Atmosphere
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Transcript of Atmosphere
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Atmosphere
• 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen
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Water Vapor
• up to 4% by volume• leaves atmosphere as dew, rain or snow
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Density of Air
• Warm air is less dense than cold air• Humid air is less dense than dry air
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Air Movement
• Air near sealevel is packed by pressure• As air rises - expands and cools• As air descends- compresses and warms
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Fig. 7-2a, p. 149
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Figure 6.6
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Precipitation
• Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air
• As air rises, it cools and water vapor may condense into clouds and eventually precipitation
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Atmospheric Circulation
• Wind = mass movement of air• wind patterns caused by variations in solar
heating and earth’s rotation
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Figure 6.2albedo = % reflected back
Ice has a high albedo
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Figure 6.1
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Uneven Solar Heating & Atmospheric Circulation
• Air is warmed in the tropics and rises• Air is cooled near the poles and falls
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Figure 6.7
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Figure 6.8
Fictional, non-spinning earth with sun rotating around the earth
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Influence of the rotation of the earth…
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Fig. 7-9, p. 152
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Figure 6.9
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Figure 6.10a
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Figure 6.10b
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Coriolis Effect
• The eastward rotation of the earth deflects any moving object away from its initial course
• the deflection is clockwise in the Northern hemisphere
• the deflection is counterclockwise in the Southern hemisphere
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p. 153
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Figure 6.11
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Wind Patterns
• At bands between cells air is moving vertically
• winds are weak and erratic• doldrums or intertropical convergence zone
(ITCZ) at equator 0o
– ascending air (rising)• Subtropical high pressure belt at 30o
– descending air (falling), very dry
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Wind Patterns
• Within cells air moves horizontally from high to low pressure areas
• produces strong dependable winds– Trade winds (between 0 and 30o)– Westerlies (between 30 and 60o)– polar easterlies (between 60 and 90o)
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Table 6.2
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Actual Atmospheric Circulation
• 6 cell model is a representation of average flow
• local details of circulation vary due to different surface conditions
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Fig. 7-13, p. 156