
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Carbon Dioxide Sensing
• Pulsed LIDAR– One frequency absorbed by CO2, one not
– Ratio of return signals = CO2 concentration
• Absorption– Measure strength of CO2 absorption
– Compare with oxygen absorption to get concentration
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March 9, 2011
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Cloud Top temperatures
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Cloud Classification
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Cloud Top Pressure
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Precipitation
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Lightning Strikes
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Global Lightning
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Particulate Matter
• Natural: Volcanic, smoke, wind-blown dust• Anthropogenic: Smoke, exhaust, construction,
agriculture• In pre-industrial times, visibility over 100 km
was normal• Unusual haze was very abnormal and noted– “Dry fogs” are records of volcanic eruptions– Great “Smoky” Mountains
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Pollution over India
The view from Tibet
Sea of pollution Over India
Image from the Shuttle
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Marmin, Nepal March 2001 (V. Ramanathan)
Mottarone, Italy, June 2001
Towards equal distribution of Pollution around the world
Dust and pollution over Lago Magiore, Italy
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POLDER aerosol index Feb. 1997 & population density (Kaufman, Tanré & Boucher, Nature 2002)
Does Population cause Pollution ?
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Global Albedo
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Multi-Angle Scanning
• Intersecting lines of sight allows three-dimensional modeling
• Slant viewing eliminates reflections off water (sun glitter)
• Different viewing angles allows characterization of surfaces– Phase Angle
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MISR Images (0, 45, 60, 75 degrees)
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MISR and Oil Spill
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Limb Viewing
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Solar Occultation
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GPS Occultation
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Finding a Window