Atmospheric Composition Constellation

Ernest HilsenrathNASA/HQ

J. Langen, C. Zehner

ESA

TROPOMI Workshop

DeBilt, Netherlands

5-6 March 2008

Atmospheric Composition Constellation (ACC)

• The Atmospheric Composition (AC) Constellation is one of four pilot projects established by CEOS to bring about technical/scientific collaboration among space agencies that support national priorities and the GEO SBA’s

• The AC Constellation study will identify mission(s) or data delivery that serves the science and application community that can be advocated by the CEOS agencies

• The AC Constellation study will prioritize user requirements and define missions or a “virtual” system consisting of space and ground segments to include archives and data distribution systems that meet science and application user requirements

• The AC Constellation considers only the space component of atmospheric composition science and applications, but recognizes the need for complimentary ground based measurements and modeling to fully address science and application priorities

ACC - Status• First Workshop (ACC-1) - March 2007, Washington, USA• Second Workshop (ACC-2) - September 2007, Darmstadt, DE• CEOS Plenary - November 2007, Hawaii, USA• Aviation Hazard Workshop - November 2007, Toulouse, FR• CEOS Constellation Workshop - April 2008, Washington, DC USA

– Agreement of AC Constellation concept and its objectives by space agencies and users that parallels CEOS/GEO milestones

– Development of Work Plan approved by CEOS • Near term: Develop added value data products employing multiple international

satellites for AC science and applications focused on GEO SBAs. – ACC has three projects underway

• Medium-term: Requirements and Gap Analysis underway which compares existing and upcoming missions with requirement,

• Define new mission architecture leading to a Constellation – Consider LEO and GEO orbits– Consider challenges for Research to Operations

• Long-term: Agreement on a Constellation and its architecture which meets international user requirements

ACC Requirements are Mature

• Requirements for Atmospheric Composition measurements have been developed and supported by national and international space agencies and panels

– IGOS/IGACO (WMO), US Decadal Survey, CAPACITY, GMES, NASA Science Plan, US CCSP, ESA Living Planet, etc

– Consistent with GEO SBA’s and GEOSS – WMO/GOS AC observations via GAW– GCOS Climate requirements (ECVs)– IGOS has transitioned into GEO

• The AC Constellation goal: Collect and deliver data to develop and improve predictive capabilities for coupled changes in the ozone layer, air quality, and climate forcing associated with changes in the environment.

• Three specific users types: – Forecast services: National weather and environmental

protection agencies– Assessments: IPCC, Montreal Protocol, USCCSP– Monitoring: Montreal and Kyoto Protocols, IPCC,

GCOS, CCSP, PROMOTE (GMES)IGOS Transitions to GEO

ACC Constellation Synergy: A-Train

Unique opportunity for conducting AC science and providing Societal Benefits using multiple instruments across international platforms

• Collaboration efficiency: take advantage of each instrument’s unique capability

• Cross instrument validation

• Improved spatial and temporal coverage: e.g. different equator crossing times

• Enhanced data products: e.g. aerosol and cloud characteristics, pollution and its transport for assessments and forecasting

• More accurate trends by comparing and combining data sets

A-train is a good example of Constellation Science

CEOS provides an opportunity to extend collaboration internationally

~500mb

Clouds

Smoke

CALIPSO 532 nm Attenuated backscatter 06Z July 26, 2006

km-1 sr-1

55N 60N 65N 70N 75N 80N

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10

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0.000 1.0e-003 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.012 0.036 0.072 0.144 0.216 0.400

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AIRS Carbon Monoxide CALIPSO clouds and aerosolsExample: Geographic extent of CO from biomass burning in combination with vertical distribution of smoke improves assessment of total emissions and downstream impacts

ACC Near Term Projects

Existing Projects • Time of day NO2 changes: NRT GOME-2

and OMI data using common algorithm for improved air quality forecast -NOAA lead

• Smoke/Dust forecast: MODIS, CALIPSO, SEVIRI and trajectory model – NASA lead

• Aviation volcanic alert: OMI, GOME-2, MSG, AIRS collaboration with global VAACs for improved accuracy – ESA lead

• Requirements and Gap Analysis of existing and future missions based on US Decadal Survey and Sentinels 4&5 MRD– RAL lead

New Projects• Long term data sets of radiatively and

chemically active gases, GCOS requirement – CSA lead (TBD)

ACC Requirements and Gap Analysis-Mission under Consideration-

• The ESA and the US have AC missions planned to meet both science and application users for forecasts, assessments, and monitoring

– Operational missions underway and approved: Metop, MSG, NPP/NPOESS. However these lack requirements for spatial and temporal resolutions identified by international users

– ESA is conducting six assessment studies for Earth Explorer missions where three are for Atmospheric Composition

– Both the US via Decadal Survey and the EC/ESA Sentinel 4 and 5 Mission Requirements Documents have identified missions from LEO and GEO orbits have common objectives based on similar requirements

– Both NASA and European space agencies are conducting mission and instrument concept studies

• CEOS provides a forum for exploring collaboration which could lead to bi- or multi-lateral agreements to implement these missions

AC Missions Under Study - 1- How much do they have in common?-

• Geostationary Orbit

– US Decadal Survey: GEO-CAPE for both Air and Water Quality monitoring - North and South America from 45S to 50N at ~hourly intervals

• Instrument types: Resolution– UV/VIS/NIR wide-area imaging spectrometer: 7 Km – Steerable(250 m) event imaging spectrometer: 0.25 Km– IR correlation radiometer – 7 Km

• Measurements: O3, SO2, NO2, HCHO, CO, aerosols

– ESA/EU Sentinel 5: 30W- 45E, 30N- 65N at 0.5-1 hour intervals.• Instrument types

– UV/VIS/NIR: 5-50 Km– TIR wide area imaging spectrometer: 5-50 Km

• Measurements: O3, SO2, NO2, HCHO, BrO, Clouds: aerosols, UV dose

: CH4, HNO3, CO, CO2

AC Missions Under Study - 2- How much do they have in common?-

• Low Earth Orbit– US Decadal Study GACM: “Transformational improvement of

chemical weather processes in strat/trop” Global coverage• Instrument types:

– UV/VIS imaging spectrometer - nadir– SWIR/IR spectrometer – nadir– UV/VIS or TIR radiometer or spectrometer - limb– mm wave radiometer UT/LS/MS/US) – limb ~ 3 Km in UT/LS/US– UV/VIS Dial LIDAR (0.25 Km resolution LT/MT)

• Measurements: O3, SO2, NO2, HCHO, CO, aerosols (columns) : T, O3, N2O, H2O, CO, HNO3, ClO, HCl (profiles)

– Sentinel 5: “Monitoring trends and understanding the diminishing role of anthropogenic ODS to the ozone layer evolution”. Global coverage

• Instrument types– UV/VIS/NIR imaging spectrometer – nadir– TIR Cloud imager and gases– IR or mm wave radiometer – limb, 3 Km UT/LS/US

• Measurements: O3, SO2, NO2, HCHO, CO, CO2, aerosols : O3, ClO, H2O, SF6, H/CFC, HCl, NO2, HNO3,

SO2, PSC, etc (profiles)

ACC

Backup Slides

Science Questions Decision Support

• How is stratospheric ozone responding to the Montreal protocol and what are the effects of climate change on expected ozone recovery?

• What are the impacts of long range transport of pollution on local and regional air-quality? How do changes in air quality effect ecosystems?

• How do changes in atmospheric composition (radiatively active gases and aerosols) affect climate? How does climate change affect atmospheric composition?

“Observations have clearly shown that human activities are changing the composition of the Earths atmosphere. Research has demonstrated that there are important consequences of such changes for climate, human health, and the balance of ecosystems.. ”, IGOS/IGACO, 2004

Aura/OMI NO2

Terra/MODIS RGB

ACC traceability to GEO WP map into 5 SBA’s

SBAScience and Measurements

GEO 2007-2009 Work Plan GOESS 2-year Targets GEOSS 6-year Targets GEOSS 10-year Targets

Disaster

Fires: smoke and ashSeismicity: volcanic ash aerosols, SO2Pollution events: emissions, mapping

DI-06-07: Multi-hazard zonation and mapsDI-06-09: Use of Satellites for Risk ManagementDI-06-13: Implementation of a Fire Warning System a a Global Level

Strengthening the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters and similar supporting activities. Production of an inventory of hazards zonation maps.

Facilitating real-time monitoring of volcanic activities. Expansion of the production of an inventory of hazards zonation maps.

Hyper-spectral capability for monitoring smoke and pollution plumes.

Climate

Atmospheric Composition: CO2, CH4, Trop O3, other GHG, and Aerosol Properties

Long term measurements: IGOS and GCOS connections

CL-06-02: Key Climate Data from Satellite SystemsCL-07-01: Seamless Weather and Climate Prediction System

Adhere to the GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles and commit to the suite of instrument, supporting research program to support development of observational capabilities for ECV's.

Development and operation of new instruments. Establishment of data archive centers for all ECVs, institutional commitment to provide integrated global analysis of all ECVs, data integration facilities for exchanging data, products and information between climate sectors and socio-economic benefit areas need to be coordinated.

New and extended re-analysis programs for atmospheric domains and implementation of an integrated observing system for atmospheric composition monitoring in support of climate policy through an optimal combination of ground-based networks, LEO and GEO satellites and models are ultimate goals.

Health

Air Quality: ozone precursors, particulates, SO2, allergens

Stratospheric: ozone and UV radiation

HE-06-03: Forecast Health HazardsHE-07-01: Strengthen Observation and Information Systems for HealthHE-07-02: Environment and Health Monitoring and ModelingHE-07-03: Integrated Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring, Modeling and Forecasting

New, high-resolution Earth observations relevant to health needs are advocated. Facilitating development of products and systems that integrate the Earth science database with health information

Monitoring methods and systems to detect health-related change

Early detection and control of environmental risks to human health through improvements in the sharing and integration of Earth observations, and early warning systems are required.

Energy

Chemical forecasting: aerosols, GHGsClimate statistics: aerosols, GHGs, radiation

EN-06-04: Using New Observation Systems for EnergyEN-07-01: Management of Energy SourcesEN-07-02: Energy Environmental Impact MonitoringEN-07-03: Energy Policy Planning

New generation of operational observing systems.

An evaluation of the observing system progress and its revision.

Implementation of operational observing systems and provision of timely data in support of energy operations.

EcosystemCarbon fluxes/exchange: CO, CO2, CH4Solar radiation: UV radiation

EC-06-01: Integrated Global Carbon Observation (IGCO)EC-07-01: Global Ecosystem Observation and Monitoring Network

Facilitating full implementation of the IGOS-P Carbon (IGCO) Theme report. Facilitating a globally agreed classification scheme.

Implementation of a global nitrogen observing system.

Facilitating globally agreed spatial-resolved information on ecosystem change.

GCOS Priorities for AC

• GCOS (http://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.html) has established a set of requirement for Global Climate Observations endorsed by WMO, UNEP, ICSU and the space agencies. CEOS Response to COP-10

• GCOS data requirements can be mapped into the AC Constellation (encouraging international collaboration)

• GCOS specifically recommends deployment of “advanced

observations” for Atmospheric Composition using multi- view and multi-spectral systems

Essential Climate Variable Characteristic Action required

Ozone mapping Profiles, columns – Reprocessing to remove biases and gaps, improved algorithms, integrated product

– Employ Data Assimilation for data homogeneity and integration

– Research observations enhanced and standardized for upcoming operational missions

Aerosol characteristics Profiles, columns

Water vapor content Profiles, columns

Cloud characteristics Profiles

AC Constellation Implementation

• Establish a framework for long term coordination among the CEOS agencies where the “Constellation” concept will identify specific opportunities for meeting science and application requirements

• Assemble international Study Team consisting of CEOS Agencies with Atmospheric Composition interests and assets and authorized to commit resources

• Complimentary advisory group from science and application community to insure requirements are being considered. Participate in establishing priorities

– Develop a consensus for priorities based on and established user requirements and emerging societal needs from both operational and research communities

– Evaluate existing and upcoming missions, both operational and research and compare with requirements. Perform Requirements and Gap Analysis (underway)

– Establish how existing and approved missions could work synergistically to meet the international user community requirements and in particular the GEO Societal Benefit Areas

– Define enhancement in the area of cal/val, quality control, and data accessibility and interoperability, major rolls for WGISS and WGCV (AC Subgroup)

– Develop rationale, strategy and standards for new mission(s) to meet requirements not being met and for possible new requirements. Strategy to include architecture, schedule, and possibly costs

Requirements and Gap Analysis

• Objective – Survey the requirements for atmospheric composition measurements

over the next decade

– Summarize capabilities of existing and planned missions

– Identify mission gaps

• Status - Data collated from – US NRC Decadal Survey 2007

– GMES Requirements developed by ESA and EUMETSAT(inc IGACO and CAPACITY reports, post-EPS, MTG and Sentinel 4 & 5 MRDs)

– GCOS Requirements

• Final Report– Mission summaries and AC instrument capabilities

– Gap assessment in capabilities and time domain

– Recommendation to CEOS (Agencies)

Requirements and Gap Analysis - Example -

ACC Project – Time of day NO2 (NOAA)

NO2 is precursor to ozone and an EPA criteria pollutant

NOAA provides AQ forecast

• Requirements:

– Improve emissions inventories

– Characterize long range transport

– Assessment of processes

– Compliance and clean air rules

– Model and forecast improvements

• Improvement using combined Metop and Aura NO2 data sets

A. Richter, University of Bremen

ACC Project – Time of day NO2 – Status

• Employ Aura/OMI and Metop/GOME-2 data– 09:30 and 13:45 equator crossing time

– Direct L1 data from NASA/GSFC and DLR

– Common algorithm to remove biases and reveal time of day changes for one month complete

– Further optimize algorithm

– Create six month data set for initial evaluation

– Compare with regional model predictions

• Develop products of USA EPA for pollution inventories and AQ forecasts

GOME-2 NO2

ACC Project – Aerosol/Smoke Forecast (NASA)

• Smoke dust Forecast in collaboration with NOAA and EPA

– Automated fire detection algorithm for GOES

– AOD algorithm from MODIS and AVHRR

– Include vertical aerosol distribution from CALIPSO

– Employ trajectory model to predict distribution and location and smoke

• Extend to MSG/SEVIRI

• Deploy service on: http://servir.nsstc.nasa.govhttp://idea.ssec.wisc.edu/

• Potential collaboration with PROMOTE/GMES Service

ACC Project – Aerosol/Smoke Forecast - Status-

• Tools set up to access data NRT (automated bent pipe) initially MODIS AOD and Fire Detect products at NOAA/UW

• Trajectory analysis and Reverse Domain Filling being tested at NASA/LaRC

• Dust and smoke forecast demonstrated

• Link between NOAA/UW and NASA/LaRC not yet operational

• Distribution by IDEA, SERVIR, etc. websites is TBD

ACC Project – Aviation Volcanic Advisory (ESA)

• Volcanic eruptions have impact aviation safety

• The US (NASA, USGS, and NOAA) and ESA (PROMOTE) support national VAACs by providing alerts based on satellite data

• National services will be coordinated and extended to provide a global service using enhanced capabilities through US and ESA combined efforts– Aura, Envisat, and MSG– Improved SO2 and ash detection– Trajectory analysis via

meteorological services– Global alerts

ACC Project – Aviation Volcanic Advisory- Status-

• Workshop held at Meteo-France Nov 07 to bring together data provider and users (VAACs) to provide priorities:– Improve location and boundaries– Improve cloud characteristics– Improve latency– Improve forecast accuracy and

decrease false alarms

• Employ advanced algorithms and additional satellites; e.g. MSG CALIPSO

• On-going agency activities supported

• ESA is considering an AO solicitation to focus activities via its PROMOTE program.

Eruptions Affecting North Pacific Air Routes

CALIPSOOMI

WGISS (and ADC) Roles for ACC- Interoperability and Data Distribution -

• Access GEONETCast for low cost GEO compliant data distribution: ACC Projects #2 and #3

• SERVIR or IDEA websites for Project #2, possibly in Africa for on-line service by users

• Potential Sensor Web application for validation and improved latency: ACC Project #2 and #3

– Acquire and fuse satellite, in situ and modelling data

– Validating data observations in real time

– Possible sensor control feedback enabling real-time sensor tasking

– Enable discovery and access to sensor web components and services

• Possible interaction with WGISS Test Facility (WTF) and other WGISS resources

• Explore applicability of OGC Network

WGCV Roles for ACC

• Requires and fully supports end-to-end validation of AC data products needed for SBAs

• Works closely with WGCV/ACSG and is necessary for data “interoperability” because of the use of multiple satellites

• Accepts “best practices” and standards recognizing that standards are user dependent

• New requirements for validation

– Tropospheric AC products for air quality forecasts and aviation hazard alerts (i.e. NO2, SO2)

– Long term data sets (O3, CO, CO2, H2O etc) for climate requires well maintained ground network

ACC Project for Composition and Climate- Earth System Data Records-

• Both GEO (CL-06-02) and GCOS (ECVs) have requirements for long term data records to establish the connections between AC trends and climate needed for assessment and predictions

• NASA and other agencies are supporting creation of data sets (ESDRs) to tackle this issue– Ozone trends (TOMS, SBUV, UARS, SAGE, Aura, Envisat, ACE, Metop,

NPP/NPOESS)– Stratospheric Constituents (UARS, SAGE, Aura, Envisat, ACE, POAM)– Water Vapor trends (UARS, Aura, SAGE, balloon soundings)– Aerosol trends (TOMS, AVHRR, SeaWIFS, MODIS, NPP/NPOESS– Surface Reflectivity trends (TOMS, SBUV, SeaWiFS, Aura, Metop,

NPP/NPOES

• Launch of GoSat (JAXA) and OCO (NASA) for carbon emission and sinks is next major challenge for ACC coordination via CEOS

• Resolution of biases is a major effort. Maintaining cal/val data base is crucial and ca/val activities must be sustained (WGCV for implementation)

• Accurate and interoperable data sets for assessments and policy needed. Coordinated through GEO UIC and ADC (WGISS for implementation)