ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC FALLS FALLS (DRY, WET) (DRY, WET) – – INDICATORINDICATOROF OF CLIMATIC-CHEMICALCLIMATIC-CHEMICAL

INTERACTION ASSESSMENTINTERACTION ASSESSMENT

Hydrometeorological Research InstituteHydrometeorological Research InstituteUZHYDROMETUZHYDROMET

Dr. Galina A. TOLKACHEVADr. Galina A. TOLKACHEVAYuliya KovalevskayaYuliya Kovalevskaya

Tatyana SmirnovaTatyana Smirnova

E-mail: sanigmi@ albatros.uzE-mail: sanigmi@ albatros.uz

Objectives of the investigation is as following:Objectives of the investigation is as following:

assessment of atmosphere composition on the assessment of atmosphere composition on the regional level under anthropogenic impact (Aral crisis)regional level under anthropogenic impact (Aral crisis)

selection of indicators of atmosphere pollution by selection of indicators of atmosphere pollution by greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases

assessment of the role of atmospheric falls (dry, assessment of the role of atmospheric falls (dry, precipitation) as indicators of atmosphere pollution by precipitation) as indicators of atmosphere pollution by greenhouse gases, including troposphere aerosols;greenhouse gases, including troposphere aerosols;

data base creation on chemical composition of data base creation on chemical composition of atmospheric falls (dry, precipitation), anthropogenic atmospheric falls (dry, precipitation), anthropogenic emissions into atmosphere, non-standard information emissions into atmosphere, non-standard information on environmental pollution. on environmental pollution.

TableTable 1 1

Greenhouse gasesGreenhouse gases: : Water vapor, carbon dioxide (carbon Water vapor, carbon dioxide (carbon monoxide precursor), methane, ozone, monoxide precursor), methane, ozone, (nitric oxide precursors, VOC), (nitric oxide precursors, VOC), troposphere aerosols, nitrous oxide, troposphere aerosols, nitrous oxide, halogenated hydrocarbonshalogenated hydrocarbons

Over UzbekistanOver Uzbekistan:: Annual sum emission of carbon dioxide on the data of national cadastre of emission and greenhouse gases discharge ~ 90 million ton.,Aerosol coming into atmosphere just from dried part of the Aral Sea and its area of water – more than 120 million ton annually.

TableTable 22CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE

(background, regional)

ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITIONATMOSPHERE COMPOSITION background background atmosphere atmosphere

composition, %composition, %

regional regional atmosphere atmosphere

compositioncomposition, %, %

oxygenoxygen 20,9920,99 20,9920,99

nitrogennitrogen 78,0378,03 78,0378,03

argonargon 0,940,94 0,940,94

carbonic acid (gas)carbonic acid (gas) 0,30,3 0,350,35

hydrogenhydrogen 0,010,01 0,010,01

water vaporwater vapor От 0,1 до 4От 0,1 до 4 До 4До 4

trace of aerosolstrace of aerosols 0,020,02 0,040,04

tracetrace of another gases of another gases : helium, neon, krypton, xenon: helium, neon, krypton, xenonPolluting compounds : (SO2, NOX, Polluting compounds : (SO2, NOX, CO, dust, organic compounds, CO, dust, organic compounds, heavy metals)heavy metals)

tracetrace 0,20,2

API < 5 - level of air pollution is lawAPI < 5 - level of air pollution is lawAPI API отот 5 5 додо 6 – higher 6 – higherAPI > 7 - high and very highAPI > 7 - high and very high

SITYSITY Population Population (thousand)(thousand)

AreaAreaSqrSqr..kmkm

19931993 19971997 20002000 20012001

TASHKENTTASHKENT 2121,02121,0 259,3259,3 5,325,32 5,655,65 5,925,92 5,955,95

ALMALYKALMALYK 117,1117,1 197,0197,0 6,226,22 6,986,98 5,525,52 5,085,08

ANGRENANGREN 132,81132,81 106,0106,0 5,935,93 3,333,33 3,633,63 4,24,2CHIRCHIKCHIRCHIK 41,941,9 25,025,0 6,016,01 4,244,24 3,473,47 3,353,35

CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION INDEX CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION INDEX ((APIAPI ) OVER TASHKENT AND TASHKENT ) OVER TASHKENT AND TASHKENT

PROVINCEPROVINCE

Proportion of water-soluble mineral Proportion of water-soluble mineral components in dry atmosphere falls components in dry atmosphere falls

at sampling pointat sampling point Chatkal (mineralization 82.5 mg/dm3)

0,0311,01

0,4 1,6

5,73

54,26

12,66

8,37

fluorides

chloride

nitrates

sulphate

hydrocarbonate

calcium

magnesium

natrium+potassium

ammonium

Almalyk(mineralization 192 mg/dm3)

0,546,63

1,557,12

49,95

17,156,75

11,15

fluorideschloridenitratessulphatehydrocarbonatecalciummagnesiumnatrium+potassium

Tashkent(mineralization 102 mg/dm3)

14,78

3,37

23,51

23,41

2,58

0,69

2,084,96

1,09

fluorides

chloride

nitrates

sulphate

hydrocarbonatecalcium

magnesium

natrium+potassium

ammonium

Abramov glacier(mineralization 60.9 mg/dm3)

2,65

0,41

18,13

17,26

11,49

12,77

0,77

36,52

chloride

nitrates

sulphate

hydrocarbonate

calcium

magmesium

natrium+potassium

ammonium

Composition and volume of industrial emissionsComposition and volume of industrial emissions over Almalyk and Tashkentover Almalyk and Tashkent

Таблица 4Таблица 4

pollution compoundsAlmalyk Tashkent

Thousandton/year %

Thousandton/year %

Solid matter 4,115 4,11 1,444 11,37Sulphur dioxide 89,571 89,54 0,497 3,91Carbon oxide 4,662 4,66 5,244 41,31Nitric oxide 0,985 0,98 2,349 18,50

Carbohydrates 0,001 0,001 2,292 18,05Volatile organic

compounds0,005 0,005 0,772 6,08

The others 0,7 0,69 0,096 0,76Total 100,039 100 12,694 100

Concentration of particulate particles in air of cities Concentration of particulate particles in air of cities having more than 100 thousand people in 1996 having more than 100 thousand people in 1996

(according Hydrometservice of Uzbekistan data)(according Hydrometservice of Uzbekistan data)

Content of PAH sum in atmospheric air of Content of PAH sum in atmospheric air of industrial cities of Uzbekistanindustrial cities of Uzbekistan

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996годы

нг/м3

Ташкент Чирчик АлмалыкАнгрен Фергана Бекабад

0100200300400500

Ташкент Самарканд Андижан Наманган Бухара Фергана Коканд Чирчик Нукус Карши Ангрен Алмалык Навои

мкг/м3

твердые частицы, пыль стандарты ВОЗ стандарты УзбекистанаSolid matter dust Standards WHO Standards of Uzbekistan

mg/m3

TashkentAngren

ChirchikFergana

AlmalykBekabad

ng/m3

Dynamics of flux density changes of sulphates, Dynamics of flux density changes of sulphates, chlorides, and hydrocarbonates according many chlorides, and hydrocarbonates according many

years data at the stations of Uzbekistanyears data at the stations of Uzbekistan

0306090

120150180210240

Stations

g/m2

hydrocarbonates chloredes sulphates

Muynak Zhaslik Mashikuduk Buzaunbay Nur-Ata Tashkent

Flux densityFlux density

Flux density of falls at FerganaFlux density of falls at Fergana

1990 year

020406080

1 месяц 2 месяц 3 месяц 4 месяц

Кg/hа Плотн. потока/10 HCO3 Cl*10Flux density/ 10 HCO3 Cl * 10

1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month

1993 year

0

200

400

1 месяц 2 месяц 3 месяц 4 месяц 5 месяц 6 месяц 7 месяц

kg/hа

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1992 year

0200400600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Кg/hа

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Change of total flux density over provincesChange of total flux density over provinces

Change of flux density of fall at the station Abramov glacierChange of flux density of fall at the station Abramov glacier

0200400600800

100012001400

fluxdensity/10

HCO3 Cl SO4 Ca Mg

kg/hа

1990 1991 1992 1993

0

1000

2000

3000

Karakalpakstan Navoyu

кg/hа

1983 1987 1990 1993 1995

Proportion of carbonic acid forms in accordance Proportion of carbonic acid forms in accordance with pH of water (% mol.)with pH of water (% mol.)

Table Table 44Form рН

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11[H2 CO3 ] 99.7 97.0 76.7 24.9 3.22 0.32 0.02

[HCO3- ] 0.3 3.0 23.3 74.98 96.7 98.84 71.43 20.0

[CO32- ] 0.03 0.08 3.84 28.55 80.0

4,5

5,5

6,5

7,5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

рН

Chatkal Tashkent KaynchyAngren Bekabad Tuya-BugyzAlmalyk Chirchik рН

AAnnualnnual mineralization (a) mineralization (a)and and precipitation totalprecipitation total (b) (b)

a

0

100

200

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

mg/dm3

Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik

б

0200400600800

100012001400

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

мм

Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk

Concentration change dynamical of sulphates Concentration change dynamical of sulphates in the precipitationin the precipitation

Concentration change dynamical of Concentration change dynamical of nitratesnitratesin the precipitationin the precipitation

SO42-

0

50

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

mg/dm3

Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Bygyz Almalyk Chirchik

NO3-

0

20

40

60

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

mg/dm3

Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik

Concentration change dynamical of Concentration change dynamical of hydrocarbonateshydrocarbonates

in the sample of precipitationin the sample of precipitation

HCO3-

0

50

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

mg/dm3

Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik

Cа+2

0

10

20

30

40

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

mg/dm3

Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik

Мg+2

02468

101214

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

mg/dm3

Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik

Concentration change dynamical of calcium and Concentration change dynamical of calcium and magnesium in the samples of precipitationmagnesium in the samples of precipitation

PPrimaryrimary compounds composition of compounds composition of precipitation over different districts of precipitation over different districts of

UzbekistanUzbekistan Chatkal biospheric nature reservation

mineralization 25,49 mg/dm3

S04-23%

NO3-16% HCO3-29%

Ca-21%

Mg-6%K-2%Na-3%

Kaynchymineralization 100,91 mg/dm3

S04-37%

F-0,1%Na-4% K-1% Mg-5%

Ca-12%

NH4-1%

NO3-15%HCO3-20%

Cl-5%

Almalykmineralization 84,74 mg/dm3

F-1%Na2% K-2%

Cl-3%

NH4-1%

S04-56%

Mg-3%Ca-12%

HCO3-13%

NO3-7%

Tashkentmineralization 45,04 mg/dm3

Na-6%

Ca-15%

Mg-4%K-3%F-0,1%S04-17%

NO3-12%

HCO3-35%Cl- 7%

NH4-1%