\mcm-bWKpcp-hns

Btm-]-tZi-i-XIw

a\-\m-hn-jvmcw

kzman kp[n

ONE-WORLDONE-WORLDONE-WORLDONE-WORLDONE-WORLDPublishing HouseErnakulam-682315

Malayalam Language

ATMOPADESA SATAKAM(A Philosophical Work of Narayana Guru)

Contemplative Outpouring

SWAMI SUDHI

Published By

ONE-WORLDONE-WORLDONE-WORLDONE-WORLDONE-WORLDPublishing HouseChethikode. P.O

Ernakulam- 682315.

Phone : 9447968014, 0484-2778515, 5502401

email : oneworldcommunion@gmail.com

Cover : Bipin, PerumbavoorType :Nitya Chetana

Proof : Sabari, Niranjana, AkshayaPrinted at : Gurudev Off-Set, Ernakulam

Second Edition : July, 2006Copies : 1000

Rights Reserved

Rs. 90

kzman kp[n1967 Xriq Pn-bnse Ip-en-bq-cn P\n-p.\t sNdp--nXs tamtp Bbn-cp-p.kvIqfn ]Tn-p-tm hoSp-hn- p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Hcp

kXym-t\z-jn-sb-tmse Ae-bp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p.km-c-n-\n-S-bnepw ]T\w XpSp.

km-n-I-im-{k-n _ncp-ZhpwBwK-te-b-km-ln-Xy-n _ncp-Zm-\--c-_n-cp-ZhpwIgn-p. tPW-en-k-n ]n.Pn Untma t\Sn.

Ipd-p-Imew ]{X-{]-h-I-\mbn tPmen sNbvXp.Atm-tgpw Kpcp-k-hn-[-n AW-bm-\p-ff

XrjvW AZ-ay-am-bn. AXn-\m tPmenbpw

Kmln-I-Xbpw If-p.Kpcp \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-bpsS injyXzw kzoI-cn-p.

Kpcp-hns \nt-i-{]-Imcw 1993

\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-Ip-e-n tNp.

Dun-bnse \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-Ip-e-n

Kpcp \nXybpsS kao-]-hn-bmbn

Kpcp-tkh sNbvXp Pohn-p-hm-\p-ff

`mKyhpw \ntbm-Khpw Dm-bn.

apJ-p-dnv

Rms\mcp IY hmbn-n- p-v. bph-Xz-n-tev Imeq-n-\np-tm-gmWv AXv hmbn-m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. B IY hmbn--tm Rm\msIAkz--\m-bn. hon\npw Cd-n-\-S-p. ImcWw B IY shdp-samcp IY am{X-am-bn-cp-n-; A-cm--fpsS Hcp Ie-hd Xs-bm-bn-cpp. Ftm-Sp-X-s-bp-ff Hcp-Xcw tNmZyw-sN--em-bn-cpp AXv.B IY Rm \n-tfmSp ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp]t, \n-fn ]mIw-h Hcp a\-p-s-n Cu IY \nsf tNmZyw sNpw. C{Xbpw\mfpw \n [cn-n-cp s]mbvap-J- ]nn-onf-bpw. \n-fpsS Bm-hns imeo-\-ku-ay-X-bn Hcp-thf Nne-h-gn-m-\mbnDw XpSn-p-t]m-Ipw. C\n IY ]d-b-s........

Hcn- Hcp knwl-pv hpP\nbvm\n-S-h-Xv HcpBn]--n-\n-S-bnem-bn-cp-p. X-knwlw Cc-]n-Sn-m-\mbn HcpIpn\npw FSp-p-Nm-Sn-b-tm \ne-p-hogpIbpw Ahn-sS-In-Sp {]k-hn-bvpI-bp-am-bn-cpp. Ipns\ {]k-hn DSs\ X-knwlw acn-p. B knwl-p-ns IpI Xpd-n- p-t]mepwDm-bn-cp-n-. A{Xbpw sNdnb knwl-p-m-bn-cp-p. Bnq--nse X-bm-Sp-I-fpsS ape IpSnv B knwl-pv hfp hep-

Xm-bn. BSp-I B knw-ls X-sf-tmse Icp-Xn. BSp-I Ic-bp--Xp-t]mse knwlhpw Ic-bpw. BSp-I ]pp Xnp--Xp-t]mseB knwlhpw ]pp-Xnpw. Ah Hcp-anp Ifnp ckn-pw. knwl-ns BIm-c-s-p-dnv BSp-Itm, BSp-I-fpsS BIm-c-t -`Z-s-p-dnp knwl-nt\m Hcp kwi-bhpw Dm-bn-cp-n-. As\ Ime- Hcp-]mSp Ign-p-t]m-bn.

Hcn- Hcp hr-\mb knwlw Bn]---fpsS ASp-p-IqsSIS-p-t]m-Im CS-bm-bn. Atm Bnq--n-\n-S-bn Hcpknwlw Ifn-p-c-kn-p--Xp-Iv hr-\mb knwlw ApXw Iqdn.B knwls Atm Ap-X-s-Sp-n-b-Xv, Bnq- -nseknwlw BSn-s\-tmse Ic-bp--Xm-Wv. AXp ]pv Nh-p-Xn-p-IbpwsNp-p. hr-\mb knwls I-tm ap BSp-I t]Sn-tm-Sm XpS-n. Atm Bn]--nse knwlhpw `b-p-hn-dpHmSm XpS-n. CXp I-tm hr-\mb knwl-n\p ebpwtcmjhpw Hcp-anp hp. Xs Ipe-n\pXs am\-lm\n hcp-n-h-bvp--Xm-Wtm Cu {]hrn Fp B knwlw Hmp. hr-\mb B knwlw BnIq- -ns IqsS Hm-Sn-tm-Ip knwl-s-n-Snv _e-ambn Hcp XSm-I--c-bn-tep sImp-t]m-bn. t]Snp hnd-]q Ip-I-tfmsS, Xs shdptX hnS-W-sap ]dv B ]mhwknwlw tIWp-I-c-p. Fm hr-\mb knwlw, Xs h-n\p

hp-tN A]-am-\-I-c-amb A[x-]-X-\s amn-sb-Sp--W-sa\n-b-tm-Sp-IqSn XSm-I--c-bnse kz-amb Pe-n-\-cn-In BSpI-fp-ambn am\-kn-I-Xm-Zmyw ]q knwls sImp-t]mbn \ndpn.Fnp Kn-p-sImp ]dp: FSm hnUvVn! \o Fs apJ-t-smp t\mq; Fn v B XSm-I-nse Pe-n \ns {]Xn-m-b Hp ImWq.

XSm-I-nse Pe-n sXfn apJw I-tm s]s -m-bn-cpp ]qn-I-amb Xs kzXz-ns \nbw Hcp shfn-]m-Sp-t]mse B knwl-n P\n--Xv. Bn]--n-e-I-s knwl-nsDn\npw Atm Hcp K\w AW-s]m- n. B K\w ZnK--sf apg-p Hm-bn-cp-p. AXp hopw hopw Kn-p.B knwlw Xs kzcq-]s Xncn--dn-p. AXns ]qnIambkvac-W-I DWp-h-p. hr-\mb knwlw CsXmw Ip\np-I-bm-bn-cp-p. hr-\mb knwl-ns Imcp-Wy-n\p sImp-knwlw \n ]d-p: An-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n Fs apgp-h Pohn-Xhpw B Bn]--n-s-IqsS ]pp-Xnp Xpe-p-I-f-tbn-h-cpam-bn-cp-t-t\. As-\np ]pXn-sbmcp PohnXw Xn-cn-p-p. hr-\mb knwlw sNdnb knwls ap knwl--fpsS ASp-tpsImp-t]m-bn.

\psS Pohn-Xhpw CtX-t]m-se-bm-Wv. \mw \psS B-kz-Xzs ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. ]e ]e XmZm-y--fm Bn]--n-e-I-s Hcp knwl-p-n-s\-tm-se-bmWv \mw hf-cp--Xv.IpSpw_ambn Pohn-p-t]m-cp \mw ]e-X-c-n-ep kmaq-ln-Ihpwcmjv{So-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb _--fmepw _-\--fmepw kzX-kn--amb \psS kzcq]w ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p. B kzcq-]-nsaln-am-Xn-ibw a\-n-em-msX sImp-sIm-p- Xp-cp-p-I-fn kzm-amb PohnXw \bn-p--h-cmWv \mw Gsd-t]-cpw.

Iptd-mew As\ Pohn-tnh Cubp--h\v Bm-hns\nc-Xn-i-b-Z-W-n Fs apJw ImWn-p-X alm-Im-cp-Wn-I-\mWvKpcp \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn. B Kpcp-hn-eq-sS-bmWv Rm Fs kzXz-ns C\n-a-bp-ff {]Xew BZy-ambn \pW--Xv. Cu ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xp-tm Fm-hpw Ah-cpsS kzXzs Xncn--dn-bm-\p-ff Im-Sn-bm-bn-cn-Ww CXnse Hmtcm hmpw Fp Rm {]m-\m-]qwA`n-e-jn-p-I-bm-Wv.

\nd lrZ-b-tmsS kzman kp[n

Fpw hmbn-p--Xn-\p- apv

Btm-]-tZ-iiXIw Hcp imkv{X-am-Wv. Cu imkv{Xw B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw t]msebp Hcp imkv{X-a-. B\p-` q-Xn-I-m-\-apHcp Ejn-bpsS lrm-cn hnf AssZz-X-a-I-c-w-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.Atm CXns\mcp ka-{KXbp-v. ka-{K-sap ]d-bm ImcWw,CXns ]cn-[n-bn hcm Hpw-X-s-bn Fp-f-f-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.KW-\-bns]-Sp-Xpw KW-\-bn\np Ihn-Xpw Dsm-mt]mcp A\--hn-im-e-XbmWv Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns\ ka-{K-am-p--Xv. ]qm--I ]d-p-\-S-p--Xp-Iv IuXp-I-aq-dp HcpsImp-Ip-ns t_m[Xehpw, \nhm-W-ns [ym\-hn-lm-b-nA\p-`qXn \pW-psImn-cn-p Hcp tbmKn-bpsS t_m[XehpwCu imkv{X-n Htc-t]mse CSw Is-p-p-v. hymk\pw \yq -\pw, sslk_Kpw IWm-Z-\pw, {InkvXphpw \_n-bpw, _p\pwFmw Btm-]-tZ-i-km-K-c-nse tXtPm-X-cw-K--fm-Wv.

am{X-a, Cu imkv{X-n\p hy-amsbmcp eyhpw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bpap-v. CXn Ah-X-cn-n-p hnjbw \app ]cn-N-b-an-m--X-. B hnjbw \mw Xs-bm-Wv. tkm{I- okpw D]-\n-j-nseEjnbpw Dun-bqnd {]tabw: \o \ns-Xs Adn-bp-I. BAdnhv \ns kzX-{-\m-pw. As\ Rm Fs {]ta-b-amnAt\z-jWw Bcw-` n-p-tm AXn {]]-s kw_-npwCuiz-cs\ kw_-npw D ]T-\- kzm`m-hn-I-ambn A -`hn-pp. aqp tNmZy--fmWv BXy-n-I-ambn Hcp Pnmkp tNmZn-p--Xv.

1 Cu temIw Fhn-sS-\n-p-mbn?

2 Rm BcmWv?

3 Fn\p Pohn-Ww?

Cu aqp tNmZy-pw Dcw \Im Hmtcm-n\pw Hmtcmimkv{Xw cq]oIr-X-am-bn- p-v. Hv km-im-kv{Xw (ontology). cvm\-im-kv{Xw (epistemology). aqv aqey-imkv{Xw (axiology).Cu aqp imkv{X--fnepw s]SmsX Hcp imkv{X-n\pw \ne-bp-d-n-m Ign-bn-. Fm Kpcp-hm-Is, Cu aqp imkv{X-tbpw {_-hnZy (The Science of the Absolute) F Hcp kq-k-a-\z-b-X-{ns ]cn-K-W-bn sImp-h-n- mWv Fm Zmi-\n-I-k-a-ky-I-tfbpw ]cn-l-cn-p--Xv.

Cu imkv{Xs imkvt{Xm -NnX-ambn ]d-p-X-cpimkv{X {io\mcm-b-W-KpcphmWv. -Kpcp Bm-arXw \pI

Hcp Ejn-h-cy-\m-Wv. ]c-a-]p-cp-jm-amb apnsb kqcy-Xpeyw B-[m-c-bmn amnb alm-a-\o-jn-bp-am-Wv. kzbw-ap--\mb Kpcp am\p-jy-Is apgp-h\pw apn-bn-tep \bn-m-\mWv Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw cNn--Xv. Atm apn-bmWv Cu imkv{Xw ]Tn-p--Xns{]tbm-P-\w. Fn \np apn-bmWv? Am-\-n\n-p-apn. Am-\w-sIm-mWv Pohn-Xw _-\w-t]mse tXmp-Xpw\mw ZpxJn-p--Xp-sa-mw. _\w tXmp--Xp-sIm-mWv Hcmimkv{Xw ]Tn-p-Xv. AXp-sImv Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw Hcp tam-im-kv{X-am-Wv. Fn\n-p tamN\w? _-\-n\n-p tamN-\w. ZpxJ-n \np tamN\w. {]m]-n-I-X-bn\np tamN-\w.

\mw Cu temI-n Pohn-p-tmXs C{n-b--fn-eq-tSbpwa\-n-eq-tSbpw hnj-b-sf A\p-` -hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p-v. As\C{n-b-smpw a\-p-sImpw _-s-Sp hnj-b- \s_np-p. CjvS-cq-]-nepw A\n-jvS-cq-]-nepw DZm-ko-\-cq-]-nepw\s kzm[o-\n-p-p. temI-n Pohn-p--tXm-sSmwXs \mwCu temI-ns `mK-amWv. Fm \psS apn-ep \ma-cq-]m--I-am-bn-cn-p temIs \mw Adn-bp-Xv \n\npw A\y-am-bn-cn-p Hcp hkvXp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. AXp-sImv \mw Cu temIs A\p--`hn-p-Xv, mXm-hmbpw Im-hmbpw t`mm-hmbpw Hs-bm-

Wv. \n\n-pw A\y-am-bn-cn-p temIs hopw hopw `pPn-p-hm hy{KXsp-sIm-n-cn-p HmWv Poh. Poh Fpw]q-X-bvp-th-n-bmWv {ian-pXv. Poh PK-n-s\-bmWvAXns XrjvWsb HSp-p-hm-\mbn ` pPn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. As\Poh PK-ns\ XrjvWm-\n-hr-n-mbn `pPnp-tm hopwhopw _-\-n-tep t]mhp-p. Fm Iptd Ign-bp-tm CuPohXs PK-n\np apn B{K-ln-p-Ibpw sNp-p.Atm B apnv tlXp-hm-bn- mWv Cuiz-c hcp--Xv.

Cuizc kzX-{-\m-Wv. PK-nsbpw Poh-sbpw {kjvSm-hm-Wv. kwlmhpw Cuiz -cXs. krjvSn -Imhpwkwlmhpw Bbn-cn-p Cuiz-c {]]w F eoesb (play)Poh\neqsS Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. {]]w F \ma-cq-]m--I-am-bn-cn-p Hcp eoesb Poh Fp ]d-bp {]mXn-` m-kn-I-X-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-n-p--XmWv BsI PK-ns s]mXp-hm-bn- pBhn-jvIm-c-X-{w.

Poh _-\--\mbn-cn-p-tm B Pohs\ apn-bn-tevB\-bn-p Hcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-X{-am-bn-cn-Ww imkv{X-n Dm-bn-cn-t-Xv. imkv{X-n\v Ah-ew-_n-m-hp coXo-hn-[m\w (meth-odology) Pohs\ Btm-p-J-am-n-sb-Sp-pI am{X-am-Wv; As-

n Cuiz-tcm-p-J-amn op-IbmWv. GsXm-c-dn-hp-sIm-mtWm \apv Cu PKv _\w F-Xp-t]mse tXmn-XvB Adn-hmWv hnth-I-_p-n. _-Im-c-W-amb PK-ns\ \ncm-I-cn-t-Xv Pohs tam-kn-nv Ah-iyw-th Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv.AXn-\p-th hen-sbmcp Adn-hns\ Kpcp ]d-p-X-cp-p.

Fsmw Imcy--fmWv Kpcp Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n ]d-bp-Xv?Hm-a-Xmbn \mw At\z-jn--dnp Is-t Hp-v. AXns\ IcpFmWv ]d-bp--Xv. Icp {]m]-n-I-k--bm-Wv. Fp ]d-m, Cu{]]--n\v Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p--Xv GtXm AXmWv Icp. Icp Imc-W-am-Wv. ]c-aamb -Im-c-Ww. ]c-a-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-p-Xv -k--bm-Wv. \mw ]c-a-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-p k \n Is-p-tm AXns\ B-k Fp ]d-bpw. ]c-a-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-p Hns\ Cu {]m]-n-I-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-am-bndn-bp-tm AXns\ {_-k Fp ]d-bpw.Atm BZy-ta-Xs k-bm-bn-cn-p Hcp kXys FSpp-Im-Wn-p-p. AXns\ Icp Fp hnfn-p-p.

Cu Icp-hns kz`mhw F-s\-bmWv? AXv Adn-hnepw GdnbAdn-hm-Wv. km[m-cW Adn-hn\npw AXoX-am-bn-cn-p Hcdn-hm-Wv. Cu Adn-hnepw Gdnb Adn-hmWv \mw Icp-hns\ Adn-bp-tmDm-Ip--Xv. At\z-j-W-n-eqsS hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-t Hcp-XcwAm-\-n-eq-sS-bmWv (intuition) CXp km[n-X-am-Ip--Xv.Atm Icp C{n-b-hn-j-b-a-. C{n-b-hn-j-b-am-bn-cn-p--sXmskm[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv.

Ip-sIm-pIm-Wp Hcp Zrirw km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv.ImXpsImv tIp Hcp i_vZw km[m-cW Adn-hmWv. aqp-sImv aW-p Hcp aWw km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. \mp-sImvcpNn-p Hcp cpNn km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. Xzp-sImv kv]in--dn-bp Hcp kv]iw km[m-cW Adn-hm-Wv. C\n Cu C{n-bm-\p-`--fpsS ASn-m-\-n Nnn--dn-bp-Xpw km[m-cW Adn-hp-X-s-bm-Wv. km[m-cW AdnhpI-fn-sems tZi-Im-e-]-cn-an-X-am-bn-p Hcp am\w Dm-bn-cnpw. GsXnepw Hcp tZi-p-h-pam-{Xta C{n-b-n\p Hc-dn-hns\ kzoI-cn-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q.AXp-t]m-se-Xs AXn-s\mcp Ime-]-cn-n-]vXnbpw Dm-bn-cn--Ww. AXp-sImv C{n-b-neqsS Adn-bp Adn-hp-I-sfms ]cn-ta-b--fmWv.

Icp-hm-Is A]-cn-ta-b-am-Wv. Af-m-\m-hm--Xm-Wv. Af-m-\m-hm--Xp-sIm-pXs AXv C{n-b-Zzmcm Adn-bm-hp--Xp-a-. A]-cn-ta-b-amb Hns\ Nn-Ipw Dsm-m-\m-hp-I-bn-. AXp-sImmWv AXns\ Adn-hn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-shp ]d-bp-Xv. Cu Adn-hn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-hm-bn-cn-p Icp-hns\ F-s\-bmWv \mw Adn-tb-

-Xv? Htc-k-a-bw-Xs Cu Icp Adn-bp--hs AI-pw AtX-t]mseXs ]pd-pamWv C-cn-p--Xv. As\bmWv kqva-cq-]-n AI-n-cn-p-Ibpw qe-cq-]-n ]pd-n-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv. kqva-cq-]-n {]hn-p--XmWv a\-v. qe-cq-]-n{]hn-p--XmWv ]-` q-XmI-am-bn-cn-p Cu {]]w.

Atm Htc Icp-hn-\p-Xs cp Xc-n {]Xn-`m-kn-p-hm Ign-bp--sX--s\-bmWv? AXn-emWv Poh Fpw hymtam-ln-X\m-bn-o-cp--Xv. Hcp Icp qe-ambpw kqva-ambpw Pohs\hw Npn-p-sIm-n-cn -p-p. As\ hcp-tm \-fpsSPohnXnn sXp ]m\n-S-h-cp-p. GI-amb Icp-hns\ Adn-bmsX,Icp-hns Zznap-J--sf-bmWv \mw Adn-bp--Xv. Icp-hn kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p qehpw kqva-hp-am-bn-cn-p, AIhpw ]pd-hp-am-bn-cn-p cp hi-sf am{X-amWv Pohn-Xm-\p-` -h--fn\nv\apv Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp-p-q. AXp-sImv Icp-hns\ Adn-b-Ww Fp Dd-np ]d-bp-p. Icp-hns\ Htc-k-a-bw-Xs AIpw]pd-p-an-cn-p k-bm-bn--dn-b-Ww. AXp Adn-hn-ep-ta-dnb Adn-hm-Wv. Icp Hcp hnj-b-a-. Icp hnj-bm-Xo-X-t_m[am-Wv. CXmWvBtm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-ns {]ta-b-am-bnv hcp--Xv. -km[m-cW Adn-hn\npw AXo-X-am-bn-cn-p Hc-dn-hns\ a\p-jy At\z-jn-p-hm XpS-p-tm B hyn kXym-t\z-jn-bm-bn-o-cp-p. Bhyn Pnm-kp-hm-bn-o-cp-p.

A-s\-sbmcp kXym-t\zjn imkv{Xw hfsc ka-{K-ambn ]Tn-t--Xmbnp-v. Ip-I Apw D-S--Ww. Ip-I Fp]d-m- C{nb. - Zr-iy- am{Xw ImWp In-s\-bChnsS hnh-n-p--Xv. An-{n-b--tfbpw IqSn-bmWv Ip-IFp Kpcp \ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv. D-S--sWp ]d-bp-hm ImcWw AsX-tmgpw ]pdw-tem-I-mWv tap-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. AXp-sImv ]pdw-tem-I-n\npw D-S--Ww. shdptX_ew {]tbm-Knv \nb{npI F-. BZyw AXn-\p-th-nbmWvIcp-hns nXn-hn-ti-j-s-p-dnv ]d-p-X--Xv. C{n-b--fnhym]-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p Pothms Icp-hn-tep Xncn--Ww.XmXv]-cy-sf apgp-h B-K-X-{]n-b-am--Ww.

a\p-jys Al--bmWv m\-n\p XS-w \np--Xv. AXp-sImv Ffna thWw. sXcp-sXsc hoWphW--Ww. sXcp-sXscFp hmv ss\-c-cy-tm-Sp-IqSn F A-n-emWv Kpcp{]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xv. a\p-jy Fhn-sS-bmWv hotg-Xv? a\p-jyhotg-Xv Adn-hns apn-em-Wv. ]c-a-amb Adn-hns apn \a-kvI-cn--Ww. hW-pI Fp ]d-m Al \nmn-X-amb Ah--bn hn-pI. vAXn-\p-ti-jw-thWw Cu {Kw \-fpsS a\-\-n\pw hnNm-c-n\pambn F-Sp-phm.

Btm-]-tZ-i-i-XIw

1 Adn-hn-ep-ta-dn-b-dn-n-Sp--h X pcp-hn-ep-samp ]pd-p-ap-z-enpw Icp-hn\p Ip-I-f-p-ap--S-n scp-sXsc hoWp-h-W-n-tbm-Xn-tS-Ww.

Adn-n-Sp--h X - Adn-bp--hsDcp-hnepw AIpwHp ]pdpw Xp-eyambn ]pdpwAdn-hnepw Gdn Ipw Nnnpw apw Adn-bm-hp

Adn-hp-I-Xo-X-ambnDz-enpw Icp-hn\v {]Im-in-p B-k-sb

Adn-bp-Xn\mbnIp-I Apw Ap mt\-{n-b--tfbpwD-Sn Bm-` n-ap-J-amnsXcp-sXsc [mc-ap-dn-bm coXn-bnhoWp-h-Wn Kpcp-hn kan-X-\mbnHmXn-tSWw kzm[ymbw sN-Ww.

]mm-Xy-X-z-Nn--bn ttmbpw Acn-tm- nepw kam--c-ambn Hgp-In-sm-n-cn-p cp \Zn-I-sf-tm-se-bm-Wv. ChXnep _w Kpcp-hn-tXpw injy-t-Xp-am-Wv. Fmepw Zmi-\n-I-amb Hcp ]nWw Chn-S-bn-ep-v. Ncn-{X-n-eqsS Ch Hgp-In-sbm-gpIn cp hmZ-sf kp-jvS-am-n. ttm-bpsS Nn-I-fmWvBi-b-hm-Z-n-tev (idealism) hgn-am-dn-b-Xv. Acn-tm- n-ens Xz-Nn `uXn-I-hm-Zs (materialism) Icp-n-Sn-n-p. Cu cp hmZ-fpw ]c-kv]cw kwL- -\-nhsc Gs- n- p-v. Ctmgpw Gs-Sp-p-v.

]mm-Xy-Nn--bnse AXn-Im-b-m-scp hnti-jn-n-m-hp tUm.tPmkWpw _njv s_nenbpw Hcn- {]`m-X-k-hm-cn-bnIp-ap- n. s_nen-bm-Is ISp Bi-b-hm-Zn-bm-Wv. temIw HcpBi-b-am-sW-mWv s_n-en-bpsS hmZw. tUm. tPmk `uXn-I-hm-Zn-bpw. ImW-s-Sp temI-n-\-p-dv Hcp kXyhpw C F

hmZ-amWv ` uXn-I-hm-Zw. Ah kwkm-cnp h-tm AsXmcp X-ambn ]cn-W-an-p. Xw aq-tm tUm. tPmk hensbmcpIs-Spv s_n-en-bpsS Imen t\mn Htcdp sImSp-p. ImepNXv tNmc-sbm-en-m XpS-n. s_nen hmhnp \ne-hn-fn-p.Atmgpw tIm]w AS-msX tUm. tPmk tNmZnp: Cu IpwtNmcbpw Bi-b-amtWm? s_nen Ic-p-sIm-p-Xs ]dp:Ipw tNmcbpw Bi-b-am-Wv. ]ns \n Fn-\mWv Ic-bp-Xv?tUm. tPmk tNmZn-p. AXpw Bi-b-am-Wv, s_nen ]d-p.

C-s\-bmWv idealismhpw materialismhpw Hcn-epwtNcmsX iWvT-Iq-Sn-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xamb phys-ics `uXn-I-hm-Z-ns k--Xn-bm-Wv. Fm Cn-hnsS Ip-h-cp metaphysics BIs Bi-b-hm-Z-n\npw P\n--Xm-Wv.Chbvp cn\pw Hn-n-cn-m Ign-bp HcnSw \S-cm-P-Kp-cp-hmWvhfsc hy-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn imkvt{Xm-Nn-X-ambn ]d-p-X-n-p-f-f-Xv.AXn\p klm-b-I-amb Zmi-\n-I-]n_ew \mcm-b-W-Kp-cphnsBtm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n\npw Zi--\-am-e-bn\n-p-amWv \S-cm-P-Kp-cp-hn\p Inn-b-Xv. Kpcp-tZ-hs Btm-]-tZ-i-i-X-I-n Bib-hm-Zhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw ]nW---fn-m Hcp `qan-I-bn kwK-an-p-Xv Hmtcm tmI-n-eq-tSbpw IS-p-t]m-Ip-tm \app ImWm-\m-Ipw.

Icp B-k--bm-Wv. B-k Fm \psS icn-bmbD Ft A-ap-q. B B-k--bmb Icp-hn-s\-bmWv Adn-tb--Xv. Icp-hns\ Adn-bmsX Cu temI-n Ipw tIpw sXmpw\pWpw aWpw Nnnpw Adn-bm-hp Fmw hy-sat]d-bm-s\m-q. Fs-m Icp-hmWv Fm Adn-hp-Ipw Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p--Xv; Fm Adn-hp-Ipw A-hp-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.ImcWw GI-amWv. Imcy- At\-I-am-Wv. GsXm-n\n-mtWmtemIw PmX-am-Ip-Xv B HmWv ImcWw F-Xp-sImv hnh-n-p--Xv. Atm Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p Icp-hns\ Adn-m FmwAdn A\p-`-h-am-bn. AsXmcp ]qm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Ima-\-IHgn ]q-X. kzbw kwXr-]vXn-bmWv ]qm-\p-` -h-ns sXfn-a. B Icp Htckabw Adn-bp--hs AIpw ]pdpw nXn-sN-p-p. AIv A--c-Wambpw ]pdv F-a hkvXp--fmbpw{]Im-in-p-p. thsdm-d-n ]d-m kqvaw AIpwqew ]qd-pw.

A-s\-bp Icp-hns\ B\p-` q-Xn-I-ambn A\p-` -hn--dn-bm BZy-ambn C{n-b-fnse A`n-c-a-\s Dh-en--Ww. B A`n-c-a-\s

Icp-hns Zni-bn-tep Xncn-p-hn-S-Ww. hnj-bm-` n-ap-Jambn {]hn-n-cp Adnhv Atm Bm-` n-ap-Jam-bn-o-cpw. CXmWv D-S-pIF {]{In-b. CXv Hcp {]mhiyw sNbvXm t]mcm. \nc--c-ambn sN-Ww. Kpcp-hmWv Adn-hns \ntI-X-\w. B-km-m-XvIm-c-n\mbnKpcp-hn {i-bp-d-n Hcp a\v At\z-j-I-\n A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Kpcp-hns ]mZm-n-I-n hoWp-h-WWsan Al t]mI-Ww. Ffn-a-bpsS hgw hc-Ww. B-km-bp-Py-n-\p A`n-em-jhpw thWw.A-s\-sbmcp At\z-j-W-n-I-thmsS \ap-n\n kzm[ym-b-n\pXpSw Ipdn-mw.

2Ic-W-hp-an-{n-bhpw Itf-_cw sXmdn-bp-a-t\-I-P-K-p-tamn-semw]c-sh-fn-X-n-ep-b `m\p-am X

Xncp-hp-cp-hmWp Xnc-p -tX-dn-tS-Ww.

Ic-Whpw - A--c-W-fpwC{n-bhpw C{n-b-fpwItf-_cw ico-chpwsXm-dnbpw C{n-b-p hnj-b-am-bn-cn-pAt\-I- P-Kpw \nc-h-[n-bmb \ma-cq-]-fpwHmn a\-\-hn-t[-b-am-p-I-bm-sW-n,Fmw Fmw]c-sh-fn-X-n Db ]c-a-amb NnZmIm-i-n

DZn-p-\np`m\p-amX B-kq-cysXncp-hp-cp-hmWv ssNX-\y-cq-]-amWv.Xnc-p-tX-dn-tSWw Cmcyw At\zjn-dn-bWw.

{]]w ]-` q-Xm--I-am-Wv. B {]]--am-I-s, Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m \ma-cq-]--fm-Wv. \ma-cq-]-sf mt\{n-b--fn-eq-sS-bmWv\mw Adn-bp--Xv. Iv, aqv, \mv, Xzv, sNhn Fn-h-bmWv mt\-{n-b-. Iv ImWp-p. In\v hnj-b-am-bn-cn-p-Xv cq]-am-Wv.cq]w ]-` q-X--fn-sem-mb An-bpsS KpW-am-Wv. aqp-sImv aW-p-p. aWw ]rYzn-bpsS KpW-am-Wv. \mhpsImv ckw Adn-bp-p.ckw Pe-ns KpW-am-Wv. Xzv kv]i-t\-{n-b-am-Wv. kv]iw hmbp-hns KpW-am-Wv. sNhn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv tIp--Xv. tIhn BIm-i-

ns KpW-am-Wv. ]-` q-X-fpw Cn-b-fpw Xn-ep Cu ]c-kv]-c-_-Xbn\n-mWv {]]w cq]-s- Xp-X-s. {]ItjW]o-Ir-X-am-bXv {]]-w. ]o-I-cWw Fm Ap `qX-fpwtNtc--]Sn tNcp--Xm-Wv. C{n-b-v X\nsb Fmw Adn-bmIgn-bp-I-bn-. A--c-W--fpsS klmbw Bh-iy-am-Wv. a\-v,Nnw, _pn, Al-mcw Fn-h-bm-Wv A-xI-c-W-. a\-nskz`mhw kwibw D-bn-p-I-bm-Wv. Fv? FhnsS? Ftm-? Bcv?Fs\? Fn\v? Fo tNmZy--sfmw a\-ns krjvSn-bm-Wv.tNmZy-ns Dcw ]qhm-\p-` -h-n\npw Is--Ww. ]qhm-\p-` -h--fpsS tiJ-c-amWv Nnw. kvarXn-cq-]-nepw hnkvarXn cq]-n-ep-amWv Nnw {]hn-p--Xv. Nn-n sXfn Dcwicntb sXtm Fp \n-bn-p-Xv _pn-bm-Wv. _pnsb AXp-sImv \n-bm-nIm Fp ]d-bp-p. Al-mcw A`n-am-\n-bm-Wv._pn \n-bn Hns\ X\nbvp thWtam thtbm F {]nbm-{]nb cq]-n-ep {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv Al-m-c-n-t-Xv.

Cs\ Ic-tW-{n-b-I-tf-_-cm-Zn-I-fm \mw A\p-` -hn-p-t]m-cpCu PK-ns clkyw Adn-bp-hm-\mbn ]pXn-sbmcp hnNm-c-co-XnsbAh-ew-_n-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. AXv Aap-J-amb a\-\-am-Wv. As\a\\w sNp-tm \mw Xs-bm-bn-cn-p B-kq-cy Adn-hnsAXn-hn-i-Zm-Im-i-n DZn-p-bp-\np Hc-\p-` -h-km-mXvImcwkw -`hn-p-p. B Htc-sbmcp B-kq-cys _lp-hn-[-amb kv^ pc-W-fmWv Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m \ma-cq-]m--I-amb Cu {]]w.tXdpI Fm B-k-bpw Rm\pw At -`Z-am-sW--dn-bp- A\p--`h-am-Wv.

3shfn-bn-en-cpp hnh-anp ImWpwshfn-ap-X-emb hn`q-Xn-b-p-tammPe-\n-[n-X-n-ep-bnSpw Xcw-Kmhen-b-Xp-t]msebt -`Z-ambv htc-Ww.

shfn-bn-en-cpv shfn-bn-en-cn-p-Xp-t]mse

hnhw Cp ImWpw hnh-cq-]-n \mw ImWp

shfn-ap-X-emb BImiw apXemb

hn`q-Xn-bpw Ap `qX-sfbpw

Hmm a\-\-hn-t[-b-am-n-bm

Pe-\n-[n-X-n IS-en

Dbn-Spw Dmbn ad-bp

Xcw-Km-hen Xnc-I-fpsS \ncAXp-t]mse F-Xp-t]mse

At`-Z-ambv htcWw At`-Z-ambn hc-Ww.

{]]w ]-`q-Xm--I-am-Wv. BImiw, hmbp, An, Pew,]rYn-hn Fn-h-bmWv ]-`q-X-. ]-`q-X-sIm-mWv {]]--n-ep-ff Ipw ]ppw ]pgbpw ]pgphpw am\pw a\p-jy\psa-mw-D-m-bn-p-f-f-Xv. Fp ]d-m, ChnsS hnti-j-cq-]-n hn-p As-n hnhn-[-cq-]-n ImW-sSp Fm-n\pw BZn-a-amb Hcp GI-kbpv; Hcp aqe-Im-cWapv. s]sp t\mp-tm Cu aqe-Im-c-Ws \app ImWm Ign-bp-I-bn-. IS-enXnc-I apd-ap-d-bmbn Dbsm-Sp-n-sIm-n-cn-p-Xp ImWp-tmIS-en\npw Xnc-I thsd-bm-sW-p-ff {]Xo-Xn-bmWv \-fnDfhm-Ip--Xv. Fm Xnc-am-e-Ipw Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p-Xv IS-em-Wv.IS-en-emWv Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS At -`ZyX Adn-tb--Xv. AXp-t]mse shfn-bn-en-cn-p Fm hnj-b-pw Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p Hcp ]c-sh-fn-bp-v. B ]c-sh-fn-bn As-n NnZm-Im-i-n Fm-n-t\bpwt`Z-a--dn-b-Ww. As\ Adn-bp-tm m\w B\p-` q-Xn-I-ambnamdpw.

4 Adn-hp-a-dn-n-Sp-ahpw ]pamX dn-hp-sam-cm-Zn-a-l-p-am-{X-am-Ipw hnc-f-X-hnp hnf-p-a--l-m adn-hn-e-aXp am{X-am-bn-tS-Ww.

Adnhpw Adn-bpI F {]{In-bbpwAdn-nSpw Ahpw Adn-bp hnj-bhpw]pamX Adnhpw Adn-bp--h F t_m-[hpwHcp BZn-a-lv Htc-sbmcp BZn-a-amb tPymXnvam{X-amIpw am{X-am-Wv.hnc-fX hnp AIw ]p-d--fn-msXhnf-pw Pzen-p-\npA-lmw B al-mbAdn-hn Aav B-k--bn hne-bnv

AXp-am-{X-am-bn-tS-Ww AXp-am-{X-am-bn-o-c-Ww.

C{n-b--fn-eqsS Ipw tIpw aWpw cpNnpw sXmpw HsAdn-bmw. A-c-W-n-eqsS Nnnpw Adn-bmw. Fm Adn-hnepwAdn-bm-\mbn Hcp hnj-b-ap-v. hnj-b-s-bm-WnhnsS Adn-n-Sp-aw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. ImWp-I, tIpI, Nnn-pI Fn-h-sbmw Adn-sh {]{In-b-bpsS hnhn-[-amb kwth-Z\-fm-Wv. GXp hnj-bs Adn-bp-tmgpw Rm Adn-bp--h FmXrXzw \-n-sems ImWp-p-v. Cs\, Adn-bp--hAdn-bp-IAdn-b-s-Sp hnjbw Chsb aqnt\bpw tNmWv thZm-n-I {Xn]pSn Fp hnfnp-Xv. Am-\-n-en-cn-p Poh\vico-c-Xm-Zmyw Dm-Ip-tmgmWv C-s\-bp-ff {Xn]p-So-t`-Z-tm-sS-bp- Adn-hp-m-Ip--Xv. Fm mt\mZ-bn Htc-sbmcpBZn-a-m-\-ns aqp ]ncn-hp-I am{X-amWv CsXv \appt_m[y-am-Ipw. BZn-a-l-m-Is Fm-bn-Spw \nd-p-hn-e-kpB-kXs-bm-Wv. k-hym-]-I-XbmWv B B-k--bpsSkz`m-hw. AsX-tmgpw hnf-n-sm-n-cn-pw. al-m-bn-cn-p CuBZn-a-m-\-n Aenv, AXp-am-{X-ambnocp--XmWv Pohn-X-ns ]c-a-amb B\-w.

5

De-I-cp-d-n-bp-Wp Nn sNpw ]e-Xp-an-sXm-s-bp-ap-p- ]mp -\npw hne-a-Xn-bmX hnf-p-Zn-bpw ]n s]men-I-bp-an-nXp Ip t]mbn-tS-Ww.

De-I km[m-cW P\-

Dd-n- DdpIbpw

DWv DW-cp-Ibpw

Nn-sNpw ]eXpw ]e-]e Nn-I-fpw sNpp.

CsXm-sbpw a\p-jy-\nse Cu hyhlm-c-sf

Dp-]mp-\npw Dp-t\m-n-sm-n-cn-p

hne-a-Xn-bmX hnfv Aaq-ey-amb B-Zo-]am-Is

DZn-bpw DZn-p-Ibpw

]ns]m-en-Ibpw C ]ns AWbp-Ibpw sNp-n-.

CXpIp t]mbn-tSWw Cu B-Zo-]s IpPohoWw.

km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS PohnXw In- nt? Ddw, DW Focp {[ph-n-S-bn AhcpsS PohnXw ]e-]-e-hym-]m-c--fn-eqsSDub-emSn Ifn-p-I-bm-Wv. F{X-sb{X Nn-I-fmWv Ah-pf-f-Xv? F{X-sb{X kz]v\-? Bm-Z-n-eq-sSbpw bmX-\-bn-eq-sSbpw AhISpt]mIp-p. Ch-sbms Ca-sh- msX Ip-sIm-n-cn-p HcpIv Fm-h-cp-sSbpw Dns Df-fn-ep-v. \S-cm-P-Kp-cp-hn\v Cu Ivdialectical eye Bbn-cp-p. inh-` --\-amv CXv inhs aqmw-I-m-Wv. Zmi-\n-I-mv CXv D-m-Wv. ]t, A-s\-sbmcpIv Fm-n-t\bpw Ip-sIm-n-cn-p--Xmbn ]ecpw Adn-bm-dn-.

Aaq-ey-amb Hcp hnf-n-t\m-SmWv Cu Ins\ Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. B hnfv A\m-Zn-bmb Hcp Zo]-am-Wv. Fspw In-sm-n-cn-p-XmWv. GsX-nepw Hcp Imev Hcm In-p-h--X-. In-p-h--Xm-sW-n C\w Xom AXp sIp-t]m-Ip-sa-p-d-m-Wv. Fm CXv sIp-t]m-hp-I-bn-. a\p-jys \nc-I-amb Pohn-Xs km-I-amnom Kpcp ]d-bp-p : Cuhnf-ns\ Ip-t]m-bn-tS-Ww. CXn-s- Aw \o \ns-sAdnv Pohn-Ww Fm-Wv. \o Xs-bmWv Cu temI-n-shnf-m-bn-cn-p--Xv F-dn-b-Ww. CXv m\m-ar-X-am-Wv.

6 DW-c-W-an-n-bp-d-Ww `pPn-o SW-a-i\w ]pW-tc-W-sa-n-h-w AW-bp-a-t\-I-hn-Iev]-am-I-bmem cpW-cp-h-Xp-smcp \nhn-Im-c-cq-]w?

DW-cWw DW-cWwC\n Dd-Ww ]ns Dd--Ww`pPn-o-S-Ww A-i\w `Ww Ign--Ww]pW-tcWw C-W-tN-cWwFn-hw C-c-n-ep-At\Ihn-Iev]w ]e-X-c-n a\-ns\ N-en-n-

p-sIm-n-cn-p XmXv]-cy-AWbpw \s hen-n-gpw.BI-bm Cm-c-W-mHcp \nhn-Im-c-cq]w am-an-m Bk-XysBcv DW-cp-h-Xp-Xv? Bcpw ]q-ambn DW-dn-bp-

n--tm?

km[m-cW a\p-jys XmXv]-cy- W-{]-`m-N--e--fm-Wv. Aev]-t\cw am{Xw \ne-\nv sIp-t]m-Ip--h-bm-Wv. Dd--n\npw DWsWo-p Ah CjvS-ap-ff t`mPy-Isn hmcnhenp Xnp-p. Ipdp Ign-bp-tm Ah\pCWsb hmcn-p-W-cW-sap tXmpw. oWn-p-tm- InSpd-pw. Cs\ amdnamdnhcp XmXv]-cy--sf-bmWv hnIev]Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Hcp Znh-k-s Pohn-X-n\nSbnXs \psSa\v Htsd {`m-amb B{Klp ]nmse ]mp-t]m-Ip-Xp \mw ImWm-dp-v. Fn-\m-Wn-s\ a\v ]mp-sIm-n-cnp-Xv?

Bcpw AXn-s\-p-dnv Nnn-m-dn-. Cu Xnc-n-\n-S-bn Pohn-X-ns bYm eyw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. \nhn-Im-c-amb kzm-k-sb \mw ad-p-t]m-Ip-p. temI-hn-j-b--fn-tev DWn-cn-p--Xp-sImv B-kz-cq-]-n-tev DW-cp-hm Ign-bp-n-. temI-hn-j-b--fn- Dd-p-Ibpw B-k--bn DW-cp-Ibpw thWw. Kpcp-hns Cu D]-tZiw tIp-tm-sg-nepw \psS Dn B DWDm-I-Ww. BcpwXs Fp-sIm-mWv Cu B-k-sb Adn-bm-Xn-cn-p-Xv F Hcp- ]-cn-tZ-h-\-kzcw Cu tmI-n [z\n-p-p-v. AXp-sImv Bm-hns\ Adn-bp-hmthn Pohn-Xs \mwhn\n-tbm-Kn--Ww. AXmWv Kpcp \app Xcp D]-tZ-iw...-..B-tm-]-tZ-iw.

7

DW-c-cp-Xnnbpd-n-Sm-Xn-cp-o SW-a-dn-hm-bn-Xn-\n--tbm-Ky-s\-m {]W-h-ap-Wp ]nd-sm-gnp hmgpw ap\n-P-\-tk-h-bn aqn \nn-tS-Ww.

DW-c-cpXv C\n hn-j-b--fn-tev C\n DW-c-cpXv.

Dd-n-SmsX Ccp-o-SWw B-t_m-[-n\npw hyXn-N-

en-p-t]m-ImsX Ccn--Ww.

Adn-hmbv Rm Adn-hm-sWv Adn-b-Ww.

CXn\v Cv B-\n-jvT-\m-bn-cn-p--Xn\vAtbm-Ky Fm tbmKy\sp hcn-I-bmsWn

{]Whw DWv B-t_m[w Dn-ep-Wv

]nd-sm-gnv hmgpw P\-\-a-c-W--fpsS Nm{In-I-X

bn\npw ap-\mbncn-pap\n-P-\-tk-h-bn Hcp Kpcp-hns\ tkhn-p--Xnepw

{]km-Zn-n-p--Xnepwaqn \nn-tSWw apgp-h {i-tbbpw GtIm-]n-

np \ndp-Ww.

ASp hon Fhn-sS-sb-nepw ]e-lm-c- Nps -Sp-paWw aq-n-e-Sn-m Adn-bmsX a\p ]dbpw: Hcp akm-e-tZmiXnm Inn-bn-cp-s-n! hmbn shffw hp\nd-bpw. F{X s]s -mWv \ {]tem-` -\-v hiw-h-Z-cm-Ip-Xv? Nq-ens sImfp-n an-csb sImcp-n v ao]n-Sn-m-c ays {]tem-` n-n-p--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv {]IrXn \psS apn-tev hnj-b-sf Fdn-np Xcp-Xv. hnj-b--sf-b \mw BXy-n-I-ambn Adn-tb-Xv;\ss-bm-Wv. AXn-\mWv Kpcp Dun--d-bp--Xv: DW-c-cp-Xn-\nFv. CXn-\w InS-p-d-Ww F-. AtX-t]m-se-Xsthsdmcp sXv kw -`hn-p-Xv, B-n-X-\mb \mw Amcyw ad-p-t]m-Ipw. Xm Bm-hm-sW Imcyw ad-m AsXmcp Dd--am-Wv. AXp-sImv Dd-msX Adn-hmbn Ccn--Ww. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Adnhpw Bmhpw Hp-X-s-bm-Wv. Fm-hpw Cs\ B-\njvT Inn-sbp hcn-. hopw hopwHmtcmtcm temI-Im-cy--fn-tev a\p hgp-Xn-tm-Ipw.

CsXmcp Atbm-Ky-X-bm-Wv. Cu Atbm-Ky-Xsb Xncn--dn-b-Ww.Fmte t]mwh-gn-bp-f-fq. kzbta kz-\m-Im ]p-n-s-n HcpKpcp-hns\ kao-]n--Ww. B Kpcp-hm-Is A-cm-m-hn \mZm-\p-`qXn DpsImncn-p-- alm-mhm-Wv. Kpcp-hns cp eW- ChnsS FSpp ]d-bp-p-v. {]W-h-ap-W-h Fpw ]nd-sm-gn--h Fpw. C-s\-bp-ff Hcp Kpcp-hn-s\--s Is--Ww. Fn v B Kpcp-hns\ tkhnv apgp-h {ibpw hnizm-khpwKpcp-hn Anv Pohn--Ww. Iptd-\m Ign-bp-tm \nseZphm-k-\-I-sfmw bn-pw. kZv-hmk-\-I ]pjvSn{]m]n-pw.shfn--ns kmn-y-n Ccp-n\v m\-an-tm?

8

Hfn- ap-Xemw ]g-a-p-app \mdpw \fn-I-bn-tedn \tb\ amdn-bmSpw Infn-I-sf-b-p-a-cnp Iogva-dnpw

shfn-hp-cp-th-n-bIw hnf-n-tS-Ww.

Hfn apXemw Ins hnj-b-amb cq]w XpS-nb

]gw Apw hnj-b--fm-Ip Ap ]g-fpw

Dv `pPnv As-n A\p-`-hnv

\mdpw \fn-I-bn Gdn Cu \mdp ico-c-n hknv

\tb\ amdn-bmSpw CjvSm-\p-kmcw hnj-bfn

amdnamdn can-p Infn-Isf Apw mt\{n-b--fmIp Ap

Infn-I-tfbpwAcnp Iogva-dnpw AmsS hcp-Xn-bn hcp-pshfn-hpcp Gn hnthIkz-cq]s {]m]nvAIw A-cm-mhnhnf-n-tSWw DWp hn--Ww.

CsXmcp D]-a-bm-Wv. Poh t`mKy-hn-izs A\p-`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv Ap C-{n-b--fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ap C{n-b--sf-bmWvAp Infn-I-fmbn D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. hr-ns Nn-I-fn\npwNn-I-fn-tev NmmSn, Hmtcmtcm ]g- sImn-t\mncknp Infn-I-sf-tm-se-bmWv \psS C{n-b- {]hn-p--Xv. ico-cs Hcp \fn-I-tbm-SmWv Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. Fp-sIm-s-m icocw Hcp Ipg t]mse-bmWv. B ico-c-n-em-Is ZpKw han-p hkvXp- am{Xtabpf-fq. ico-c-nepff-Xp-t]m-se-Xs a\pw Hcp amen-\y-q-m-c-am-Wv. AXv t`mK-em-e-k-X-tbmsS temIs ` pPn--Xns ^ e-am-bn-m-Wv. Rm ico-c-am-sW-p-ff [mc-W-bn\nmWv, C{n-b-fm-Ip Infn-I t`mKy-hn-iz-n\p]nmse ]mdn-]-d-p--Xv. Hcp th-m-c H shSnv Infn-Isf Xmsg-hogvp-Xp-t]mse, \fpw hnth-I-am-Ip kzcq-]-tan C{n-b-fpsSBnsb Acnp Iogva-dn--Ww. Fmte ]q-amb B-km-m-XvImcw km[n-p-I-bp-q.

9 Ccp-]p-dhpw hcp-am-d-h--sb-q smcp sImSnhp ]Sp-bptahpw Xcp-hn-\-Snp X]psNbvXp hmgpw \c\p hcm \cIw \n\-n-tS-Ww.

Ccp-]p-dhpw cp ]pdhpw

hcp-amdv s]mXnbpamdv]q Hcp sImSn ]pjv]np \np Hcp

Imp-hn IWshp ]Sv Dbv hfv tatev ]-envtahpw nXn sNpXcp-hn-\-Snv ac-ns Nph-nX]p sNbvXp hmgpw X]v A\p-jvTnp Ign-bp\c\v a\p-jy\vhcm \cIw \cIw Dm-hp-I-bn-.\n\-n-tSWw bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-w th.

CsXmcp Nn{X-`m-j-bm-Wv (picture language). C-s\-bp-tmI-v Hcp _mlymhpw thsdmcp A-cmhpw Dm-Ipw.- H t\m-n Hcp ac-n\p Nph-n X]p sNp Hcpkym-kn-bpsS Nn{X-amWv \psS at\m-ap-Ip-c-n Apcn-p-I.cp hn-I hv B acs s]mXn-n-cn-p-Xv Fn-\p-th-n-bmWv? Atm-gmWv \apv kwibw Dm-Ip--Xv. Cu acw km[m-cW ac-a-. CXp ambm-a-c-am-Wv. amb-bpsS cp in-I-fmWv Bh-c-Whpw hnt-]-hpw. B cp in-I, cp hn-I-sf-tmseBm-hns kzcq-]s ad-p-I-f-bpw. Fm [ym\-ns Dsh-fn-hn ambm-h-n-Ip ]nn B-kz-cq-]s DI-p-sImpImWp Xm]-kt{i-jvT\v PohnXw Hcn-epw ZpxJ-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cn-p-I-bn-. AXp-sIm-mWv Kpcp ]d-bp-Xv, [ym\-\n-c-X-\mb \c\v Hcn-epw \cIw hcn-I-bn-s-v. \cIw Fm ZpxJ-ns Xo{hX FtA-ap-f-fq. CXneqsS m\m-\p-k-m-\-th-f-bn X]-ns A\n-hm-cy-Xsb Kpcp Dun--d-bp-p.

10 Ccp-fn-en-cn--h-\mcv? sNmI \osb smcp-h-\p-c--Xp-tIp Xm\p-tahw Adn-h-Xn-\m-b-h-t\mSp \obp-am-sc cp-fp-an-Xn {]Xn-hm-Iy-ta-I-am-Ipw.

Ccp-fn - Ccp-nCcn--h Bcv? Ccn-p \o BcmWv?sNmI \o ]dbqFv Hcp-h Dc-Xv Fv Hcp-h tNmZn-p-XvtIv tInv

Xm\pw Ghw A{]Imcw Ccp-fnen-cn-p--h\pwAdn-h-Xn-\mbn BcmWv tNmZn--sX--dn-bm-\mbnAh-t\mSv tNmZyw tNmZn--h-t\mSv\obpw Bcv \obpw BcmWv?Fv Acpfpw Fns\ tNmZn-pw.CXn {]Xn-hmIyw Ch-cpsS cp-t]-cp-tSbpw

tNmZy-p-ff DcwGI-amIpw HpX-s-bm-bn-cnpw.

Bm-hns A\n-tj-[y-amb Dsb X-an-m coXn-bn Ah-X-cn-n-p Hcp ]co--W-amWv \mcm-bW-Kpcp \app ImWn-p-X-cp--Xv. \ Ccp- p- apdn-bn-tev Hcm ISp hcp-p. B apdn-bn HcmCcn-p-p-v. IS-p-h-cp Bv apdn-bn Btcm Ds tXmDf-hm-b-tm tNmZn-p-I-bm-Wv: BcmWv Ccp- v Ccn-p-Xv? AtmCcp- v Ccn-p B D-cw ]dbpw: Rm Fv. Ccp- -n-cn-pB IS-p-h-cp Bfn-t\mSp Hcp adp-tNmZyw tNmZn-pw: \o BcmWv?Atm Abm ]d-bpw: -Rm Fv. cp-t]-cp-tSbpw Dcw -RmFpXs. Cu cp hyn-I-fnepw Ccn-p -Rm F kvhyXym-k-aptm? Ah-[m-\-]qw Xncp a\-n-em-p-I-bm-sW-nHtc-sbmcp kXs-bmWv \-fn-se-m-h-cnepw -Rm Ft_m[s Df-hm-p--Xv.

11

Al-a-l-sa--cp-fp--sXm-s-bm-cm bpIn-e-Ita ]e-X--tX-I-amIpw AI-ep-a-l--b-t\-I-am-I-bm-eo XpI-bn-elws]mcpfpw XpSn-Sp-p.

Alw Alw Fv Rm Rm FvAcp-fp--sXms \mw ]d-bp--Xn-s\-sbmwBcm-bp-In Xncp a\-n-em-p-I-bm-sW-nAIta ]e-X Dkmc-n sht-sd-b-,GI-amIpw Hp-X-s-bmWv.AIepw Fnse Rm thsd Ah-\nse

Rm thsd F Xc-n-ep-ffAl Rm F `mhwAt\Iw BI-bm At\-I-amsW-nepw

Cu XpI-bn Rm, Rm F `mh--fp-sS-sbmw kmcw Hm-sW Xc-n

Alws]mcpfpw s]mcp-fm-bn-cn-p ]c-am-n-ep- Rm

XpSn-Spp B[m-c-k-Xy-ambn \ne-sIm-p-p.

Fm a\p-jycpw Ah-c-hsc kw_-n-p Imcy- ]d-bp-tm Rm FmWv ]d-bm-dv. F{X Bfp-I Dm-bmepw Ah-sc-m-hcpw Rm FmWv Ahch-sc-p-dnp ]d-bp--Xv. IgntmI-n \S-nb ]co--W-ns ASn-m-\-n Fm-h-cn-ep-an-cn-p Rm Hp-X-s-bmWv Fv ]co-nv Adn-p-I-gn-p. {ih-Ww, a\-\w, \nZn-[ym-k-\w Ch aqpw tNp-ff Hc-t\z-j-W-n-eqsS am{Xta Rm F B-kXyw Fm-h-cnepw Hm-sWv B\p-` q-Xn-I-ambn Adn-bm Ign-bp-I-bp-q. A\p-` -h--\mbHcp Kpcp-hn\npw t\cnp tI--Ww. AXp {ih-Ww. tI -Xns\Bg-n ]cn-Nn-\w sN-Ww. AXp a\-\w. a\\w A-n-X-am-Ip-tm AXp \nZn-[ym-k-\w. AI-ep-w A-l Fp ]d-bp-Xv thsdthsd Fv \-fn tXmn-n-p Alw-t_m-[-s-bmWv. Am-\w-sIm-mWv A-s\-sbmcp tXm DmIp--Xv. Am-\-h-i-K-cm-bn-cn-p--h, Rm Fp ]d-bp--Xn-eqsS ico-c-n-t\m-Sp-ffXmZm-ys Dun-bp-d-n-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. B Am-\s\ow sNp-tm Fm Rm\p-I-fnepw kmc-am-bn-cn-p GI-ambB-k am{Xta kXy-am-bn- p-q Fv Ghpw A\p-` -hn--dn-bm Ign-bpw.

12sXmen-bp-sa-ep-p-aew Zpc--a-xIe-I-fp-ta-p-a-l--sbm-p ImI!s]men-bp-an-X\y s]menp ]q-amIpwhen-sbm-c-l hcm hcw Xtc-Ww.

sXmenbpw NhpwFepv Fp-Ifpwaew amen-\y-fpwZpcw AxI-e-Ifpw ZpxJ-tlXp-I-amb hm-k-\-IfpwGpw Al hln-p Al-sbHp ImI Hp ImWp-I.s]menbpw \in-p-t]m-Ip

CXv A\y CXv Ahn-Zy-bmb A\y-bmWv.s]menp]q-amIpw AhnZym-\m-i-n-eqsS ]qX

ssIh-cn-pw.hen-sbm-c-l Xm hen-b-h-\m-sW Alhcm-hcw XtcWw hcm-Xn-cn-m-\p-ff hcw Xtc-Ww.

ico-cs apgp-h\pw s]mXn-n-cn-p-Xv sXmen-sIm-m-Wv. CusXmen-bpsS ASn-bn amwk-ap-v. icocw amwk-_w am{X-a-.AXns\ Xmn-\ndpp Hcp FnIq-Sp-v. ico-c-ns ]pdw-` mKwF{X hrn-bm-n-h-mepw Dn Nop-\m-dp hkvXp--fmWv InS-p--Xv. \ Ign-p `-Whpw shhpw Fmw aqp aWn-q Ign-bp-tm hfn-p-\m-dm XpS-pw. AXpam{Xa, a\-nsDn Hfn-n-cn-p hmk-\-I AXnepw Agp-In-b-Xm-Wv. Akq-b, Cujy, tIm]w, aZw, am-cyw, Zw`w Chsbmw Pohn-Xskp-Nn-X-am-p-- Zqjyhmk-\-Ifm-Wv. Chsbmw IqSn-bp \psSPohn-Xs Hp t\mn-m-W-Ww.

B-kzcq-]-n CsXm-p-an-. B-kz-cq]w kz-kp--c-am-Wv.AhnsS kuc`yw am{Xta Dq. AXn-cp-I-fn-m hnim-e-X-bmWvBm-hns Xew. Bm-\p-` hw Dm-Ip--Xn\v Cu Al s]men-p-t]m-I-Ww. ]q-am-b Bm-\p-` hw DmIp--Xp-hsc hmk-\-I Fcn--S-t--Xp-v. AXn-\n-S-bn Nne BfpI-fn hen-sbm-c-l hv Ah-cpsS \-Po-hn-Xs Xmdp-am-dm-m-dp-v. Rmm\n-bm-Wv, Rm Cuiz-c--\mWv, Rm alm-\mWv Fsmskzbw hnNm-cn-p-tm Abm henb Hcp Albp Bfm-Wv.B Al-bpw s]men-p-t]m-IWw. AXp s]sp s]men-bp-I-bn-. AXn\p Cuiz-cm-\p-{Klhpw Kpcp-Im-cp-Wyhpw thWw. AXp-sImv{]m-\m-cq-]-n hen-sbm-c-l hcmXncn-m hcw XtcWwFp An--Ww.

13{XnKp-W-abw Xncp-\o-d-Wn-sm-co-iI-a-cecnp hWnbamdnkI-e-a-gnp XWnp tIh-e-naln-a-bp-ap al-n-em-Wn-tS-Ww.

{XnKp-W-abw kzw, cP-v, Xav Foaqp KpW-sf Icn-s-Sp

Xncp-\o AWn `kvaw ]qin-bn-cn-p

Hcp Cui\v GI-\mb Cuizc\vAI-a-e-cnv kev]--fm-Ip ]q

AnvhWn ka-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tm-Sp-IqSnAw Bdn C{n-b-phnj-b--tfm-Sp-

sImXn Bdn--WpvkIew Agnv Fm euIn-I-_--\-fn

\npw ap-\mbnXWnv im-Nn--\mbntIh-e-n tIh-e-am-b-Xnsaln-a-bp-av Ap-Xm-Z-c-fpw Cm-Xmbnal-n B-tPym-Xn-nBWn-tSWw Bp-t]mbn AXm-bn-on-tS-Ww.

{]IrXn {XnKp-Wm-n-I-bm-Wv. kzw, cP-v, Xav Fo aqpKpW--fmWv a\p-jys\ I--fpsS GSm-Iq-S-n-tevhen-n-g-p--Xv. Cu aqp KpW--fpsS \ocmfn-n-Sn-n\npwap-\m-I-W-sa-n Cuiz-c-\n ]q-ambpw icWw Kann-cn--Ww. Cuiz-c-\m-Is, Cu aqp KpW--tfbpw AXn-Po-hnp\np GI-amb s]mcpfm-Wv. Amcyw {]Xo-Im--I-ambn kqNn-n-p--XmWv `kvaw ]qin \rw sNp XmWvU-h-\-S-cm-P.AXns\ ]tcm--ambn am{Xta ChnsS [z\n-n-p-p-q. \-fpsSkev]-kq-\--fmWv Cuiz-c\v A-\-bmbn \Ip--Xv. Ffn-a-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-thWw Fm kev]--tfbpw I--tfbpw Cuiz-c\pkan-t--Xv. AXn-eqsS \apv C{n-b--fn Npn-]-n-\npIma-\-Isf Cm-Xm-m Ign-bpw. Ima-\-I-fmWv temI-n \s_n-n-n-cn-p--Xv. Cuiz-cm-W-m kIe _-\-fpw Agn-p-am-dpw. A-c-W-n ]ncn-ap-dp-- krjvSnncpNqsSmw XWp-p-dv imn-Zm-b-I-amb Hc-\p-` -hs Dn-ep-m-pw. CXv Cuiz-cm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Cuiz-cm-\p-`hw Dm-Ip-tm Adn-bmsX \ B B-cy-]-c-X-bn aXn-a-dv Hcp {`m-s\-tmsePohn-sp hcmw. Ahn-sSbpw \mw \psS At\z-j-Ws \ndp-p-hm ]mSn-. hopw hopw ]q-amb \ne ssIh-cn-p--Xp-hsc Bg--fn-tep t]mbvsIm-n-cn--Ww. cs-p- ` mhw Cm-Xm-Ip--Xp-h-sc BZn-a-l-n Bp-sIm-n-cn--Ww.

14{Xn`p-h-\-koa ISp Xnn-hnpw{Xn]pSn apSnp sXfn-n-Sp Zo]wI]-S-b-Xnp Ic--am-Ip-ho-se

p]-\n-j-Zpn cl-ky-tamn-tS-Ww.

{Xn`p-h-\-koa ISv Pm{K-v, kz]v\w, kpjp]vXnFo aqptemI-papdv

Xnnhnpw \ndp-{]-Im-in-p--Xmb

{Xn]pSn apSnp {Xn]p-Sn-bpsS \mi-n-eqsS am{XwsXfn-n-Sp Zo]w kmm-XvI-cn-m-hp B-Zo]wI]-S-b-Xnv - I-k-ym-knvIc--am-Ip-hoe A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-hp-I-bn-F F Xc-n-ep-D]-\n-j-Zp-n-c-lkyw D]-\n-j-n ]d-n-cn-p

cl-ky-amb Zi\wHmn-tSWw Ftmgpw HmWw.

\psS A\p-`-h-v aqv AXnn-I Iev]n-mw. HvDWn-cn-p-tm A\p-`-hn-p temI-am-Wv. Cu Ah-sbPm{K-Z-h FmWv ]d-bpI. C{n-b-fpw {]]-hpw Xn_-sv Cu Ah--bn {]hn-p-p. cm-as Ahkz]v\-am-Wv. kz]v\w ImWp ka-bv C{n-b- {]h-\-\n-c-X-a-. Fm \ Dd--hp-a-. kz]v\w ImWp BfpsS Dnse]qhkva-c-W-I-fmWv kz]v\--fmbn A\p-`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv.aqm-as Ah-sb kpjp]vXn Fp ]d-bpw. AXm-bXv Dd-w.Dd--n Hpw-Xs Adn-bp-I-bn-. Fm Dd--n\npwDWm \ kpJ-ambn Ddn F tXm Dm-Ipw. DW-Xn\p tijta A-s\-bp-ff Adn-hp-m-Ip-p-q.

Dd-p ka-bv Rm kpJ-ambn Dd-pp Fv Bcpw Adn-bp-n-. C{Xbpw A\p-`-h- \ap-smw ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. FmHcp m\n-bpsS t_m[w Cu aqp temI-pw Ap-d-p-ffHc-\p-`-h-n-em-Wv. B t_m[s Xpco-bt_m[w FmWv D]-\n-j-n ]d-bpI. {Xn]pSn apSnv sXfn-n-Sp Zo]w Fv \mcm-b-W-Kpcp hnfn-p-Xv Xpco-b-t_m-[-s-bm-Wv. kym-k-thjw sIn\S-m-sempw Xpco-bm-\p-`hw Dm-hp-I-bn-. Xpco-bm-\p-`-h-n\vXt]m-\n-c-X-amb At\z-jWw thWw. hb-p-n-g-n-\mbn thjw sIn

\S-p kym-kn-amsc AXp-sImv I]-S-b-Xn-I FmWv ]d-bp--Xv. D]-\n-j-ns ]m--e-n\n-psImmWv KpcpCmcyw nco-Icn-p--Xv.

15]c-bpsS ]mep\pI `mKy-hm-msmcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-am-sm-cev]-t\cwAdn-h-]-c-{]-Ir-Xn--[o-\-am-bmec-s\m-Sn-bm-bn-c-am-p-t]mse tXmpw.

]c-bpsS ]mev ]c-am--m-\-n\npwDudn-hcp B\-m-\p-`hw

\pI `mKy-hm-mv \pI A\p-Kr-lo-XvHcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-amv Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hjwt]mepwHcev]-t\cw Cncn t\c-ambn A\p-` -h-sSpw.Adnhv t_m[wA]-c-{]-Ir-Xnv Xn\npw A\y-amb {]Ir-XnvA[o-\-am-bm hi-s-p-t]m-bmAc-s\mSn Ac-\n-anjwBbn-c-am-p-t]mse Hcm-bncw hjwt]msetXmpw A\p-`-h-s-Spw.

]c-a-amb A\p-`q-Xn-bn Aan-cn-p m\n-Iv Ime-t_m[w Hcp ]oU-\-ambn A\p-`-h-s-Sm-dn-. Bm-\p-`qXn B\--ns \nd-p-I-hn-b-em-Wv. Bm-\p-`q-Xn-bmWv ]c-bpsS ]mev.Fm-hpw CXv A\m-bm-tk\ {]m]y-a-. `mKy-hm-mt AX-\p-`-hn-p-hm Ign-bp-p-q. Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw hjw-t]mepw C-s\-sbmcp A\p-`q-Xn-Z-i-bn Hcp \nan-jw-t]mse tXmn-tm-Ipw.Fm Am-\-m Ime-t_m[w Hcp-h-\n \nd-n-cn-p-tm Hcp \nan-jw-X-s Hcm-bncw hj-t]mse `mc-ap--Xm-bn-ocpw. Imew a\-ns Hcp krjvSn-bm-Wv. a\-n kpJw Dm-Ip-tm Ime-n\v \ofw Ipd-bpw. ZpxJ-ap-m-Ip-tm Imen\p\ofw IqSpw. kabw \om--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. Cu kXyw B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw ]d-bp--Xn-\p-apt Kpcp ]d-pI-gnp.

B_ v sFo Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]d-bp-p-v. Npp-]-gp

Hcp teml--In-Sn Hcmsf ]nSn-n-cp-n-bm Abmv Hcp\nanjwt]mepw Hcm-bncw hjw-t]mse tXmpw. Fm Imap-In-bpsSkvt\l-a-kr-W-amb Nqw_-\m-enw-K-\m-Zn-I-fn \nhr-Xn-sIm-n-cn-pHcp-h\v aWn-p-dp-I Ign-p-t]m-bmepw Hcp \nan-jw-t]m-setb tXmp-I-bp-q.

16A[n-I-hn-im-e-a-cp-{]-tZ-i-sam-mbv\Zn s]cp-Ip--Xp-t]mse hp \mZw{ipXn-I-fn hoWp Xpdpa-n-sbpwbX-an-bepw bXn-h-cy-\m-bn-tS-Ww.

A[n-I-hn-im-e-a-cp-{]-tZiw hfsc hnim-e-amb acp-`q-an-bnHmbv BIth\Zn-s]-cp-Ip--Xp-t]mse \Zn Ic-I-hn-sm-gp-Ip--Xp-t]mse\mZw-hv {]W-h-[z\n Dd-h-s]mn hv{ipXn-I-fn hoWv Dm-XnhoWv Xpd-p-w An AI-p Xpd-n-pp.Fpw bX-an-bepw CXn\v Ftm-gpw b-a\w ioe-am-nbbXn-h-cy Bbn-tSWw kym-kn-t{i-jvT Bbn-cnWw.

Bm-\p-` -hs Imhym--I-am-bmWv Kpcp Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv.]cp hnim-e-ambn InS-p acp-` q-an. B ` qan NqSp-sImp X]n-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. s]svv B acp-` qan apgp-h \ndpIhn-sm-gp-IpPe-{]-hmlw Dd-h-s]m-n-h-cnI-bm-sW-n B A\p-`-hw \psSkev]s-t]mepw AXn-i-bn-n-p--Xm-Wv. acp-` q-an-bpsS X]vX-lr-Z-b-n \Zn-bpsS \\hv ]Sv kpJ-io-X-fna ]I-cp A\p-`q-Xn.AXp-t]m-se-bmWv A-cm-m-hn \mZw DXnp-hv Dm-Xp-I-fnhoWv m\-N-p-ns\ Xpd-p-X-cp--Xv. Ahm-Ny-kp--c-ambA\p-`q-XnbmWv Kpcp Cu tmI-n-eqsS ]Ip-X-cphm {ian-p--Xv. \-psS cp ImXp-Ipap-dv Adn-hns am[p-cy-aqdp\mZw {ihn-p Hcp t{im{X-ap-v. B t{im{Xw DW-c-W-sa-n {ithWw. ChnsS ]d-bp Iv m\-N-p-m-Wv. ka-kvX-X-bnepwB-km-nyw Zin-p ImWv m\-N-p-v. B-kw-b-a\w ioe-am-nb Hcp kym-kn-h-cy\v am{Xta Cu A\p-` qXn ssIh-cn-I-bp-q.

17Ag-se-gp-a-n-X-fmp cp -X- m-bvpg-ep-a-\mZnhnfp Xqn-bmm\ng-ep-cp-hm-sbcn-bpp s\tXm ap]g-Inb hmk\ hn hrn-b-t{X.

An-X-fmv Ap \mf--tfmSp IqSn

cp Xmbv qew, kqvaw Fo cpXpI-fmbn

Ag-segpw In-sm-n-cn-p,Npgepw Npn-n-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-pA\m-Zn-hn-fv BZn-bn-m Hcp Zo]wXqn Xqnbnn-cn-p--Xp-t]m-se-Bm Bmhv\ng Dcp-hmbv \ngemb icocw Gn-sImvFcn-bpp In--sm-n-cn-p-p.s\v AtXm hnf-s-cn-bm-\p-ff s\m-sW-ntemap ]g-Inb hmk\ apt \-n IpSn-sIm-p

]gwsN I-hm-k-\-I-fm-Wv.hn B hnf-nse Xncn-I-fm-Is, hrn-bt{X Nn-hr-n-I-fm-Wv.

Hcp Xnc-o-e-bn sXfn-bp Ne-n-{Xw-t]m-se-bmWv Kpcp CutmIw Na-n--cn-p--Xv. A\m-Zn-bmb Bmhv Hcp hnf-p-t]mse Hmtcm-cp--cnepw Fcn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p-v. Htc-sbmcp Bmhv Fcn-bp-tm Hcp \mfta ]mSp-q. Fm amb-bpsS Bh-cWhpw hnt-]hpw \nanw Bm-hn\v Ap \mf- Df-f-Xp-t]mse tXmn-n-p-p. ChnsS Ap \mf- Fp ]d-bp-Xv a\p-jy-i-co-c-nseAp mt\-{n-b-sfbmWv. mt\-{n-b--fn-eqsS B-Zo]w{]Im-in-p-tm-gmWv \mw ImWp-Xpw tIp-Xpw aW-p-XpwHs. Cu Zo]-n-\m-Is, cp Xp-Ifpv. Hp am\-kn-Iw (con-ceptual) cm-a-tXv sF{n-bw (perceptual). sF{nb-am-bXv qe-amb Xm-Wv. C{n-b-ns apn Hcp hnjbw hp-\np-tma\-mWv B hnj-bs \n-bnp a\-n-em-m-\p-ff km-l--sfms Hcp-n-sm-Sp--p--Xv. a\-n ]qmn-X-am-b- hmk-\I-fmWv temI-\n-b-n-\p-thn Icp--fm-bn-cn-p--Xv.

B-Zo]w {]Im-in-p-Xv \ng-ep-cp-th-n-bm-Wv. \ng-epcp Fp]d-m Xnc-o-e-bn ann-a-d-p-t]m-Ip Nn{X-t]mse FtA-ap-f-fq. Cu hnf-s-cn-bp-hm C-\-am-bn-cn-p s\v hfsc]g-w-sN hmk-\-I-fm-Wv. s\n Xncn-sb--t]mse hmk-\-I-fnNn-hr-n-I-fmWv In-sm-n-cn-p--Xv. hnj-b-kwKw Dm-Ip-tm t_m[w hnj-b-ns BImcw ssIsmv Poh-\n hntm--` Dm-n-sm-n-cn-pw, I-S-en Xnc-b-Sn-pw-t]mse. CXn-s\-

bmWv Nn-hr-n-I Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Bmhv An-{n-b--fn-eqsS a\-ns ]m--e-n {]Xn-^ -enp {]Im-in-p Hcp at\m-l-c-Nn{Xw Cu tmIw \app ]Ip-X-cp-p.

18Al-an-cp-f-n-cp-fm-In-e--cmbv \mal-a-l-sa--dn-bm-Xn-cp-n-tSWwAdn-h-Xn-\m-e-l-a--Im-c-a-sdn-h-Xn-\n--s\-bmp-tam-Xn-tSWw.

Alw Ccp-f B-t_m[w Ccp-f-.Ccp-fm-In Ccp-m-bn-cp-s-n,A-cmbv \mw Dm-gvN-t]mepw t]mbnAlw Alw Fv Rm Dv Rm Dv

FpIqSnAdn-bm-Xn-cp-n-tSWw Adn-bm-Xn-cn--W-am-bn-cp-p.Adn-h-Xn-\m Fm Rm\pv F Adn-

hns\ \ntj[n-m\mhm--Xn-\mAlw A-Im-c-a-sv Bm-hmb Rm Ccp--svAdn-h-Xn\v t_m[yw hcp-p-Xn-\p-thnCs\ C{]ImcwBpw Fm-h-tcmSpwHmXn-tSWw shfn-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp--Ww.

Rm Dv F kXyw Bpw \ntj-[n-m Ign-bpn-.Rm C Fp ]d-b-W-sa-nt]mepw Rm Dm-bn-cn--Ww.Rm Ds--dn-bm\pw Cs--dn-bm\pw Rm Dm-bn-cn--Ww. AXp-sIm-mWv Kpcp Dun--d-bp-Xv Rm Am-\-am-Ip Iqcn-cp--sv. Rm Adn-hns \nd shfn--am-Wv. Rm Iqcn-cp-m-sW-n \ ]d-p-t]m-cm-dp-ff Rm, Rm Fp- t_m[w-t]mepw Dm-Ip-hm ]mSn-m-bn-cp-p. Fm As\ Atm?

Rm ckn-p-p, Rm ZpxJn-pp Fsmw ]d-bp-tm-sgm-sbpw Rm AhnsS {]Im-in-p-p-v.

AXp-sImv Fm-hpw Adn-n-cnmthn ]d-p-sIm-Sp-t HmWv \mw Bm-hm-sW-v. Bmhv kzbw-{]-Im-in-X-am-Wv. AXns Dsb Xn--f-bm-\m-hn-; shfn--ns DsbCcp-n\v \ncm-I-cn-m-\m-hm--Xp-t]mse. AXp-sImv \mw hopwhopw ]d-b-Ww: Rm Am-\-a-, Rm m\-am-Wv. RmCcp- -, Rm shfn--am-Wv. Rm ZpxJ-a-, Rm B\--am-Wv. Rmiq\y-X-b-, Rm \nd-hmWv Fv. kw ln kn-Zmw t\l\m\mkvXn In\. ChnsS kn-Zmw am{X-ta-bpq. \m\m-Xz- Hpw-X-s-bn- Fp \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Zi-\-am-e-bn ]d-bp-p.

19

ASn-ap-Sn-b--a-Xp-n-Xp--Xp-sSn-bn-Sp-am-Znak--bp-sX-mwPU-anXp kha-\n-Xyamw Pe-nhSn-hns\ hnp Xcw-K-a-\y-amtam?

ASn ASn-bn-ep--XmWv kXywapSn D-Xnbnep--XmWv kXywAw A-p--XmWv kXywAXpv AXp D-Xp-X-s-bmWvCXpv CXp D-Xp-X-s-bmWvAXpv AX-, asm-mWv Df-fXvFv ASn-bnSpw Cs\ a\p-jy shdpsX

kXyssmn hmZn-p-p.BZn-a-k Fm-n-sbpw BZn-bmbncn-p

B-kXs-bmWvD-sXmw _lp-hn-[-ambn ChnsS ImWp

\ma-cq-]--sf-mw.CXp kw Cm-Wm-hp--sXmwA\n-Xyamw \mi-ap--XmbPUw PU-am-Wv.Pe-n hSn-hns\ hnv Pe-ns k-bn\npwXcwKw XncA\y-amtam? thdn-n-cn-p--sX--s\-bmWv?

Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw Htc-sbmcp k-bpsS \m\m-hn-[-am-bn-p-ff Bhn-jvIm-c--fm-Wv. C{n-b-sImv BIm-inepw `qan-bnepw A-cn--n-ep-ambn Fa hkvXpsf \ ImWp-p-v. BIm-i-nse \-{X-fpw `qan-bnse Ipw apw hr-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw kmK-chpw acp-`q-anbpw arK-fpw a\p-jycpw Fmw CuBZn-a-k--bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c--fm-Wv. Bhn-jvIr-X-amb Fm-n\pwHmtcm cq]-ap-v. cq]s \mw Adn-bp-Xv \ma-I-cWw sNbvXm-Wv.A-s\-bmWv F-a- \m-a-fpw F-a cq]-fpw tN hymh-lm-cn-I-{]-]w kwPm-X-am-Ip--Xv. \ma-cq-]--fpsS _mlp-ey-m BZn-a-k-sb hnkva-cn-p-t]m-Ip-p. Fn v hmp-I-fpsS ambm-Pm-e-ns]-ns -Xp-t]mse kXyssmn Xn-m XpS-p-p.

Ip-sImp ImWp Hns\ am{Xta Rm kXy-ambn hniz-kn-p-I-bp-q Fsm-cm iTn-p-p. Atm thsdm-cm ]d-bp-p, ssZhw D-X--fn ad-n-cn-pp Fv. C\nsbmcm ]d-bp-p, AXp--X-, CXmWv D-Xv Fv. B aXw icn-b-, CuaXw icn-sbv thsdmcp Iq. As\ ]dp]-dv X-n-tepw ASn-]n-Sn-bn-tepw Ah-km\w bp-n-tepw c-smcn-n-en-tepw \bn-p hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z--fpsS A-iq-\yX KpcpFSp-pIm-Wn-p-I-bm-Wv. DXv BZn-a-k am{Xw. ASn- -ap-Sn, Ahn-sS--C-hn-sS, AXp-v--C-Xpv F-sXms shdpw i_vZ-Pm-e-am{Xw. AXp-sIm-m-W-hsb PUw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. PU-h-kvXp- Aev]m-bp-p-I-fm-Wv.

Hcp Xncbvv F{X-t\cw Pe-n s]mn-\nm Ignbpw?Aev]-t\cw am{Xw. Ipdp Ign-m Xnc, hn-S-t-p-Xs Xncn-p-t]m-Ipw. Xnc Fhn-sS-\n-mWv hXv? Pe-n\n-v. Pe-amWv Xnc-bpsS BZn-a-k-. Pe-n\nv thdn-smcp AkvXnX Xnc-bvn-.Xnc A\n-Xy-am-Wv. Pew \nXy-am-Wv. CsXmcp DZm-l-cWw am{X-am-Wv.Cu DZm-l-c-W-n-eqsS B-k--bpsS \nXy-Xzhpw \ma-cq-]--fpsSA\n-Xy-Xzhpw Kpcp hy-am-p-p. Fm X-fpw Am\-n\npw P\n-p--Xm-Wv. m\-n Xw Hgn-p-t]m-Ip-p.t_m[w sXfn-hp kXys Zin-p-p.

20De-In\p thsdmcp k-bn--Xp-spe-I-cp-c-Xp k-aq-l-lo\wPf\p hnte-ibsap tXmn-bmepw\e-an-bepw aeame \mK-amtam?

De-In\v \ma-cq-]m--I-amb {]]--n\vthsdmcp k-bn B-k--bn\npw `n-ambn

thsdmcp k-bn-.AXp-sv Chn-sS-Im-Wp Hmtcm-n\pw

thsd-thsd D-bp-svDe-I Dc-Xv P\- ]d-p-t]m-cp-Xvkhw FmwDul-lo\w bpn-bp--a-.Pf\v Am-\nvhnte-ibw ]mvFp tXmn-bmepw Dsp tXmn-bmepw\ew Cbepw tNtXm-l-c-ambaeame ]qame\mK-amtam? ]mmbn amdptam?

Fm a\p-jycpw bpn-bp--ambn Nnn-p--h-c-. bpn-bpw Fp ]d-bp-tm BZn-a-k-v tbmPn-p coXn-bnFmWv a\-n-em-t-Xv. ]c-a-Im-c-W-am-bn-cn-p B-k--bn Fm-n-t\bpw tbmPn-np a\-n-em-p-tm B Nn bpn-bp--am-Wv. Imc-W-n\npw A\y-ambn Hcp Imcyn-\pw \ne-\nm-\m-hp-I-bn-. Ifn-a-n-s\-q-SmsX IpS-n-s\-s\ \ne-\nm Ignbpw? AXp-sImv Kpcp Dd-n-p-Xs ]d-bp-p: De-In\p thsdmcp k-bn Fv. CXp tIp-tm Cu temIwiq\y-am-sW- a\-n-em-tXv; temI-n-ep-ff Fm-n\pwA-am-bn-cn-p-Xv Htc-sbmcp BZn-a-k--Xs-bm-Wv Fm-Wv.

shfn--p-d-hp-aqew ]qame ImWp-tm `ocp-hn\v AXv ]mm-sW {`aw Dm-Imw. hnte-ibw ]mm-Wv. ]qam-e-bpsS BIm-chpw]mns BIm-chpw kam-\-am-Wv. AXp-sImv aqV\v Dm-IpsXn-m-c-Wsb, Adn-hp-ff Hcm hv Xncp-n-sm-Sp-p-p.]mmsWp hnNm-cnv `b-s Abm-fpsS a\-n ]qame ImWp-tm Dm-Ip B-cy-\n`-c-amb ktmjw Kpcp FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-p. thZm--nse Ibdpw ]mpw F ZrjvSm--n\v Hcpamw hcpn Ib-dns m\v ]qam-esb {]Xn-jvTn-p-I-bmWvsNp--Xv. BZn-a-k shdpw {]tbm-P-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-p- H.AXn \nln-X-am-bn-cn-p B\--amWv AXns aqeyw. ]qam-e-bm-sWp Xncn--dn-bp-m AXv IqSp-X {]nbw P\n-n-p-p. AXp-sImmWv thZm--nse ncw ZrjvSm--amb Ib-dn-s\-amn ]qam-esb Kpcp {]Xn-jvTn--Xv. {]tbm-P-\-aq-ey-s-bmWv ChnsS IqSp-XDun--dbp--Xv.

21

{]nb-sam-cp-Pm-Xn-bn-sX{]nbw XzZo-b {]nb-a]c-{]n-b-sa--t\-I-ambn {]nb-hn-j-bw-{]Xn hnSpw {`aw X {]nba]-c-{]n-b-sa-dn-n-tS-Ww.

{]nbw Hcp PmXn Htc-sbmcpXcw {]nbtabpf-fq.CXv F {]nbw CXv Fs CjvSw,XzZo-b-{]nbw \ns CjvSw,A]-c-{]nbw thsdm-cp-hs CjvSwFv At\-I-ambn F Xc-n Htc {]nbw-Xs

At\-I-{]n-b--fmbnocp--Xv.{]nb-hn-jbw {]Xn CjvS-hn-j-bfnhnSpw {`aw Dm-Ip {`aw \nan-amWv.X{]nbw Xs {]nb-amWvA]-c-{]nbw thsdm-cp-h-sbpw {]nbwFv Adn-n-tSWw Fp-ff kXyw a\-n-em--Ww.

{]nbw Ht-bp-q. At\-I-an-. B {]nbw B-{]n-b-am-Wv. Bm-hn kl-P-ambn IpSn-sIm-p B\--\n -`c-X-bm-emWv Bm-hnFm Pohn-Ipw {]nbw P\n-p--Xv. Bm-hm-Is GIhpw k-hym-]n-bp-am-Wv. Fm Poh-\nse Al-m-a-a-Xm-Zn-I ImcWw Hcp-h hnj-b-tem-ep-]-\m-bn-o-cp-p. hnj-b-n-emWv B\--an-cn-p-XvF {`aw \nan--amWv hnj-b-n Hcp-h\v {]nbw P\n-p--Xv.As\ hcp-tm Hmtcm-cp-v CjvS-ap-ff hnj-b-fpw hyXy-kvXfmbn-cn-pw. B-{]nbw ad-p-t]mbn B m\v hnj-b-{]nbw hp-Iq-Sp-Xv Am-\w \nan--am-Wv. A-s\-bmWv FsCjvSw, \ns CjvSw, Ah-cpsS CjvSw Fn--s\-bp-ff CjvSm-\n-jvS- hv B-{]n-b-n\v hn -`P\w kw -`hn-p--Xv. CXp amn-sb-Sp--W-sa-n \apv {]nb-s- -Xmbn tXmp Hcp Imcyw thsdm-cmpw {]nbw Df-hm-p coXn-bn ka-RvP-k-ambn tNWw.ImcWw BXy-n-I-ambn {]nb-hkvXp Bbn-cn-p-Xv Bm-hm-Wv.Cmcyw Ftmgpw HmthWw.

22

{]nb-a-]-csbsX{]nbw, kzIo-b {]nb-a-]-c-{]n-b-an-{]-Im-c-amIpw \b-a-Xn-\mse \cp \ \evIpw {Inb-b-]-c-{]n-b-tl-Xp-hmbv htc-Ww.

{]nb-a-]-cs thsdm-cp-hs {]nbw GXmtWmAsX{]nbw AsX-sbpw {]nb-am-Wv.kzIo-b-{]nbw F\np {]nb-s--Xp-X-s-bmWvA]-c-{]nbw asm-cp-h\pw {]nb-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.C{]-Im-c-amIpw \bw CXmWv Pohn-Xs ka-c-k-s-

Sp-p Hcp t]mwh-gn.AXn-\mse {]nbw GI-am-bn-cn-p--Xp-Im-cWw\cp \\Ipw{Inb Hcp-h\v \-bp-m-p {]hrnA]-c-{]n-b-tl-Xp-hmbv thsdm-cp-h-sbpw kpJ-n-\vhtcWw CS-bm--Ww.

Pohn-X-n\v \smcp s]cp-am--n thWw. \app tXmn-b-Xp-t]m-se-sbmw sNp-I-bm-sW-n Fhn-tSbpw kwLjw am{Xtaapn-\np-I-bp-q. {]nb-ns Xe-n hcp ]nSnhm-in-IsIm-mWv kwLj- Dm-Ip--Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-n Hcp ka-\zbw sImp-h-c-W-sa-n \mw Nne \op-t]m-p-I-sfms \S--Ww. AXn\p Zmi-\n-I-amb Hcp ASn-d-bpw Dm-bn-cn--Ww.Hm-a-Xmbn, {]nb-ns ASn-m\w B-k--bm-sW--dn-bp-I.Bm-hns {]nbw Fm-h-cp-tSbpw {]nb-am-Wv. AXp-sImv Bm-hns {]nb-n-tev tNcp--Xns `mK-ambn \mw {]mY-an-I-ambnsNt-Xv thsdm-cm-fpsS CjvS-tbpw \psS CjvS-ns ]cn-K-W-\-bn-tev sImp-h-cnI F-Xm-Wv.

thsdm-cmv CjvS-s Imcyw \ap-pw-IqSn CjvS-sphcp-tm \mw Aev]wIqSn hnim-e-lr-Z-b-\m-bn-o-cp-p. As\hcp-tm \apv {]nb--c-am-bn-cn-p Hv thsdm-cmpw {]nb--c-am-bn-o-cpw. \mw temI-n-\p-thn Pohn-p-I-bm-sW-ntemIw \ap-p-th-nbpw Pohn-pw. \mw Cuiz-c-\p-thn Pohn-p-I-bm-sW-n Cuiz-c \ap-p-th-nbpw Pohn-pw. AXp-

sImv F\nv \-bpm-p {]hrn thsdm-cm-fpsS Pohn-X-n\p Xn-bmbn hcm ]mSn-. A{X-am{Xw Icp-X-temSpw Dsh-fn-thm-Spw-IqSn Pohn-m am{Xta {]nb--fnse kzc-e-bsImp-kq-n-m \apv Ign-bp-I-bp-q.

23A]-c-\p-th-n-b-l\niw {]bXv\wIr]-WX hnp Ir]mep sNbvXn-SppIr]-W-\-t[m-ap-J-\mbv InS-p-sNp]-P-b-Iah-p-thn am{Xw.

A]-c-\p-thn thsdm-cmp-thnAl\niw cm-It`-Z-an-msXIr]-WX hnv kzmX IqSmsX{]bXv\w I-Ir]mep sNbvXn-Spp Ir]bp--h sNpp.Ir]-W kzmAt[m-ap-J-\mbv InSv A[-a-amb kpJ-t`m-K--fn apgpInA]-P-b-Iw [-hntcm-[n-bmb IwAh-p-th-n--am{Xw Xs am{Xw kpJ-n-\p-thnsNpp sNpp.

Ir] XnIpw ssZhn-I-amb Hcp KpW-am-Wv. kl-Po-hn-I-fnepwXs Pohs XpSn-p-I sXm -dn-bp--h-\mWv Ir]m-ep. Ir]mepFp sNp-tmgpw AXv k-n-sbpw lnXw am\n-m-Wv sNp-I. Fhn-sS-sb-nepw thZ-\bpw bmX-\bpw ImWp-tm Ir]m-ep-hns a\w Aen-bpw. Ah-cpsS ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-W-n-\p-thn Ir]mepX\n-m-hp--sXmw sNp-p. an a\p-jycpw kzw `mcy, Ipn-I F IpSp-mb XmXv]-cy--fnam{Xw HXpnq-Sp--h-cm-Wv.- A-Xn-\-p-d-smcp temI-ap-sv Ah Nnn-mt]mepwsa\-s-Sm-dn-. As\bp at\m-`m-h-s-bmWv Ir]-WX FvKpcp hnti-jn-n-p--Xv.

F-t-mfpw Ir]-WX Cp P\--fn Bth-in-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp `qXm-th-iw-t]mse P\w kzm-X-bpsS IpSpw-_-]-m--e-n-tev Dh-en-p-sIm-n-cn-p-XmWv \mw ImWp--Xv. CuDh-en-b-hns\ AWp-Ip-Spw_w (nuclear family) FmWv ]d-bp--Xv. A\pw Abpw aI\pw aIfpw am{Xw AS-p Hcp IpSpw-_w.

Ah-cpsS kpJw am{X-amWv Ah At\z-jn-p--Xv. Ah kpJwIs-p-hm-\p-ff {]bm-W-n F{X Bfp-Isf thW-sa-nepw ZpxJn-n-p-hm aSn ImWn-p-n-. CXmWv Ir]-Ws Pohn-X-co-Xn. Ir]-W Xs t\ -n-\p-thn kl-Po-hn-I-sf-sbmw Nhn- n-sa-Xnv IS-p-t]m-Ipw. BsI a\p-jycpsS BsI \-sb-p-dnv Ah-s\mcp hnNm-chpw Dm-bn-cn-pI-bn-. As\bp hnNm-c-an-m--hs IwZqjn-X-amb I-am-Wv. AXn-s\-bmWv A]-P-b-Iw Fp hnfn-p--Xv. AXp-sImv \-fnse Ir]-WX If-bp-I. Ir]m-ep-XzsDWn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-I. temI-n\p kzkvXn `hn--s.

24Ah-\n-h-s\--dn-bp--sXm-s-tbmmeh-\n-bn--em-Zn-a-am-sbm-cm--cq]wAh-\-h-\m--kp-J-n-\m-N-cn-ph-b-]-cp kpJ-n-\mbv htc-Ww.

Ah Ch Fv Ah Fpw Ch Fpw \mwAdn-bp--sXms ]d-p-t]m-cm-dp-ff Imcy--sfmsHmm hnNn-\w sNbvXmAh-\n-bn temI-nBZn-a-amb krjvSnpw \nZm-\-am-bn-cn-pHcp B-cq]w Htc-sbmcp B-k-Xyta Dq.Ah\h Hmtcm-cp-cpwB-kp-J-n\v kzw kpJ-n-\p-thnBN-cn-p-h sNp {]hr-n-IA]-cv ap-f-f-hpw-IqSnkpJ-n-\mbv htcWw kpJw \I-Ww.

temI-n Htc-sbmcp B-k-tb Dq. B B-k--bmWv Fnepw \nnepw Ah-\nepw Ch-\nepw Hs A[m-c-bmbn hn-p--Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp a\p-jy Iw sNp-tmtgm kwkm-c-n Gs-Sp-tmtgm Cm-cy-sampw Hmm-dn-. AXp-sImv Ah Fp \ ]d-bp-tm \-fn\npwA\y-amb GtXm Hcp hyn-bmWv Ah F tXm-emWv Df-hm-Ip--Xv. Hcp lnp ]d-bpw: Ah {InkvXym-\nbm-Wv, Ah apo-amWv Fsms. {InkvXym-\nbpw apoapw CtX-t]m-se-Xs lnphn-s\-]-nbpw ]d-bpw. cmjv{So-b-nepw ImWmw C-s\-bp-ff tNcn-Xn-

cn-hp-I. Ah Iyq-Wn-m-Wv, Ah tIm{K-mWv F coXn-bn. F-s\-bmWv Cu A\yXzw \-fn-tev IS-p-h-cp-Xv? \mw\psS imco-cn-I-k--sb-bmWv Rm\mbn Icp-Xp--Xv. B imco-cn-I-k--bpsS AkvXn-Xzs am\-Z-WvU-amn hp-sIm-mWv XstemI-ns AXnn \n-bn-p--Xv. Cu {]mY-an-I-amb sXns\Xncp-msX temI-n ka-\zbhpw kam-[m-\hpw sImp-h-cm-\mhp-I-bn-.

\-fpsS hnZym-` ym-k-nepw aX-t_m-[-\-n-ep-samw Cu sXvBhnv Dd-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Htc-sbmcp B-k--bmWvk-N-cm-N-c--fnepw kXy-am-bn-cn-p--sX A\p-`-h-t_m[am-bn-cn-Ww Hcp a\p-jys\ DZm--am-t--Xv. As\ Hcp-h XskpJ-n-\mbn {]hn-p-Xv Fm-h-cp-tSbpw kpJ-n\v Imc-W-ambn ` hn-p-p. Chn-sS-bmcpw \n\nv A\y-c. hymh-lm-cn-I-\n-b-n-\p-thn am{Xw Ah, Ch Fsms ]d-bmw.AXp-sImmWv Kpcp A]-c F hmv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cnp-Xv.A]-c Fm ]c Am--h. {]Xy--n thsd-bm-sW-nepw ]c-am-n Xn\npw thsd-b-m-h. Cmcyw\-hw a\\w sNbvXp-d-nv Iw sNp-I-bm-sW-n temI-n imn-p-thn apd-hnfn Iqt Bh-iy-an-. imn kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hp-tNpsIm-pw.

25Hcph-\p-\-Xpa\y-\-epw tNsmcp sXmgn-em--hn-tcm-[n-tbmn-tS-Ww.]c\p ]cw ]cn-Xm-]-ta-In-Sp-tm

sccn-\-c-Im-_v[n-bn hosW-cn-n-Sp-p.

Hcp-h\p \Xpw Hcmv \ hcp-p-XpwA\y\v Aepw thsdm-cmv ZpxJhpwtNsmcp sXmgn hcp-n-h-bvp--Xmb {]hrnB-hn-tcm[n Bm-hnse kl-P-amb

sFIyn\v \nc-p-X-.Hmn-tSWw Cmcyw ad-p-t]m-Im ]mSn-.]c\v thsdm-cmv]cw- ]-cn-Xm]w ]c-a-amb thZ-\sbGIn-Sp-tm Gev]n-p--hFcn-\-cIm-_v[n-bn In-sb-cn-bp \c-I-k-am-\-

amb ZpxJ--S-en

hoWv Fcn-n-Spp hoWv Xo{h-ambn t\mh-\p-`-hn-tn hcp-p.

Bm-hn Fmw kzc-e-b-s- n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. kl-P-amb HcpsFIyw Bm-hn-\p-v. Bm-hn Hpw-Xs ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-p-n-. AXp-sImv B-t_m-[n-bmb Hcm Iw sNp-tmAXp ka-kvX-Xpw lnX-I-c-ambn ` hn-p-p. Hcp XSm-I-nse \n-e-P-e-cm-in-bn-tev sNdn-sbmcp Is-Sp-s-dn-m aXn, AXnBtm-f\w D-mIm. Ae-am-e-I Dm-Ip--Xv, AXns kzm`m-hn-I-amb kz-X-bn-tev Xncn-p-h-cp-hm\m-Wv. AXpt]m-se- BmhvAXns kz-X-bn-tev Xncn-p-h-cp-hm {iaw \S-n-sm-n-cn-p-p. Fm ]ecnepw imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb XmZm-y-t_m[m BssIyw \jvS-s-Sm-dp-v. Hcmv \ hcp-p{]hrn thsdm-cmv Xn hcp-m-dp-v. C-s\-bp-ff I-Bm-hns sFIyn\p \nc-p--X-. AXp-sImv AXns\ KpcpB-hn-tcm[n Fp ]d-bp-p. t_m[-]qw Nne ap-hv D]-{Zhw Gev]n-m-dp-v, ]oUn-n-m-dp-v. Xs kpJ-n-\p-thn thsdm-cp-hs Poh-s\-tmepw l\n-p-hm Nne DZy-an-p-p. A-s\-bp--h sImSpw-]m-X-In-I-fm-Wv.

Hcp-hs Iw \-Xm-sW-n \ ^es Ah\v Inpw.No Iw sNp--h\v km-]s Dm-p ^e-amWv e`n-p-I. \manp ZpxJw A\p-` -hn-p-p-s-n B ZpxJ-n\p tlXp-I-amb I- \mw Ftmtgm sNbvXnp-v. AXp-sIm-v thsdm-cmv Icp-Xn-qn ]cn-Xm]w Gev]n-p--h \c-Im-nv kam-\-amb ZpxJ--S-en hoWv In-sb-cn-bpw. Bmhv kzbta AXnsGI-Xm-\-X-bn hn-p-sa-nepw Iw sNp--h\v IXr-Xz-t_m[w Df-f-Xn-\m I--fpsS ^e-fpw AhXs Gp-hm-pw. acn--Xn\p tij-sampw BIWsan-. \cIw F hmv ZpxJ-ns Xo{hm-h-sb ImWn-p-hm-\m-Wv. AsXtm thW-sa-nepwkw -`hn-mw. AXp-sImv Bm-hns GI-Xm-\-Xv \nc-p I- am{Xw A\p-jvTn-p-I.

26Ah-b-h-sam-s-b-an-bm-Wn-bmbv \nhb-hn-bm-hn-sb-bm-h-cn-n-SppAh-\n-h-s\--Xn-\m-e-h \n\-bvp

h-i-X-bm-a-hn-th-I-sam-n-\mte

Ah-bhw Hs Fm Ah-b-h--tfbpwAan kzh-i-K-amnBWn-bmbv \nv Hcp tI{-_np-hmbn hn-pAh-bhn PohBhnsb Bm-hns\Bh-cn-n-Spp ad-p-I-f-bpp.AXn-\m AXn-\mAh-i-Xbmw kzm-k--bmb Bm-hn\p

hi-s-SmAhn-thIw t_m[-iq-\yXHn-\mte Hp \nan--ambnAh Ch Fv Ah thsd Ch thsd F

Xc-nAh \n\-bvpp Ah-i-\mb Ahn-thIn \n\-bvp-p.

Cwo-jp-`m-j-bn Ah-b-h-n\v organ FmWv ]d-bp--Xv.\nc-h[n Ah-b-h- Hn-p-tNv kzbta {]hn-p-Xp-S-p-tm AsXmcp HmKm-\nk-am-bn- (organism). \-fpsS ico-c-nepw Iptd-tbsd Ah-b-h-fpv. Cu Ah-b-h--sfms tXmn-b-Xp-t]m-se-b {]hn-p--Xv. ssI Db-W-sav Cn-p-Xpw Im hen--W-sav Cn-p-Xpw Cu Ah-b-h--sf-sbms CW-n-\np Ah-b-hn-bm-Wv. Ah-b-hn Fp ]d-m HmK-ss\-k (organizer). B HmK-ss\k-sd-bmWv PohFp ]d-bp--Xv. Poh Hcp BWn-sb-tmse Fm {]h-\-pw tI{o-Ir-X-t\-XrXzw \Ip-p. ]t, Cu Poh-\m-Isimco-cn-I-Xm-Zm-y-m hymtam-ln-X-\m-Wv. Xs ico-c-amWv Xsk Fv Poh sXn--cn-n-cn-p-p.

Bm-hns\ Bhn FmWv Kpcp hnfn-n-cn-p--Xv. Hmw ]Zy-n ]d-bp Icphpw ChnsS ]d-bp Bhnbpw Hp-X-s.Fm Cu Bmhv PohXzw ImcWw ad-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p.CXmWv Ah-iX. B-h-ip \np-hm hnthIw thWw.AXn\mI-W-sa-n A\m--h-ip \app hn-p-ff sIp-]m-Sp-I Agn-p-t]mI-Ww. Ah-iX Ah-km-\n--Ww. Ah-i-XbpwAhn-th-Ihpw Imc-W-amWv Hcm Ahthsd Chthsd Fp-ffXp-_p-n-bm {]-hn-p--Xv. B-km-m-XvIm-c-Z-i-bnam{Xta Hcp-h\v GI-Xz-t_m[w A\p-`-h-ambn hcnI-bp-q.

27Ccp-fn-en-cp--dn-bp--Xm-Ip-am-mhdn-h-Xp-Xm-\Y \ma-cq-]-ambpwIc-W-sam-Sn-{n-b-Ir-I-ambpwhcp-hXp ImI! atl-{-Pm-e-sa-mw!

Ccp-fn-en-cpv Ccp Ah--bn Ccp-vAdn-bp--XmIpw Bm Adn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--XmWv

Bm-hv.Adnhv AXp Xm AXp Adnhp Xs-bmWv.AY ]noSv B Adn-hp-Xs\ma-cq-]-ambpw \ma-ambpw cq]-ambpwIc-W-samSv A--cWw apXC{n-bIXr-I--ambpw C{n-b-, Im-hv, Iw hschcp-hXv {]Xo-X-am-Ip--Xv.ImI t\mq.Fmw atl-{-Pmew! Fmw al-mb C{-Pm-ew-X-s!

Bm-hns\ ImWm-Xn-cnm Imc-W-sa-mWv? AXv Ccp-fn-emWv Ccn-p--Xv. AXp-sImv Ccpfn-en-cn-p s]mcp-fmWv Bm-hv. Ccp-fm-Ip ad-bn-emWv Cu {]]w apgp-h\pw k-bnp-h-n-cn-p--Xv. AXp-sImv Ccp-fn-\-p-d-p- s]mcp-fns\ ImWm {ian-p-tm-sgms {]]--{]-Xo-Xn-I-fmWv ImWp--Xv. -D-d--n \mwHpw Adn-bm-dn--tm? Fm B Hpw Adn-bm-Xn-cn-p Adn-hn-m-bva-p-nepw temI-hn-j-b- ]n-qSn ad-n-cn-p-p-v. Nne-tm kz]v\-n- Ah Xn--bdn hcpw. PmK-cn-X-n AXp Iptd-qSn hy-ambn tXmpw. PmK-cn-Xhpw kz]v\hpw ]cw-s]m-cp-fnsZrjvSn-bn hen-sbmcp kz]v\w am{X-am-Wv. Dd--nepw DWn-cn-p Bm-hn-tev \mw DW-c-Ww. Dd-p thf-bn kpJw A\p--`hn-p-sm-n-cn-p \mw Bm-\p-` -h-n-em-Wv. ]t, DW-

Xn-\p-tijw am{Xta B kpJs Adn-bp-hm Ign-bp-p-q. Dd-p-tmgpw Rm DWn-cn-p-p-sh Dt_m[w sXfn--hm\n-bm-bn.

\ Ccp-p-ap-dn-bn Ccn-p-tmgpw Rm, Rm F B DbmsXmcp D]m-[n-bp-an-msX \ap--\p-`-hn-m-\m-Ipw. B GI-ambBm-hmWv ]noSv \ma-cq-]m--I-amb Cu hniz-ambn \psS apn{]Xn-`m-kn-p--Xv. B Bm-hp-X-s-bmWvv A-c-W--fmbpwC{n-b--fmbpw Im-hmbpw I-ambpw amdn-a-d-bp--Xv. Bm-

hnX-s-bn-cn-p Hcp {]tXyI in-Nm-e-\w-sIm-mWv CsXmwkw -`hn-p--Xv. Cu Ap-X-I-c-amb C{-Pm-es [ym\m--I-ambnHp \nco-n-p-I. Atm imn Xmt\ Dudn-q-Spw.

28ASn-ap-Sn-b--Sn-sXmp auen-bwkv^pS-a-dn-bp-Xp Xpcy-t_m-[-amIpwPU-a-dn-ho-eXp Nn sNbvXp sNmpnS-bn-en-cp--dn-h--dn-n-tSWw.

ASn apSn Av ASn-sbtm apSn-sbtm Dt`Z-Nn CmXmbn

ASn-sXmp auen-bw Fm ASn apX apSn hsckv^pSw Adn-bp-Xv sXfn-a-tbmsS Adn-bp-XvXpcy-t_m-[-amIpw Xpcy-t_m-[-amWv.PU-a-dn-hoe PU-h-kvXp- Xpcy-t_m-[s

Adn-bp-n-.AXv B Xpcy-t_m[wNn-sNbvXv sNmp Nnnv Fn-t-cm-hpCS-bn-bn-encp Adn-h Xe-n hcp Adn-h-.Adn-n-tSWw Cmcyw a\-n-em--Ww.

B-t_m[w PmK-cn-X-ntem kz]v\-ntem kpjp-]vXn-bntem A\p-`-hn--dn-bp Adn-h-. Cu aq-h--I-tfbpw Dw-Ln-p-\np AXo-X-t_m-[-amWv B-t_m-[w. AXp-sImvAXns\ \mem-atXv F A-n Xpcobw Fpw ]d-bmdp-v. Xpcobw hmkvX-h-n Hc-h--b-; Ah-m-{X-b-km-n-bm-Wv. Xpcy-t_m[w kmn-ssN-X-\y-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-_p-n-sImp Nnn-p-tm-gmWv ASn, apSn Fsm-s-bp-ff am\-Dm-bn-h-cp--Xv. km[m-cW _pn ` uXn-I-hn-j-b--fp-ambn _-s-mWv {]hnp ioen-n-pXv. AXp-sImv a\-n hcptNmZy-smw _pn Dcw ]d-bp-Xv \ofw, hoXn, Db-cw,I\w Fo Af-hpI-fpsS am\-Z-WvU- D]-tbm-Kn-p-sIm-m-Wv. Fm Xpcy-t_m-[-am-Is Af-h--Xm-Wv. Hcp Xc-n-ep-Af-hp-tImsImpw Af-m Ign-bm{X hym]vXn-bmWv Xpcy-t_m-[-n-\p--Xv.

Xpcy-t_m[w A\--am-Wv. AXp-sImv ASn-sbtm apSn-sbtmD hn`-P\w Xpcy-t_m-[-n hcp-n-. Fm B Xpcy-t_m-[-n ` qanbpw BIm-ihpw Dtn-cn-p-p. Xpco-bm-\p-`-h-nm\w kv^Sn-I-k-m-i-amb sXfn-a-bn Fn-t-cp-p. kwibwteiw-t]m-ep-an-. C{n-b-fpw a\pw _pn-bp-samw P-U-h-kvXp---fm-Wv. AXn\p kzbta {Kln-p-hm-\p-ff in-bn-. Bm-hns{]Im-i-n-emWv AsXmw {]Im-in-p--Xv. AXp-sImv PU-h-kvXp-v Xpcy-t_m[w Dm-Ip-n-. Nnntm A\p-am-\ntm FSp-m-hp H Xpcy-t_m-[w. Fm Nn-Ifpw A\p-`-h--fpsS ap{Z-W--fmb kvac-WIfp-ambn _-s-mWv {]hn-p--Xv.Fm Xpcy-t_m-[-am-Is As\-sbmcp kvac-W-bp-a-. AXn-\mAXns\ Nnn--dn-bm-\m-Ip-sap Icp-Xp-Xv A_--am-Wv. FmD]m-[n-Ifpw Dt]-nv, Adn-hns\ kzbw {]Im-in-p-hm CS-bm-p-tm Xpcy-t_m[w kqcy-Xpeyw \-n {]Im-in-pw. CXmWvB-km-m-XvIm-cw.

29a\-a-e sImbvXp atli ]qP sNpwa\p-P\p asmcp the sNbvXn-tS.h\-a-e sImbvXp-a-X--bm-bvIn ambm

a\p-hp-cp-hn- p-an-cn-n amb amdpw.

a\-a-e sImbvXv a\-nse kev]-hn-Iev]--fm-Ip ]q \pn-sb-Spv

atl-i-]qP sNpw atl-i\v An-pa\p-P\v a\p-jy\vasmcp the thsdmcp km[\

sNbvXn-tS sNt Bh-iy-an-.

h\-a-e sImbvXpw As-n ]qs-Sn-I-fn\npw]q s]mnv Anpw

AX--bm-bvIn C\n AXp-a-s-nambm-a\p Dcp-hnpw ambm-a{w Dcp-hnvCcn-n km[\ sNp-I-bm-sW-namb amdpw Xpcy-t_m-[s ad-p-]n-Sn-p

amb amdn-tmIpw.

a\p-jy Fm-hcpw t_m[-hn-Im-k-ns Imcy-n Htc-X-c-n-ep--h-c-. Nne B-X-zs s]sp {Kln-p-p. Nne-

cm-Is {Kln-m Ign-bmsX Ipg-p-t]m-Ip-p. Hmtcm-cp--cnepwCcn-p hmk\-bmWv Ahs CjvSm-\n-jvS-sf \n-bn-p--Xv. hmk-\-bpsS insb bn-n-t-Xv B-X-z-{K-l-W-n\vAXy-m-t]-n-X-am-Wv. AXn-\mbn aqp D]m-b- Kpcp ChnsS ]d-p-X-cp-p. CXp \s klm-bn-phm\m-Wv. Hmtcm-cp-pw CW-p-Xp am{Xw kzoI-cn-p-I. ]t, GXp km[\ sNp-tmgpweyw B-km-m-XvIm-c-am-sW Imcyw ad-m ]mSn-.

Hm-a-Xmbn, ]q hncn-bp--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv a\-n kev]-fpw hnIev]-fpw Ap-cn-p--Xv. Cu kev]-hn-Iev]-sf]qPm-]p-jv]--fmbn IcpXn A-cm-m-hm-Ip atl-iz-c\v A\\S-p {]{Inb XnIpw [ym\m--I-am-Wv. hfsc GIm-{KXssIh-cn Hcmp am{Xta C-s\-sbmcp \njvT Inp-I-bp-q.A-s\-bp- Hcmv thsd Hcp km[-\-bpsS Bh-iy-an-.Abm t{X-ntem ]n-bntem t]mtIXn. A{XbpwBym-nIamb HuXyw Bn-m Ignnn-s-nIpdp Imp-]q- Cdpv atl-iz-c\v A-\-bmbn \Imw.AXpa-s-n, a\-nse amen-\y- \op-hm-\mbn a{-Dcp-hn-Smw. hnip--amb Fm {K-fpw Kpcq-]-tZ-i-fpw a{--fm-Wv. Ah \nc-cw kzmymbw sN-Ww. kwi-bn-t.ambm-tam-l-ns ]nSn-bn\npw ]pd-p-I-S-m Ign-bpw.hnizm-ky-X-tbmsS A\p-jvTn-p-I.

30 PU-a-dn-ho-e-dn-hnp Nn-bn-tm XnSp-I-bp-an--dn-sh--dn-p kw hnSp-In-e-h hni-Zm--cw-K-\mbv ta epS-en-e-ap-g-ep--Xn \q\w

PUw Adn-hoe PU-n\v Adn-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-.Adn-hnp Nn-bn- Xpcy-t_m-[-n Nn-I-fn.HmXn-Sp-I-bpan- B A\p-`hw hmp-I-fn-tev

]Ip-hm\pw Bhp-I-bn-.Adn-sh--dn-p Xpcy-t_m-[s Adn-bm D]m-

[n-bpsS Bh-iy-an- F-dnvkw hnSp-In PU-kw-_--amb Fm sIp-]m-

Sp-Ifpw Dt]-n-p-I-bm-sW-n

Ah Hcp-hhniZ A-cw-K-\mbv AXn-cp-I-fn-m NnZm-Im-i-n

\nd-n-cn-p--h-\mbnocp-p.ta ]noSvDS-en Aav Rm ico-c-am-sW-p-ff

Am-\-n\v hi-K-\mbnDg-ep--Xn- ZpxJn-p-n-.\q\w CXp Xo-bm-Wv.

\mw F-dn-bp-tmgpw Nnn-m-dp-v. Nnn-msX Hpw\apv Adn-bm Ign-bn-. Nnn--dn-bp Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-` -h-fpwam{Xta \apv ]cn-N-b-ap-q. Fm Ftm-gmtWm Nn-I-sfmw\nhr--am-Ip-Xv, hnc-an-p-Xv Atm-gmWv Xpcy-t_m[w {]Im-in-p--Xv. Cu Xpcy-t_m[w a\-p-sImtm _pn-sImtm C{n-b-sImtm Hpw {Kmly-amb Xc-n-ep--X-. ImcWw Ch-sbmw PU-h-kvXp--fm-Wv. Xpcy-t_m[w GIm--{]-Xy-b-km-c-am-b-Xn-\m, thsd Hn-sbpw klm-b-an-msX kzbta Adn-bpp. AXm-bXv \mw \s-s thp-a-bn-msX Adn-bpp.

]mm-Xy-X-z-Nn--I-cn AZzn-Xo-b-\mb s_Kvk B Adn-hns\ Am\w (intuition) Fp hnfn-p. AXp-sImv, PU-h-kvXp-sImv \mw Ip ioen C{n-bm-\p-` -h-fpw Xpcy-t_m-[-asp \nbn--Ww. Xpcy-t_m-[m-\p-`-hs Ct-hsc Bcpwhmp-I-fn ]Ip-h-n- n-. A\p-` -hn-p---h\v t`mr-Xz-an-m--Xn-\m samgn-bm-\m-Ip-n-. IS-ens Bg-a-f-m t]mb Dp-]mhXncn-p-hv \-tfmSv IS-ens AKm-[-X-sb-p-dnv ]d-p-X-cn-I-bn-sv \ap--dn-bmw. ISepw ]mhbpw Hm-bn-om ]ns Bcp]dbpw? Adn-hn-e-am ]ns \m\mXz--fn-. Atm AhsA-cwKw kmK-cw-t]mse A\--am-bn-o-cpw. ]no-sSm-cn-epwAh\v imco-cn-I-t_m-[-m ZpxJn-p-g-ep-hm CS-h-cp-n-. ZpxJwico-c-n-t-Xm-Wv. Bmhn-t-X-. Bm-hn \mw B\--Xp-n-e-cm-Wv. AhnsS ZpxJ-ns ]ina Ati-j-an-.

31A\p-`-h-am-Zn-bn-sem-n-cn-n-e-mX\p-an-Xn-bn-nXp ap-a-n-bmteA\p-` -hn-bm-X-Xp-sImp [n-bp-s\p-an-Xn-bm-e-dn-ho-e-dn-n-tS-Ww.

A\p-`hw C{n-b-{]Xy-amb A-\p-`hwBZn-bn BZy-ta-XsHn-cn-n AmsX Hp-m-ImsXA\p-anXn C A\p-am-\n--dn-bp-hm- \ap-p-

Ign-bp-I-bn-.CXv Cu Xpcy-t_m[wapw apvAn-bmte C{n-b-{]-Xy--ambnA\p-`-hn-bm-b-Xp-sImv A\p-`-hn-n-n-m--Xp-sImv[n-bp-sv -[-smw A[n-jvTm-\-

amb [n Ds-p-XvA\p-an-Xn-bm A\p-am-\-n-eqsSAdn-hoe Adn-bm ]p-I-bn.Adn-n-tSWw Cmcyw \nbw hcp-Ww.

A\p-`hw Fp \mw km[m-cW ]d-bp-Xv Hcp hkvXp-hns\t\cnp ImWp-tm-gm-Wv. \mw Hcm-tfmSp ]d-bp-p: RmISip-hns\ Ip. Atm Abm Xncnp tNmZn-pw: IS-ip-thm? AsX-mWv? CXns Aw Abmv ISip-hns{]Xy-m-\p-`hw Dm-bn-n Fm-Wv. Abm IS-ip-hns\t\cnp In-n-. AXp-sImmWv Abm-fn kwibw P\n-Xv.Fm ISip-hns\ Abm-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-s-n Abm-fpsS{]Xn-I-cWw thsd coXnbn BIp-am-bn-cp-p: Dtm. \o Itm?AsX-hn-sS-bmWv? Fm-bn-cn-pw. Abmv ISip-hnscq]s A\p-am-\n-s-Sp-m Ign-p. Cu temI-n {]Xy--n Fp Imepw \mw AXn-s\mcp t]cp sImSp-pw. t]cv Ax-I-c-W-nse Hc-h-b-h-amb Nn-n t]mbn ad-n-cn-pw. t]cpam{X-a Nn-n-en-cn-p--Xv. {]Xy--n I hkvXp-hnscq]hpw t]cnsIqsS ad-n-cn-pw. ]ns, B t]cp tIp-tm\psS at\m-ap-Ip-c-n sXfn-bp-Xv hkvXp-h-; hkvXp-hns HcpImev]-\n-I-cq-]-am-Wv. CXns\ {]Xn` Fp ]d-bpw.

Xpco-bm-\p-` hw \apv appm-bn- n-. AXp-sImv \ap--Xns\A\p-am-\n-s-Sp-p-hm Ign-bn-. am{X-a Xpco-bm-\p-` hw Hcp {]Xn-` -bp-a-. Cu temI-ns Imcyhpw A-s\--X-s-bm-Wv. ImWptemIw \ndw, aWw, cpNn, kv]iw, i_vZw Fo [-fm-Wv.Fm Cu temI-ns A[n-jvTm-\-am-bn-cn-p [nsb {]Xy--ambn Adn-bm--Xp-sImv A\p-am-\n--dn-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-n-. A\p-am-\n--W-sa-n AXp apt A\p-` -hn-n-cn--Ww. Bm-\p-` hw \ap-n-m--Xp-sImv \mw A\p-am-\n-p-Xpw Duln-p-Xpw shdpwkev]-hn-Iev]- am{X-am-Wv. Cmcyw a\-n-em--Ww.

32Adn-hXp [n-sb-b [-am-aobcp-fnb [n-b-Zr-iy-am-I-bmte[c apX-em-b-h-sbm-p-an Xmp

smcp hSnhmadn-hp--tXmn-tS-Ww.

Adn-hXp \mw Adn-bp-Xp[n-sb-b Adn-hns A[n-jvTm-\-amb

[n-sb-b-.[amw [-sfbm-Wv.Cu Acp-fnb [n ChnsS ]d-bp [nAZriyw BI-bmte C{n-b-tKm-N-ctam at\m-tKm-N-

ctam Am--Xn-\m[c apX-em-bh ]rYn-hn, Pew, An, hmbp,

BImiw apX-embhHpw C [- Bb-Xp-sImv ]c-

am-n Cm--XmWv.Xmp {]m]-n-I-[-smw

Xmm-bn-cn-pHcp hSnhmw Htc-sbmcp B[mcw am{X-ambAdnhv DXv Adnhp am{X-amWv D-Xv.Hmn-tSWw Cu -c-lkyw Hmn-tS-Ww.

[-smw CSw sImSp-p [n ImWm-a-d-b-mWvhn-p--Xv. [nsb ImWm Ign-bp-n Fp ]d-bp-XvHcp aX-hn-izm-k-ns ASn-m-\-n-e. Hcp ssIte-kp-I-jWwFSp-m, AXp \nn-n-cn-p-Xp \qep sImm-sW-nepw \mwAXv ssIte-km-sWt ]d-bp-I-bp-f-fq. Fp-sIm-s-m, \qep-I \nc-h[n tNv Hcp ]pXnb cq]s ssIsIm--tm AXvssItekmbn amdn. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp ]qsh-Sp-m, B ]qhns\ndw, aWw, BIm-cw CsXms \apv C{n-b-{Km-ly-am-Wv. Fm\ndw ]qhmtWm? A Fp- ]d-tbn hcpw. aWw ]qhmtWm? AFp-Xs D-cw. AXns amhw ]qhmtWm? AXpw ]qh-.]ns, Chsbmw FmWv? Ch-bmWv [-. Fm [-fpwtNn-Wn hcp-tm AXp ]qhmbn amdp-p. ]ns, FmWv]qshv tNmZn-m, Cu [--sf-sbm-stb \apv Nqn-m-Wn-m Ign-bq. ChnsS [n-bm-bn-cn-p ]qhv AZr-iyambn-cn-pp.

\-Xp-t]mse hnNmcw sNp--h\p am{Xta CXp a\-n-em-Iq. Am--h [--fpsS sIp-]m-Sns]v Ducn-tm-cm-\m-ImsX hnj-anpsIm-n-cn-pw. temI-ns nXnbpw A-s\-X-s-bm-Wv. Adn-hns Htc-sbmcp hSnhp am{Xta Dq. B hSn-hns\ ad-p-h-p-sIm-mWv `qanbpw shhpw Impw Xobpw BIm-i-hp-samw \-fpsSImgvN-h- -n-tep hcp--Xv. Ch-sbmw [--fpsS m\v\np--h-bm-Wv. Adnhv Hp-am-{X-amWv [n-bm-bn-cn-p--Xv. hSnhvF hmv Kpcp-hns IrXn-I-fn khn-ti-jm-n {]tbm-Kn-p--Xm-Wv. hSn-hn\v Cwo-jn subsratum Fp ]d-bpw. Cu hSn-hmWvFm-n-sbpw B[m-c-am-bn-cn-pXvv Fp a\-n-em--Ww.

33

Adnhp \nP-n-Xn-bn--dn-n-Sm-\m-bvc apX-emb hn`q-Xn-bmbn Xmt\adn-bp-a-h--bn-te-dn-am-dn- h- wXncn-bp-a-em-X-kaw Xncn-n-Sp-p.

Adnhv [n-bmb Adnhv\nP-nXn kzw \nesbC-dn-n-Sm-\mbv kzbta A\p-`-hn-dn-bm\mbn[c apX-emb `qan apX-embhn`q-Xn-bmbn Xmt\ ]-`q-X--fm-Ip [-sf

kzbw ssIsm-p-sImvadnbpw Ah--bn Ne-\m--I-amb Hc-h--bnGdn amdn hw Xncnbpw Gdnbpw amdnbpw Npn-n-cn-bpAem-X-kaw Xosm-ffn Id-p-tm Dm-

Ip Xoh-e-b-{]-XoXnt]mseXncn-n-Spp Adn-hn Id-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xn-

\m {]]--{]-XoXn tXmn-p-p.

Adnhv Htc-k-abw ssXn-Ihpw Ne-\m--I-hp-am-Wv. AXns_mly-h-i-p-\np t\mp-tm Adn-hn\p ]e-X-c-n-ep-ff cq]-t`-Z-fpw `mh-t`-Z-fpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xmbn ImWmw.Adn-hns\ Bg-n t]mbn Adn-m ssXn-I-amb Hcp kmn-bpsS \ne-bm-bn-cnpw. krjvSn Fp ]d-bp-Xv Adn-hn-s-Xs

Nme-\-{]-{Inb-bpsS XpS--am-Wv. Adn-hn AK-X-am-bn-cn-pCm-in aqe-amWv krjvSn-{]-{In-bv XpSw Ipdn-p--Xv. krjvSn--s krjvSn-Pm-e-smw Adn-hn\npw A\y-Ym-I-cn HcptXm-en\v CS-h-cp-p-p.

AXn-s\-bmWv Pohs Akzmyw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. kIePoh-Pm-e--fnepw Cu Akzmyw ImWmw. \nP-nXn Adn-bp-thmfw Cu Akzmyw \ne-\nevpw. \nP-nXn Adn-m Fmwkz-am-Ipw. {]]-Ne\w Dm-Ip--tXm-Sp-IqSn Poh-Pm-e-hn{`m-n-bn AI-s-Sp-p. Hcp Xosm-n FSpv Npg-n-bmXosm-n k-cn-p hrm-Im-c-n apgp-h\pw Xo In-sm-n-cn-p--Xp-t]mse tXmpw. sImn-bpsS sXpam{Xta Xobp-q Fp \ap--dn-bmw. Fmepw \psS Ins\ Ftm HvNXn-p-p-v. imkv{Xw Cu sXns\ optical illusion FmWv]d-bm-dv. {im-\zn-X-ambn hnth-N-\\m]qw a\\w sNbvXmte Adn-hns \nP-n-Xnsb {]m]n-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q. AXp-hsc {]]--ns {`am--I-X-bn \fpw Ipcp-n-tm-Ipw.

34Ac-s\m-Sn-bm-Zn-b-cm-fn-bmnSpw tXcpcp-f-Xn-te-dn-bp-cp-n-Spp temIwAdn-hn-e-\m-Zn-b-Xmbv \S-nSpw XXncp-hn-f-bm-S-en-sX--dn-n-tS-Ww.

Ac-s\mSn BZn ka-b-ns Ghpw sNdnbam{XIfmb

Acmfn BnSpw Bc-m-ep-I-tfmSp IqSnbtXcp-cp-f-Xn Gdn cY-N-{I-n IbdnDcp-n-Spp Dcp-p-sIm-n-cn-p--XmWv temIw

temIw.Adn-hn B-k--bnA\mZn AXmbv Imem-Xo-X-ambn\S-nSpw \S-p-sIm-n-cn-pX Xncp-hn-f-bm-S Bm-hns Znhy-\-S\w am{X-am-Wv.CsXv Cu temIw FpAdn-n-tSWw t_m[y-s-p-sIm-Ww.

temIw \-fn-tev IS-p-h-cp-Xv A\p-` -h--fpsS \pdp-p-I-fm-bm-Wv. F{X-sb{X Zriy--fmWv amdn-amdn a\-n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip--

Xv. Hc-\p-` hw Dnepw shfn-bnepw Htc-t]mse Xn-\np-tmAXns\ Ac-s\mSn Fp ]d-bpw. Fp ]d-m h-am-\-Im-e-n am{Xta A\p-` -h-n\v \ne-\np-q. ASp--Ww thsdm-c-\p-` hw h-am-\-Im-e-n-tep ISphcp-p. Atm sXmp-ap-pm-bn-cp A\p-` hw ` qX-Im-e-ns sNn-tev ]nhm-p-p. Hc-\p-` hwh-am-\-Im-e-n \ne-\np-tmXs `mhn-bn C\n hmcm-\n-cn-p A\p-` -h-ns km[yX Xm-dm-bn-cn-p-p-v. CXn-s\-sbms\nb-{n-p \nbaw Fm-sWp tNmZn-m XnIpw At-b-ambHcp Xe-n- \psS a\-p-sNv DSn-\npw.

temI-ns Cu Nm{In-I-amb Ne-\m--I-Xsb Hcp cY-N-{I-n-t\m-SmWv Kpcp D]-an-n-cn-p--Xv. ChnsS temIs (space)Ime-n (time) \npw `nn-n-m-sX-bmWv Kpcp ]d-bp--Xv. cY-N-{I-ns Bc-m-ep-Isf Ime-ns am{X-Ifmbn Fp-p.Hmtcm Bc-mepw `qansb kv]in-p-tm AsXmcp h-am-\-Im-em-\p-`-h-ambn. B Bc-m ]nm-p-d-tp t]mIp-tmAXp ` qX-Im-e-am-bn. hcm-\n-cn-p Bc-m-ep-I ` mhn-Im-e-nskqN-\-I-fm-Wv. C{Xbpw at\m-l-c-amb Hcp D]a thsdsb-hn-sSbpwIs-m Ign-bp-n-. D]-\n-j-p--fn Nne Ahy ]cm-ai- Ds Imcyw ad-p-n-. Adn-hn \S-p-sIm-n-cn-pCu cY-N-{I-k-am-\-amb Xncn-n-ens\ Bm-hns Xncp-hn-f-bm--am-bn-mWv hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. {]]w FXv inhs \S-\-am-sWv ssihkn-m-n-I Icp-Xp-p. Cu {]]--\-S-\w- FpXpSnsbp Duln-s-Sp-m Ign-bp-I-bn-. A\m-Zn-bm-sWv \nK-an-mt\ Hq. Pohn-Xns Cu \S-t\m--h-n \appw ]p-tNp \r-am-Sm Ign-b-Ww. \psS Ir{Xn-a-Ku-c-h--fpsS s]m--c- Atm XIp-ho-gpw. Bm-\p-`hn AXp-sImv \S-\-ss`-c-hX-s-bm-Wv.

35Hcp ]Xn-\m-bn-c-am-Zn-tX-b-scm-mbvhcp-h-Xp-t]mse hcpw hnth-I-hrnAdn-hns\ aqSp-a-\n-Xy-am-b-bm-aobncp-fn-s\-bos-gp-am-Zn-kq-cy-\-t{X.

Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncwBZn-tX-b kqcy-mHmbv hcp-h-Xp-t]mse HnpZnm F-Xp-t]mse

hcpw kw`-hn-p--Xm-Wvhnth-I-hrn B-t_m[w.Adn-hns\ aqSpw Adn-hns ]q-Xsb s]mXn-

p-\npA\n-Xy-am-bbmw \nXy-a-m amb BIpCu Ccp-fns\ Cu Am-\-am-Ip Ccp-ns\Cusgpw ]nfp-amn DZn-p-b-cpBZn-kq-cy-\t{X BZn-kq-cy-\mWv B-t_m-[w.

Bm-\p-` -h-s ` mj-bn-eqsS hyh-l-cn-p-X-cm Bhp-I-bn-.hymh-lm-cn-I-`m-j-bn Bm-hn\p Xp-ey-ambn Hpw-Xs C.aqI-\mb Hcm BZy-ambn ]-kmc Xnp-I-bm-sW-n B A\p-`hw Fs\ thsdm-cmv ]dp-sIm-Sp-m Ignbpw? AtX-t]m-se-bp- Hc-h--bmWv B m-\n-bp-tS-Xv. Fmepw \mcm-b-W-Kpcp a\p-jy-ta-[sb ` mthm-z-e-am-p Hcp-Zm-l-cWw FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-p.

Adnhv shfn--am-Wv. Hcp- kq-cys shfn-w-sIm-p-Xs Cu`qa-WvU-ew apgp-h {]Im-i-]q-cn-X-am-Ip-p. Fm Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw kqcy-m Hn-p-Zn-p-I-bm-sW-n Ccp-ns Hcp sNdp-I-Wn-I-p-t]mepw ChnsS \n--n-bn-m-Xm-Ipw. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv B-kq-cy-\p-Zn-m Am-\-n-t-Xmb A-Im-c-n\v\psSbpn \ne-bp-d-n-m Ign-bmsX t]mIp--Xv. Adn-hns\aqSn-bn-cn-p ambm-aq-Sp-]Sw Xpcv BZn-a-amb B-kq-cys{]Imiw shfn-hm-Ip Nn{Xw Imhy-kp-camWv. Cu `mhp-I-Xz-aq-dp Nn{Xw \psS Hmtcm-cp--cp-tSbpw Dn Hfn-n-cn-pA\--km-[y-X-Isf Zo-]vX-am-m t]mcp-Xm-Wv. Kpcphns A-cm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv Cu tmI-n-se -{]-ta-bw.

36

Adn-hn\p in-b-\--ap-n-sX-madp-Xn-bnSmw ka-b-\y-sb-n-hwCcp-]n-cn-hm-bnXn-e-\y-km-ay-ampp-cp-hn-e-ap sXfnpWn-tS-Ww-.

Adn-hn\p tIh-e-amb Adn-hn\vin A\--apv A\--amb in-I-fp-v.

CsXmw Cu in-I-sf-sbmwka A\y Fn-hw ka Fpw A\y Fp-ap-Ccp-]n-cn-hmbv cp `m-K--fmbnAdp-Xn-bnSmw Xcw-Xn-cn-p a\-n-em-mw.CXn Cu ]ncn-hnA\y-km-ay-amp- A\ybpw kabpw Hcp-t]mse

ka-\z-bnn-cn-pDcp-hn kzcq-]-nAav A\p-`-h-km-bpPyw IsnsXfnv kwi-b--sfmw ]mtS t]mbnDWn-tSWw DWn-cn--Ww.

Adn-hns Ne-\m--IX Ah-[n-bn-m-Xm-Wv. AXns km[y-X--I F{X-am{Xapsv \apv Fn-n--s-Sp-m-\m-hn-. AXp-sImv Adn-hn\p in A\--ap-v. Fmepw kXym-t\z-j-I-\mbHcmfpsS Ah-[m-c-W-n-\mbn Kpcp ]d-p-sIm-Sp-pp. Cu in-Iv s]mXpth cp Xc-n-ep-ff kz`m-h--fmWpXv. Cs\hI-Xn-cnp a\-n-em-p-tm BZys in On{Z-i-n-bm-Wv.cm-a-tXv GIo-I-c-W-i-n-bm-Wv. On{Z-in kYm Ie-ln-p-sIm-n-cn-pw. B[p-\n-I-a-\-xim-kv{X-n CXns\ negativemind FmWv ]d-bp-Xv. t_m[-nXs Ccn-p sFIy-s-Sm-\p-ff Du-Nm-e-\-am-Wv positive mind.

Cu tm-I-n Kpcp kzoI-cn-n-cn-p kw-I A\yFpw ka Fp-am-Wv. temI-hp-am-bn XmZm-y-s- n-cn-p \m\m-Xz-{`aw Df-hm-p _pn-bmWv A\y. AXp-sIm-m-WXv Ie-ln-p--Xv. Fm, B-\n-jvT-amb _pn-bmWv ka. AXv IqSp-Xkvt\l-nsbpw Imcp-Wy-n-sbpw ka-\z-b-n-sbpw hgn-bm-Wv.Cu cp in-Ifpw Adnpw Adn-bm-tXbpw \-fn-sems{]hn-p-p-v. ]t, Ch cpw {]mIr-Xn-I-amb in-I-fm-Wv.AXp-sImv A\ybpw kabpw _-tl-Xp-I-am-Wv. Kpcp ]d-bp-XvB-km-m-XvIm-c-n-tev AW-b-W-sa-n Hcp Lw IqSn apt-td--Xp-v. A\ypw kapw CSw sImSp-p Hcp A[n-jvTm-\-ap-v. B A[n-jvTm\w Adn-hns tIh-e-X-bm-Wv. B A[n-jvTm-\sKpcp ChnsS \ma-I-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv A\y-kmay Fm-Wv.B A\y-km-ay-bn Aa-cp-Xn-eqsS \mw Aa-c-\m-bn-o-cp-p.AXn\mbn \nse XrjvW-I-sfmw HSp-t--Xm-bn- p-v. At_m-[-n Hfn-p-In-S-p Ima--t{Im-[--tem` t{]c-W-I FmwHgnpXo-cWw. Atm Dw sXfn-hp--Xm-bn-o-cpw. B sXfn-hn Ftmgpw DWn-cn--Ww.

37

hnj-a-X-bms-gp-a-\y- sh-p-sImhmhnj-a-a-J-WvUhn-th-I-i-n-sbtyhnj-asb sh-Xn-\m hnth-I-amIpw

hnj-b-hn-tcm-[n-\n-tbm-S-W-n-tS-Ww.

hnj-a-X-bmsgpw A\y A\y F in hnj-a-X-IDm-p--Xm-Wv.

shp-sImhm hnjaw CXns\ adn-I-S-p-hm hfsc{]bm-k-am-Wv.

AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-i-n-sbty Fm AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-inbp-sn km[n-pw.

AXn-\m AXp-sImvhnj-asb shv A\y-bm-Ip hnj-asb AXn-

hnvhnth-I-amIpw AJ-WvU-hn-th-I-am-Iphnj-b-hn-tcm-[n-\n-tbmSv hnj-b-ns ]en-m

B-t_m-[-tmSvAW-n-tSWw tNn-cp-ntS-Ww.

A\ysb Pbn-p-hm hnj-a-am-Wv. Xn\nv Fm-n-t\bpwA\y-ambn Adn-bp--XmWv A\y-Ym-{K-l-Ww. Cu {]]w apgp-h\pwXn-\nv A-\y-am-sW--dn-bp-tm Abm-fn Dm-IpBZys Ah Zmcn{Zy-am-Wv. A-ns A`mhw am{X-aZmcn{Zyw. Cmbva a\-ns\ _m[n-p-Xp-S-p-n-S-p-\n-mWvZmcn{Zyw XpS-p--Xv. Atm temIw apgp-h Xt-Xm--W-saB{K-lw Abmfn P\n-pw. AXmWv Abmsf Zcn-{Z-\m-p--Xv.As\ Abm temI-Po-hn-X-n \S-p ]cn{ia- apgp-h, Fsm-s-bmtWm Xn\n-v A-\y-am-bn-cn-p-Xv AXn-s\-sbmw Xt-Xm-p-Xn-\p-thn-bm-Wv. Cu apgp-h \mK-cn-I-X-bp-tSbpw hnI-k\w A-s\-sbmcp Zmcn-{Zy-n\n-mWv \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. kpJw Xnc-bp--Xp-t]mepw temI-hn-jb--fn-em-Wv.-A-Xns ImcWw, BZy-ta-Xs \mw temIs \n\npw A\y-am-n-b-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.

Cu A\y-Xz-ap- _pnsb Pbn-p-hm Htc-sbmcp hgn-tb-bp-f-fq.Rm AJ-WvU-t_m-[-kz-cq-]-\m-sW--dn-bp-I. Rm ]q-\m-sW-dn-bp-I. Rm \mi-an-m--h\m-sW--dn-bp-I. CXn-s\-bmWv hnthIw

Fp ]d-bp--Xv. hnth-tIm-Zbw Dm-bm hnj-b-ssh-j-ay-n\n-p- apn Xmt\ kw -`hn-p-sIm-pw. sshcmKyw _ew ]nSnp Dm-n-sb-Sp-t H-. kpJ-h-kvXp-hn-tev a\v N-en-p-t]m-Ip-Xvkzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Fm hnthIw Dm-Ip-tm Fm kpJ--fp-tS-bpw \ntI-X\w Bm-hp-X-s-bm-sWv Ah Adn-bp-p. Atmkzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-Xs Ah hnj-b-hn-tcm-[n-bmbn ` hn-p-p. hntcm-[-an-m hntcm[n Fp a\-n-em--Ww.

38

]e-hn-[-am-b-dn-bp--X-\y-sbm-mbvhne-kp-hXmw ka-sbp taen-temXpw\ne-sb-b-dnp \nhp kmay-taepwIe-bn-e-enp Ien-cp-n-tS-Ww.

]e hn[-ambv Adn-bp-Xv Adn-hns GI-Xsb ]e-XmbnAdn-bp-Xv

A\y A\y-bm-Wv.Hmbv hne-kp-hXmw kI-e-Xn-t\bpw Hmbn Adn-bp-Xvka ka-bmWvFv taen--temXpw CXns ASn-m-\-n C\n

hni-Zo-I-cn-m t]mIp\nesb Adnv Fhn-sS-bmWv \ne-bp-d-n-t--

sXp a\-n-emn\nhv t_m[s Ccp-i-n-Ifn

\npw \nhn-nvkmay-taepw Ie-bn A\ybpw kabpw Hp-tN-cp

\Sp-\n-e-bnAenv kzbw Aen-p-tNvIen-cp-n-tSWw B A\p-`q-Xn-bn Ftmgpw

Pohn-p-sIm-Ww.

A\y Fm-sWpw ka Fm-sWpw \nhNn-p--XmWv Cu]Zyw. Adnhv \m\m-Xz-n-tepw GI-Xz-n-tepw Nen-p kz`m-h-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-Wv. Adn-hns Cu KXo-b-Xsb (dynamism) HcpDZm-l-c-W-n-eqsS a\-n-em-mw. Hcp kqcy-civansb Hcp {]nkneqsSIS-n-hn-Sp-I-bm-sW-n AXv k]vX-h-ambn NnX-dn-n-cn-bp-XpImWmw. Fm At\-I-kq-cy-c-ivan-Isf Hcp sekn-eqsS IS-n-hn-

m AsXmcp _np-hn hp tI{o-I-cn-pXpw ImWmw. CtX-t]m-se-bmWv Adnhv GI-Xm-\-am-Ip-Xpw _lp-kz-cn-X-am-Ip--Xpw.

]mm-Xy-Nn--I-fn tIp-t]m-cp hnt-jWw (analysis) Adn-hns A\y F Xe-hp-ambn _-s- Xm-Wv. Fm kwt-jWw(synthesis) Adn-hns ka F in-bm-Wv. Ch cn GsX-nepw Hn\p {]m[m\yw sImSp-p-sIm-p- Hcp Pohn-X-ho--W-s-b Kpcp hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p--Xv. Chbvp cn\pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb kmwK-Xy--fp-v. {]k-n-bp-v. kasb D]-tbm-Kn-t-n-Sv kasb D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm\pw A\ysb D]-tbm-Kn-t-n-Sv A\ysb D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm\pw Adn-bp--h-\mWv tbmKn.As\ cp {[ph--tfbpw Ipi-e-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn--W-sa-n \mw \psS Dsb Hcp \Sp-\n-e-bn \ndpt--Xm-bn-p-v. B \Sp-\n-e-bmWv kmay-taepw Ie. B Ie-bn Aen-p-tNv AXm-bn-X-s-bn-cn--Ww. ChnsS Zzzm-Xo-X-\m-bn-ocptbmKn IXr-Xz--m-Xr-Xzt`mrXz tZmj--fn\n-smwhnap--\m-bn-cn-pw.

39Acp-fnb in-IsfpSp cmw]ncn-hn-h-bn ka-Xhn-ti-j-taIwhncXn hcm hnj-am-hn-ti-j-sam-nc-anh cp Xc-n-em-bn-Spp

Acp-fnb apI-fn ]din-Isf XpSv cp in-Isf Xp-Sphcpcmw ]ncnhv cp ]ncn-h-p-IIqSn Dv.Ch-bn Cu ]ncn-hp-I-fnGIw Hvka-X hntijw ka-bpsS hnti-j-amWvHv thsdmvhncXn hcm A-an-mhnj-am-hn-tijw A\y-bpsS hnti-j-am-Wv.Ccw Cs\cp Xc-n cp Xc-n-emWvCh ]ncn-hp-IBbn-Spp Bbn-cn-p--Xv.

ka F in-sb-p-dnpw A\y F in-sb-p-dnpw HcpG-I-tZ-i- hn-h-cWw Ign aqp ]Zy--fn-eqsS \In--gn-p.

Fm Ipd-p-IqSn hym]vXn-bn Adn-hns Cu in-Isfpdnva\-n-em-t--Xp-v. kapw A\ypw kmam-\yw (general) hnti-jw (particular) F Xc-n hopw Hcp D]-hn-` -P\w Bh-iy-ambnhn-cn-p-p. kmam\yw Fm Fm-n-t\bpw Hn-s-Spv ]d-bp--Xn-s\-bmWv hnti-jw- F-m AXn-te-sX-nepw Hns\ {]tXy-In-s-Spp ]d-bp--Xn-s\-bm-Wv. hmg FXv Hcp kmam-\y-]-Z-am-Wv.]qhhm-g, IZ-fn-hm-g, Ihmg Fnh hnti-j-]-Z--fm-Wv. hnti-j- tNmWv kmam\yw Dm-Ip--Xv. Fm Nne-tmkmam\yhpw hnti-j-am-bn-o-cm\nS-bp-v. hrw F kmam-\ysFSp-p-I-bm-sW-n At\-I-hr---fn HmWv hmg. Atm hmghnti-j-ambnocp-p. Fm kmam-\yfpsSbpw kam-\m-[n-I-c-W-am-bn-cn-p (common basis) HmWv Adnhv F hnh-. Atmkasb-Xs kmam-\y-ka, hntijka Fpw, A\y-sb-Xs kmam\yA\y, hntij- A\y Fpw ]ncn-p-]-d-tb-n-h-cpw. C\n hcp tmI--fn Cmcyw DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy-am-p-p-v.

40ka-bnepa\y-bnepw kZm]n hna-cp-h-Xp--X-Xn hnti-j-inAan-X-b-Xm-In-ep-amsI cn-h-n{`a-I-e-bm-e-Jnew {]ta-b-am-Ipw.

ka-bnepw A\y-bnepw kao-I-cn-p Adn-hnepw A\y-Ym-I-cn-p Adn-hnepw

kZm]n FtmgpwAX-Xn hnti-j-in kav ka-bpsS hnti-j-

i-nbpw A\yv A\y-bpsShnti-j-i-nbpw

hnv Aa-cp-h-Xp-v HptNp \nm-dp-v.Aan-X-b-Xm-In-epw hnti-j-i-n-I Fn-bm-sem-Sp-

m--h-bm-sW-nepwBsI cn-h-n BsI-IqSn t\m-n-bm Cu

cp ]ncn-hp-Ifp-tSbpw{`-a-I-e-bm {ZpX-N-e\w Imc-W-amWvAJn-ew kIe temIhpw{]ta-b-am-Ipw Adn-hn\p hnj-bo-`-hnp-Xv.

Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp kmam-\y-ambpw hnti-j-ambpw \ap--dn-bm Ign-bpw. kmam-\y-m-\-n Hcp GI-tZ-i-[m-c-Wtb Inp-I-bp-q. hnti-j-m-\-n hkvXp-hns\ kw_-n IrXy-ambAdn-hp-I e`n-p-p. Hcm \tmSv sNSn In- ptm Fp tNmZn-p-I-bm-sW-n \mw DS-s\-Xs Hcp adp-tNmZyw Atmp tNmZn-pw: GXp sNSn? sNSn Hcp kmam-\y-m-\-am-Wv. B kmam-\y-n At\Iw hnti-j-\m-a- D-S-n-bn-cn-p-p-v. Atmkqcy-Im-n-sSn In- ptm? Fp {]tXy-In-s-Spp tNmZnmAbmv a\-n-em-Ipw. IrXy-amb Adnhv Abmv e`n-p-p. CXp-t]mse Hcp Ipp hfp-h-cp-tm temIs kw_-n hnti-jm-\p`hsf kzmb--am-p-hmthn-bmWv A-t\mSpw A-tbmSpw tNmZy- tNmZn-p--Xv.

ka F Adn-hnepw A\y F Adn-hnepw Cs\ kmam\ywFpw hntijw Fpw D cp ]ncn-hp-Isfn Ign ]Zy-n kqNn-n-p-htm? Cu hnti-j-i-n-I Ftmgpw kmam-\y-tmSptNv hn-m-dp-v. Fn-bm-semSp-m Xc-n-ep- hnti-j---fmWv Hmtcm hkvXp-m-\nepw Ccn-p--Xv.Hcp ]qhn-s\-X-s FSpp ]cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-p-tm Hcm-bncwtNmZy- B ]qhns\ kw_-np \ap--dn-bm B{K-l-ap-m-Ipw. B ]qhns \ndw, aWw, BIr-Xn, PmXn F{X-Imew B ]qhvPohn-pw? AsX--s\-bmWv ]cm-KWw \S-p--Xv? Cs\ XpS-p tNmZy- Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m--Xm-Wv. kmam-\y-n\pwhnti-j-n\pw CS-bn Adnhv Gdn-am-dn-n-cn-bp-p-v. \mw AX-dn-bm-dn-sp am{Xw. Hcp hv Nnd-I-Sn-p--Xn-t\-m {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-emWv Adn-hns Cu {]{Inb \S-p--Xv. Adn-hn \S-pCu ` m\-hrn apJm-c-amWv temI-n-ep-sXmw \apv {Kmly-am-bn-o-cp--Xv. ASp cp tmI-n Cmcyw DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Kpcp hy-am-p-p.

41CXp IpS-sa--Xn-em-Zy- am-an-sX-pXp hnjam IpStam hnti-j-am-IpwaXn apX-emb atl-{-Pm-e-ap-mhXn-\n-Xp-Xm Icp-shp In-tS-Ww.

CXp IpSw F-Xn CXp IpSamIpp Fp ]d-bp-tm

BZy-amw BZyw ]d

CXv Fp--Xv CXv FXp-sImv Dt-in-p-Xv

hnj-am kmam-\y-amb A\y-sb-bmWv.

IpS-tam IpSw F hmp -sImv A

am-p-Xv

hnti-j-am-Ipw A\y-bpsS hnti-j-cq-]-n-ep-

Adn-hm-Wv.

aXn apX-em-b A-c-W-hr-n-I-fpsS

atl-{-Pm-ew C{-Pmew t]msebp- {]Xo-Xn-I

Dm-h-Xn-\v Dm-Ip--Xn-\v

CXp Xm CXv F A\y-bpsS kmam-\y-

in-bmWv

Icp-sh-v Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p-Xv Fp

In-tS-Ww a\-n-em-n-sm--Ww.

CXp-hsc ]d A\y-bpsS kmam-\yw, hntijw F Xc-n-ep- {]h-\s \-fpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-nse Hcp DZm-l-c-W-n-eqsS Kpcp hy-am-n--cn-I-bm-Wv. CXp IpSw, CXp ]SwFsms \mw ]d-bm-dp--tm. Cu hmIys \mw icn-bmbn A]-{K-Ynp t\mn-bn-ptm? Hcm \n-tfmSv CXv F hmp]dp \ndpp-I-bm-sW-n \psS Dn Hcp BImw apn-\np-p-m-bn-cn-pw. AXp tNmZy-ambn ]pd-p-h-cpw. \mwtNmZnpw CXv FmWv? Fv. CXv F kmam-\y-m-\-nF-a hnti-j-m-\ D-S-n-bn-cn-p-p-v.

CXp IpS-am-Imw. CXp aT-am-Imw, CXp ]S-am-Imw, CXp ]pm-Imw, CXp ae-bmImw...... Cs\ CXv F kmam-\y-n\nv F-a hnti-j-m-\- Dm-Ip-p. CXv F kmam-\y-t_m[w CutemI-nse kI-e-hn[ \ma-cq-]--tfbpw K`w [cn-phncn-p-p-v. Atm CXv Fp ]d-bp-Xv k-n\pw Pw sImSp-p P\-\n-bm-Wv. a\-v, _pn, Nnw, Al-mcw Cu A--c-W-hr-n-I smw Icp-hm-bn-cn-p-Xpw CXm-Wv. Cmcyw hfsckqva-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn a\-n-em-t Hm-Wv.

42CZ-a-dn-sh--Xn-em-Zy-am-an-sX -p

Xp ka, Xs hnti-j-amWp t_m[w

aXn apX-em-b-h-sbms amdn ta kZv KXn hcp-hm-\n-Xn-s\-` -Pn-n-tSWw

CZw Adnhv F-Xn CXv Adn-hmWv F hmIy-nBZy-amw CZw F-Xp-sIm--am-p-Xvka ka-bpsS kmam-\y-i-n-sbbmWvXs kmam-\y-i-n-bmb ka-bpsShnti-j-amWv hnti-j-m-\-amWvt_m[w Adnhv Fp-f-f-Xv.aXn-ap-X-em-b-h-sbms Ac-Whrn-I-sfmsamdn Cm-Xmbnta Fm-n\pw D]-cnbpkZvKXn hcp-hm kXy-\njvT hcp-hmCXns\ ka-bpsS kmam-\y-amb Adn-hns\`Pn-n-tS-Ww CS-hn-SmsX [ym\n-Ww.

Cu tmI-n ka F Adn-hns insb DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. CXv Adnhv F hmIy-n CXv Fkmam-\yhpw Adnhv F hnti-jhpw {]ISo-` -hn-n- p-v. Ign DZm-l-c-W-s-tmse s]sp a\-n-em-m Ign-bp Hcp DZm-l-c-W-a CXv. ImcWw [ym\m--I-amb a\-p-sImp am{Xta Cu hmIy-ns As AXns kv]jvS-amb A-n {Kln-p-hmIgn-bp-I-bp-q.

Hmbn Adn-bp--XmWv ka. A-s\-bm-sW-n ChnsS ]d-bp Adnhv Ht-bp-q. Rms\mcp hkvXp-hns\ ImWpp, Hcpi_vZs tIpp, Hcp {]tXyI aWs {Lm-Wn-p-p, ckwcpNn-p-p, kv]iw kv]in-pp, Ch-sbms Adn-hp-I-fm-Wv.Rm Hcp tdm-km-]qhns\ ImWpp F hmIy-n Rm ImWp--h, ImWsSp hkvXp-hmb tdmkm-]pjv]w, Fsbpw tdmkm-]p-jv]-tbpw tNp ImW- F {]{Inb C{Xbpw Imcy-sf hyh-t-Zndn-bp-hm Ign-b-Ww. Atm ImW, tI,kv]in-, cpNn, Nnn- CsXmw Adn-hm-Wv.

CXnse Adn-hns\ am{Xw \ GI-ambn Adn-b-Ww. Htc-sbmcpAdn-hmWv ImgvN-bmbpw kv]i-ambpw Hs hcp--Xv. Adn-hnssFIys hnti-jn-n-s-Spv a\-n-em-m Ign-bp-I-bm-sW-n_pn-bn kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p {`am--IX ]mtS t]mbvt]m-Ipw. km-bn-cn-p Adn-hn \njvT ssIh-cpw. AXp-sImvFtmgpw F-dn-bp-tmgpw CX-dnhv...CX-dn-hv...CX-dnhv... Fv `Pn-p-sIm-n-cn--Ww. Fmw Adnhp am{Xw. Adn-hn \n-\y-ambnHp-an-. Atm \appw kZvKXn hcpw.

43{]IrXn ]nSnp Npg-nSpw {]ImcwkpIr-Xn-It]mepatlm! Npg-n-Sp-p!hnIrXn hnSp--Xn-\mbn the sNbvhoeIrXn ^em-{K-l-a--dn-n-tS-Ww.

{]IrXn {]Ir-Xn-bpsS]nSn-pNpg-nSpw {]Imcw i-amb Npgn-bns]p Itc-dm-

\m-ImsXkpIr-Xn-It]mepw Nne km-k-m-cn-It]mepwAtlm! Npg-n-Sp-p! \neInmsX \wXncn-bpp.

B-cyw-Xs!hnIrXn hnSp--Xn-\mbv I-_w hnp-In-p--Xn-\mbnthe sNbvhoe AIrXn \njv{In-b-\m-bn-cn-p-Xv Xtam-

Kp-W-hn-\n-bmb AIr-Xn-bm-Wv.^em-{K-l-av hnln-X-I- ^te--Iq-

SmsX sNpIbpwAdn-n-tSWw kmn-cq-]-n hn-

pIbpw thWw.

{]Ir-Xnsb \ kwkm-c-`m-j-bn ]d-bm-dp- A-n-e ChnsS a\-n-em-t--Xv. {]m]-n-I-k--bn \S-p Fm{Inb-I-fp-tSbpw Npm ]nSn-p-Xv {]Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. AsXmcp \nb-a-amWv. B \nb-as ewLn-p-hm Ignbp-I-bn-. ewLn-m Cc-n-i-n-tbmsS AXp Xncn--Sn-pw. Cu {]IrXn Hmtcm Pohn-bnepwhyXy-kvX-am-sW-nepw Fm-n-t\bpw Hcp hyh--bn sImp-h-cp A\p-c-W-\m--IX {]Ir-Xn-bn BIth \nd-n-cn-p-p-v.AXns\ [w FmWv hnfn-p--Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bn Xs-bp- cp-X-cw ]nSn-h-en-I-fp-v. Hv NnX-dn-s-dn-p-t]m-Ip in. B i-n-bp-ambn XmZm-y-sv a\p-jy-\-S--ap-ff Fm Pohn-Ifpw he-bp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. Fm [-ns am-n-eqsS [n-sb Adn-psIm-p GIm--I-amb Hcp bm\-ap-v. AXp Pohn-Xs DZm-o-I-cn-p--Xm-Wv. B hgn-b-neqsS kcn-p-tmgpwhopw \s On{Z-i-n-I Bt-jn-p-sIm-n-cn-pw. AXns\hnIrXn FmWv ]d-bp--Xv. hnIr-Xn-bpsS ]nSn-bns]- m AXn\n-pw Ducn-tm-cm \njv{In-b-Xztam Ae-k-Xtbm Ah-ew-_n-p-I-b

th-Xv.

Nnev Fs-nepw ZpxJ-ap-m-hp-I-bm-sW-n Ah ivaim-\-ssh-cm-Kn-I-sf-tmse Hpw sNmsX Hcn-Sp NS-p-IqSn Ccn-p-Xp ImWmw. Ah-cpsS ZpxJw \njv{In-bXzw ]men--Xp-sImvXocp-n-. imco-cn-I-am-bp- \njv{In-bXzw Ds-nepw am\-kn-I-ambnAhv hnIr-Xn-bn\npw hnp-t]m-cm Ignbmdn-. Hpw sNm-Xn-cnp-Xv AIr-Xn-bm-Wv. hfsc ^e-h-mb Hcp amw Kpcp D]-tZ-in-p-X-cp-p. {]Ir-Xn-bnse \nb-a- Fm Pohn-Ifpw A\p-k-m\w sN-Ww. AXn\n-pw Hgnp-am-dm Ign-bp-I-bn-. Zmln-p--h shw IpSn--Ww. hni-p--h Aw Ign--Ww.CsXmw Bh-iy--fmWv. Pohn-p Pohn-Ismw Cu Bh-iy- \nd-th-dp-Ibpw thWw. AXn-\p-thn Iw sN-Ww. I- Rm sNpp F `mhw ]mSn-. I--sfmw {]Ir-Xn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. Rm\mWv Iw sNp--sXp ` mhn-p-I-bm-sW-n I--fpsS ^e-n F\nv BImw-bpw kwKhpw Dm-Ipw. AXp_-\-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-mWv kpIr-Xn-It]mepw _-\-n\v ASn-s-Sp--Xv.

\ I- sNp--h-cmWv kpIr-Xn-I. hoSn-m HcmvhoSp-m-n-sm-Sp-p-Xv Hcp \-bm-Wv. ]t Rm hoSp-mnsImSp-p F Nn \s Al-m-c-cq-]-n _n-pw. AXp-sImv {]Ir-Xn-bn\npw tamNn-Xcm-Im B{K-ln-p--h \I--fpsS IXr-Xz-n\npw No I--fpsS IXr-Xz-n\npw tamNn-X-cm-I-Ww. Fnp ^ te--bn-msX Iw sN-Ww. Atm Iw sNpI Fp-t]mepw ]d-bm Ign-bp-I-bn-.{]Ir-Xn-bpsS Iw AXns hgnp \S-p-p. \mw AXn-s\mwkmn-bm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. AXmWp Pohn-X-n\p apn\Ip- -H-tc-sbmcp {]{In-b.

44]e-a-X-km-c-hp-ta-I-sap ]mcmXpe-In-sem-cm-\-bn-e--sc--t]mse]e-hn-[-bpn ]dp ]ma-c-mce-hXp I-e-bm-X-an-tS-Ww.

]e-a-X-km-chpw ]eXmb- hyh-m-]nXa-X--fp-sSsbmw kmcw

GIw Hp-X-s-bmWv.Fv ]mcmsX CXp a\-n-em-msXDe-In temI-nHcm-\-bn Hcp B\sbnA-sc--t]mse A-m Xn-p--Xp-t]mse-]e-hn-[-bpn ]dv ]e-am-Xn-cn-bp-ff hmZ- D-bnv]ma-c-m Adn-hn-m P\wAe-hXp Iv ey-t_m-[-an-msX Npn-n-cn-

bp--Xp-I-vAe-bmsX \mw Ah-sc-tmse Ae-bmsXAan-tSWw B-t_m-[-ns A`n-{]m-b-`n-

-X-bn-m hy-X-bn \ne-sIm-n- tS-Ww.

F{X-sb{X aX--fmWv Cu `qap-J-p--Xv. t]sc-Spp ]d-bm-hp {]kn--amb aX-hn-` m-K- {InkvXp-a-Xw, Cmw-a-Xw, lnp-a-Xw, PqX-a-Xw, _p-a-Xw, ssP\-a-Xw, knp-a-Xw, jntm-a-Xw, Xmthm-a-Xw, I^yq-jnb aXw, ]mkn-aXw Ch-sb-m-am-Wv. Ch IqSm-sX-Xs [mcmfw Ahm--c-a-X-hn`m-K--fp-v. Cu aX--sfmsFn-\p-th-n-bmWv ChnsS kwm-]n-X-am-bn-p-f-f-Xv? Fm aX-fpw aptmp hbvp eyw HpXs-bm-Wv. Cuiz-c Ht-bp-q As-n kXyw Ht-bq Fv Fm-hcpw ]d-bp-p.AtXm-sSm-w-Xs aX-ns NqSp-Ipw A\p-jvTm-\-pwBNm-c-pw {]Xy-n-ep-ff hyXym-k- Ip-t]m-cp-p-apv. AXp-sImv kmam-\y-P\w A-em-n-em-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. AXpXom-\mWv Kpcp ChnsS ]d-bp--Xv, ]e-a-X-km-chpw GIw Fv.Fm aX--fptSbpw kmcw HmsW-v .

GsXmcp ey-n-te-mtWm aXw Dup--Xv, B eyw Hp-X-s-bm-Wv. AXmWv aX-ns kmcw. Fm \Zn-Ifpw IS-enX-s-bmWv sNptNcp--Xv. GXp hgn-I-fn-eqsS k-cn-mepw Ah-km\w Cuiz-c-\nXs \ ebn-pw. ]t, a\p-jy CX-dn-bm-dn-. B\sb ImWmt]mb Ipcp-S-m-sc-tm-se-bmWv Chn-sS-bp- Bfp-I kwkm-cn-p--Xv. Hcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ Nqep-t]m-se-bm-sW-v. thsdmcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ ]\--Sn-t]mse-bm-sW-v. C\n-sbmcp Ipcp-S ]d-bp-p, B\ apdw-t]m-se-bm-sW-v. Ipcp-S\v B\sb ImWm Ign-bn--tm? Ah B\-bpsS HmtcmAh-b-h-s-bmWv ]nSn-p-t\m-nb-Xv. Ah Fn-t \nK-a-\-s-bmWv Ah ]d-bp--Xv. Fm B\-sb Pohnsb apgp-h-\mbpw Ahp ImWm Ign-bn-. AXp-sImv Hmtcmtcm bpn-I ]dv Ah Xn-p-p.

aX--fpsS Imcy-nepw Cu amXncn X- \S-p-Xv\ tIp-t]m-cm-dp--Xm-Wv. Bbncw hj-an-cpp Xn-mepwHcp ]cn-lm-chpw Cu Xmn-I-mn-S-bn Dm-Ip-hm- t]mIp-n-. \mw AXp-sImv X-samw Ah-km-\n-nv aX-ns kmcwA-cm-m-hn A\p-`-hn--dn-b-Ww. Atm AXp imn-bm-Wv....AXv kam-[m-\-am-Wv... AXp ]q-X-bm-Wv...-AXv kvt\l-am-Wv... AXvB\--am-Wv.... AXv kzmX-{y-am-Wv... AXp kmtlm-Z-cy-am-Wv....

45Hcp aX-a-\y\p \ny-sam-n-temXpwIcp-h-]-cs IW-n-\q-\-amIpw[c-bn-enXns cl-ky-sam-p-Xm-s\dn-h-fhpw {`a-sa--dn-n-tS-Ww.

Hcp aXw A\y\p\nyw Hcp aX-hn-izm-knv thsdmcp aXhnizm-ks \ny-ambn tXmp-p.

Hn-temXpw Icp Hcp aX-n ]dbp kXywA]-cs IW-n\v asmcp aX-hn-izm-kn-bpsS ho-

W-nDu\-amIpw hnI-e-am-Wv.[c-bn temI-nCXns clkyw aX--fp-sS-sbmw kmc-am-bn-cn-

p clkywHp-Xm Hp-X-s-bm-Wv.F Adn-h-fhpw Cmcyw Adn-bp--Xp-hsc,{`aw kzaX-hn-izmkhpw CX-c-a-X-\n-bpw

shdpw Nn-{`aw am{X-am-bn-cn-pw.Fv Adn-n-tSWw CXn- t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cn--Ww.

Fm aX--fp-tSbpw kmcw GI-am-sW-mWv Kpcp aptm- p-h-bvp aX-Zi-\-ns A-m-cw. CXp ]d-bp-tmgpw ChnsS \ne-hn-en-cn-p aX-hy-h-lm-c-sf Kpcp IW-n-se-Sp-m-Xn-cn-p-n-.Hcp aX-hn-izm-knv thsdmcp aX-hn-izm-knsb ]p-am-Wv. Xs hnizm-k-amWv icn, A]-cs hnizmkw sXmWv Fsmcp [mc-W-bmWvFm aX-I-e-l-pw bp-pw Imc-W-am-bn-cn-p--Xv. thsdm-cp-hs aX-hnizm-k-n Ak-ln-jvWpX ]pep at\m-` mhwBim-ky-a-. {InkvXp-a-X-n kz--\mb ]nXm-hn-s\-bmWvkth-iz-c-\mbn ImWp--Xv. Cmw-a-X-n Am-lp-hn-t\bpw PqX-

a-X-n btlm-h-tbbpw ]c-tam-X-\mb \mY-\mbn {]Ion-p-p. `mc-X-n inh-t\bpw hnjvWp-hn-t\bpw tZhn-tbbpw ]qPn-p- aX-hn-izmkfpv. Chv ]c-kv]cw tNp Pohn-m FtmHcp {]bm-kw-t]m-se-bmWv. Cmw-a-X-m-c akvPn-Znt]mbn \nkvI-cn-p-p. {InkvXym\n ]n-bn t]mbn Ip_m\ ssIsmp-p.lnp t{X-n t]mbn {]mn-p-Ibpw ]qP-I \S-p-IbpwsNp-p.

Cu _mly-amb Pohn-X-{I-as aXambn sXn--cn-p-t]m-cpHcp P\X hfsc Ak-ln-jvWp-Xm-]qw CX-c-a-X-s Pohn-X-{I-a--tfmSv {]Xn-I-cn-p ImgvN-bmWv \mw ChnsS ImWp--Xv.Cu tmI-n a\p-jy-a-\-ns B kz`m-hs FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-I-bmWv Kpcp sNp--Xv. aX--fp-sS-sbmw kmcw H-msWclkyw Adn-bp--Xp-hsc a\p-jy Imn-q-p Cu tIm{]m-b--sfmw shdpw {`mm-sWv Xncn--dn-tb--Xm-bn-p-v. aX-c-lkywAdn-bp Hcm Hcp {kjvSm-hns Fm krjvSn-I-tfbpw ka-`m-h-\-tbmsS ImWpw. kvt\l-tm-tSbpw lrZ-bm-\p-`mh-tm-tSbpws]cp-am-dpw.

46s]mcpXp Pbn--X-km-y-sam-n-t\m-sSmsmcp aXhpw s]mcp-Xm-sem-Sp-p-hoe]c-a-X--hmZn-bn-tXmn-SmsX ]mtgs]mcp-Xp- s]m-en-n-Sp-sa _pn-th-Ww.

s]mcpXp Pbn-Xv bp-n-eqsS A\y-a-XstXmev]n-m-sa-p-Xv

Akmyw Akm-[y-am-Wv.Hn-t\m-sSm-v Atmpw Ctmpws]mcp-Xm s]mcp-Xn-sImvHcp aXhpw Hcp aX-tbpwHSp-p-ho-e Dq-e\w sNm Ign-bp-Ibn.]c-a-X-hmZn Xs aX-a-m aX--tfm-

sSms hntZz-j-ap--hCXv Hmn-SmsX]mtg CXp a\-n-em-msX shdptXs]mcpXp s]men-nSpw s]mcpXn Xpe-p-t]mIpwF _pn thWw F shfn-hp-m-I-Ww.

aXw Pohn-X-n kam-[m-\hpw kvt\lhpw shfn-hpw]Ip-sIm-Sp-t Hm-Wv. GIo-I-c-W-ns hN-\--fmWvaX-n-ep--Xv. B hN\w ssZh-ns GI-Xzs Dd-n-p-XpwtemI-Po-hnXw ssZth-m-{]-Imcw \S-n-em--s-Sp--Xm-sWpwt_m[y-s-Sp-p-Xpw Bbn-cn-pw. Cuiz-cs C ka-kvX-Po-h-Pm-e-fneq-tSbpw \nd-th-d-s-Sp-tm ` qan-bn kam-[m\w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn h-W-bpw. Fm a\p-jy ssZth-sb \nd-th-dmk-Xn-m-dn-. Ah Ah-t-Xm-bn-p- kzm-amb ey-fpwImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw sa\-s-Spv AXn-eqsS Ahs Hcp kmev]n-I-temIw krjvSn-m {ian-p-p. A-s\-bmWv \ne-\npbmYm-n-Xn-I-a-X--fnepw ]nSn-hm-in-Ifpw imTy-fpw Ib-dn-q-SmCS-bm-b-Xv. am{X-a-, aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Fw hn-p--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv aX-ns in hn-p-sa-p- sXmb Hcp [mcWkaq-l-a-\-n-ep-v. A-s\-bmWv aX- kwLSn-X-am-Im XpS-n-b-Xv.

kwL-Sn-X-aXw `qan-bn A[n-Im-c-n\pw A[o-i-Xz-n\pwthn CX-c-a-X-sc ]mtS Dq-e\w sNm {ian-n-p-Xpw{ian-p--Xp-amb Ncn{Xw \app ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. bqtdm-nDmb Ipcn-ip-bp--fpw Zn-tW-y-bn ssihcpw sshjvW-hcpw Xn-ep t]mcm--fpw aX-ns A{I-tam-p-I-a-t\m-`m-hs shfn-hm-p--Xm-Wv. CX-c-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Isf sImp--Xn-eqsS X-fpsS aX-n\p Pbnmw Fp--Xn aX-nsXz-n\v \nc-m Hcp sshcp-yv.

ssZhw kvt\l-am-sWp ]d-bp-Ibpw, B kvt\ls \ntj-[n-p bp--fn aXw Gs-Sp-Ibpw sNp-Xv aqey-h-mbPohnXw \bn-m-\m-{K-ln-p a\p-jyv kwL-Sn-X-a-X--tfmSp-Xs ]pw tXmp-hm CS-bm-n-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. bYm-aXwkwL-Sn-Xtam hyh-m-]n-Xtam A. AXv a\p-jy\pw ssZhhpwXn-ep-ff {]W-bm-\zn-X-amb Pohn-X-am-Wv. AhnsS A\p-`-h-km-{-na-bpsS Hcp sFIyapv. B sFIyw ]c-am-mZ-I-c-am-Wv. CsXmpwAdn-bmsX ]c-kv]cw a-Snp Nmhp sXcp-hp-\m-bvsf-tmse aXm-\p-bm-bn-Ifpw aX-h-m-fpw Cu temI-n s]cp-am-dp-Xv GsdIjvS-amWv! Aev]w Dsh-fn--ap-h C-s\-bp- t]mc-Sn-p aX-KXo-b-Xsb t{]mm-ln-n-p-I-bn-.

47Hcp aX-am-Ip-h-Xn-p-c--sX-mhcp-anXp hmZn-I-fm-cp-tamp-hoe]c-a-X-hm-Z-sam-gn ]WvUn-X-mcdn-bp-an-Xns cl-ky-an--ti-jw.

Hcp aX-am-Ip-h-Xnv ChnsS Hcp aXw am{Xta thq.Fm-hcpw Fm aX--fnse Bfp-IfpwDc--Xv CXv CXmWv ]d-bp-XvCXv B aXw X-fpsS aX-am-bn-cn-

Ww Fp-ff hmZwhmZn-I-fmcpw aX-hm-Zn-I-fm-cpw-XsHmp-hoe Hmp--tX-bn-.]c-a-X-hm-Z-sam-gn- ap aX-s-Xnsc hmZ-hn-hm-Z-

-sfmpw Cm]WvUn-X-m m\n-ICXns clkyw aX-hm-Z--fpsS ]nnse Am-c- hn-lo-\-X-bpsS anYymXzwCv Ati-jw ChnsS ]q-ambnAdnbpw Adn-bp-p.

temI-n Htc-sbmcp aXw Dm-I-Ww. Atm Ie-l--sfmw Xocpw. CXp ]d-bp--hsc kqn--Ww. Ah-cpsS a\-n-en-cnv XfpsS aX-am-bn-cn-Ww B aXw Fm-Wv. Hcp lnp-hnsB{Klw, Xs aX-amWv temI-n \ne-\n-t-Xv Fm-Wv.Fm Hcp {InkvXym-\ntbm apkamt\m Nnn-p-tm Ah-cpsS aX-n-\mWv B alna Nmn-sIm-Sp-p--Xv. AXp-sImvaX-ku-lm-fpw apw, Bfp-I kwL-Sn-n-p-tm AXn-sems Hfn-n-cn-p Iptd \nc-I-X-I-fp-v. kulmZw ]d-bp--h-cmcpwXs Ah-cpsS ]nSn-hm-in-bpsS Dd NphSv amnhbvmXm-d-. Ah-c-h-cpsS aXw Ah-c-hv {]nb-s-Xv Xs-bm-bn-cn-pp. ]t, temI-Po-hn-X-n a\p-jy ]ckv]cw _-spPohn-tnhcp-tm aX-Po-hn-X-nse sshIm-cn-I-X-I-fp-ambnAdntm Adn-bm-sXtbm Dc-k-ep-I Dm-Im-dp-v. sNdn-sbmcpXosmcn Bbn-cnpw BZyw {]I-S-am-hp-I. ]ns, AXv Bfn-n-Sn-pw.`oI-c-amb \c-ta[--fn-tephsc aX-kw-Lj- Fn-s-Sp-Xv\mw Znh-tk\ Ip-sIm-n-cn-p \-k-Xy--fm-Wv. ssZhw GI-

am-sWpw Cu {]]--n-ep-ff Fmw ssZh-kr-jvSn-I-fm-sWpwA-cm-m-hn A\p-` -hn--dn-bp m\n-I aX-hn-tZz-j-an-msXam\-h-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h sFIy-tbpw {]_-e-s-Sp-p I--fn-eqsS aX-Po-hn-Xs Bhn-jvI-cn-m-dp-v. Ah-sc-bmWv Kpcp ]WvUn-X-m Fp hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. Ah ssZhs icn-bmbnAdn-bp-Ibpw AXp shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p.

48X\p-hn-e-a icocn, Xs kmX\p-hn-e-sX-s-Xn-sX-s-sXp kwX\p-X-sbm-gnp [cn-n-Spp kmme\p-` -h-im-en-I-fm-an-tXmn-emcpw.

X\p-hn Aa imco-cn-I-amb kzXz-hp-ambn XmZm-ysp Ign-n-cp

icocn PohXs Xskm-X-\p-hn B-k--bnAsX-tXv AXpw Ft-XmWvCXv FtXv CXpw Ft-XmWvFv Fns\kw Fm-n-t\bpwX\p-X-sbm-gnv aa-X-bn-msX[cn-n-Spp Adn-n-Spp.CtXmn Cmcyw a\-n-em-n-bmBcpw Bcpwkmm kmm

A\p-`-h-im-en-Ifmw A\p-`-h-im-en-I-fm-bn-o-cp-p.

Rm ico-c-amWv F _pn-bmWv \s Fmw _n-n-p Alw-_p-n. Am\w \nan--amWv \n B-t_m[w{]Im-in-m-Xn-cn-p--Xv. ico-c-ns ]cn-an-X-amb AkvXn-X-bnRm Fs a\-n-em-p-tm Rm\-m \nc-h[n ico-c-Chn-sS-bp-v. Ah-sbmpw Rm\-. Fm Cu Am-\-n\npw \app ]pd-p-I-S-p-hm Cu hniz-n-ep-ff kIeNcm-N-c--tfbpw Xs D-bn tN-dn-bp-I-bm-sW-n AbmBm\ nXs-bm-Wv. Fs-m Hpw-Xs Xn\npwA\y-ambn Abm Adn-bp-n-.

BIm-inepw A-cn-nepw `qanbnepsamw Rm\p-v.Fsm-s-bptm AsXmw Ft-Xm-Wv. FtXp am{X-aAsXmw Rm Xs-bm-Wv. Cs\ Hc-dn-hp-m-I-W-sa-nFnse aa-Xm-t_m[w Hgn-p-t]m-I-Ww. X\pX Hgn-b-Ww. Bm-\p-` -hn-I-fm-Im C{X-bpw sNbvXm aXn. Fm-n-t\bpw lrZ-b-n]pIp-I. Atm hnizw apgp-h\pw \s