ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE...
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Transcript of ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE...
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 33
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ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 44
ATM OCN 100 - ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2004Summer 2004LECTURE 1BLECTURE 1B
OBSERVATIONS of OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHEREEARTH'S ATMOSPHERE
A. INTRODUCTION:A. INTRODUCTION: Practical Questions Practical Questions– What constitutes the atmosphere?What constitutes the atmosphere?– What can we learn about the atmosphere?What can we learn about the atmosphere?– Why do we want to know about it?Why do we want to know about it?
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 55
Earth-rise over MoonEarth-rise over MoonApollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSCApollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSC
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 88
B. THE PLANET EARTH & B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS EARTH SYSTEMS Uniqueness of Planet EarthUniqueness of Planet Earth
– Water PlanetWater Planet– The planet with lifeThe planet with life
Subsystems or Components of Planet Subsystems or Components of Planet Earth SystemEarth System– Lithosphere (Geosphere)Lithosphere (Geosphere)– AtmosphereAtmosphere– HydrosphereHydrosphere– CryosphereCryosphere– Biosphere (& Anthrosphere)Biosphere (& Anthrosphere)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 99
B. THE PLANET EARTH & B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS EARTH SYSTEMS
Uniqueness of Planet EarthUniqueness of Planet Earth– Water PlanetWater Planet– The planet with lifeThe planet with life
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1010
Components of Planet Earth SystemComponents of Planet Earth System NASA Apollo 17 (Dec 1972) NASA Apollo 17 (Dec 1972)
ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE
(Geosphere)(Geosphere)
HYDROSPHEREHYDROSPHERE
CRYOSPHERECRYOSPHERE
BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE(& ANTHROSPHERE) (& ANTHROSPHERE)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1111
From Geog. 101 UW-Stevens PointFrom Geog. 101 UW-Stevens Point
Interactions within SystemInteractions within System– WeatheringWeathering– Hydrological cycleHydrological cycle
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1212
C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
Importance of Earth's atmosphereImportance of Earth's atmosphere
– Moderates temperature of planet;Moderates temperature of planet;– Shields life from harsh space Shields life from harsh space
environment;environment;– Provides life with water, oxygen, Provides life with water, oxygen, etc. etc.
Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphereOverall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere
– About 100 km (62 mi) thick;About 100 km (62 mi) thick;– Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi) Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi)
earth radius; earth radius; but ....but ....
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1414
NORMALIZED DENSITY PROFILEUS STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 1976
0
20
40
60
80
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
PERCENT OF SEA LEVEL DENSITY
ALTI
TUD
E [k
m]
100100 kmkm
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1515
SUNRISE FROM SPACESUNRISE FROM SPACE
From STS-47 (JSC-NASA)From STS-47 (JSC-NASA)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1616
C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE (con’t)(con’t)
Importance of Earth's atmosphereImportance of Earth's atmosphere Overall Dimensions of Earth's Overall Dimensions of Earth's
atmosphereatmosphere Comparison with other components Comparison with other components
of Earth Systemof Earth System
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1717
MASS
[1 E 21 kg] % BY MASS
ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE LITHOSPHERE
0.05137 1.4300 5.983
0.070% 19.277% 80.653%
EARTH 7.4182 100.000%
ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH SYSTEM COMPONENTSSYSTEM COMPONENTS
[Source: J.Y. Wang, 1975][Source: J.Y. Wang, 1975]
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 1818
D. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTSD. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTS
What we need to KnowWhat we need to Know– Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion of Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion of
Atmosphere at a given time.Atmosphere at a given time. Observed Weather-Climate ElementsObserved Weather-Climate Elements
From pages 7 & 8 of text:From pages 7 & 8 of text:– AIR PRESSUREAIR PRESSURE– AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. & Min Temps)AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. & Min Temps)– ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY (Rel. Humidity & ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY (Rel. Humidity &
Dewpoint)Dewpoint)– PRECIPITATION (24-hr totals)PRECIPITATION (24-hr totals)– CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT (Sky Cover)CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT (Sky Cover)– WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION)WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION)
MADISON’S CURRENT MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHERWEATHER
Sky/WeatherSky/Weather LGT RAIN LGT RAIN TemperatureTemperature 69 69 Dew PointDew Point 65 65 Relative Humidity 86%Relative Humidity 86% Wind S9Wind S9 Pressure 1010.5 mbPressure 1010.5 mb
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2020
E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHEREE. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE
Surface vs. AloftSurface vs. Aloft– Locations Locations – ProblemsProblems– Need for standardized & synchronous Need for standardized & synchronous
observationsobservations Surface Weather StationSurface Weather Station
– Human observer, Human observer, – Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges, Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges,
wind instruments, wind instruments, etc.etc.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2121
Traditional Surface Weather StationTraditional Surface Weather Station (See Fig. 2.8, Moran (2002))(See Fig. 2.8, Moran (2002))
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2222
Automated Weather Station Automated Weather Station (ASOS)(ASOS) (See Fig. 2.7, Moran (2002))(See Fig. 2.7, Moran (2002))
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2323
NWS & FAA Automatic Weather StationsNWS & FAA Automatic Weather Stations
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2525
First Order Stations & Cooperative First Order Stations & Cooperative Observer Network Observer Network (National Climate Data Center, 2001)(National Climate Data Center, 2001)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2626
Locations of NWS Forecast OfficesLocations of NWS Forecast Offices Fig. 2.6 Moran (2002)Fig. 2.6 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2727
E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHEREE. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE (con’t.)(con’t.)
Weather Aloft:Weather Aloft:Other Observation Tools/PlatformsOther Observation Tools/Platforms– Need for Need for
Rugged instrumentsRugged instrumentsRemote sensingRemote sensing
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2828
Manned Balloons Manned Balloons (18(18thth & 19 & 19thth Centuries) Centuries)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 2929
Weather Kites Weather Kites (ca. 1894)(ca. 1894)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3030
Aircraft Weather ObservationsAircraft Weather Observations (ca. 1934)(ca. 1934)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3232
Inflation of a radiosonde balloon Inflation of a radiosonde balloon See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3333
Radiosonde prepared for launch Radiosonde prepared for launch See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3434
Radiosonde Radiosonde (con’t.)(con’t.) See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002) See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3535
Radiosonde launched Radiosonde launched See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 3838
Computer display of sounding at NWS OfficeComputer display of sounding at NWS Office See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)See Pg. 27-28 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4040
NWS Upper Air Network NWS Upper Air Network See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002)See Fig. A.2 Moran (2002)
GCOS = Global Climate Observing SystemGCOS = Global Climate Observing System
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4242
Meteorological Rockets Meteorological Rockets (Rocketsondes)(Rocketsondes)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4343
Weather Radar Weather Radar See Pg. 157-160 Moran (2002)See Pg. 157-160 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4444
Principles of Weather RadarPrinciples of Weather Radar(in reflectivity mode)(in reflectivity mode)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4747
NWS RadomeNWS Radome See Fig. 7.19 Moran (2002)See Fig. 7.19 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 4848
Radar Display ConsoleRadar Display Console From J.M. Moran & WES Project of AMSFrom J.M. Moran & WES Project of AMS
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Radar Display in Reflectivity ModeRadar Display in Reflectivity Mode
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5050
Principles of Weather RadarPrinciples of Weather Radar(in velocity or Doppler mode)(in velocity or Doppler mode)
See Fig. 7.21, Moran (2002)See Fig. 7.21, Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5151
Radar Display in Doppler ModeRadar Display in Doppler ModeVan Wert, OH tornado 10 Nov 2002 fromVan Wert, OH tornado 10 Nov 2002 from Ft. Wayne, IN NWS Doppler Radar Ft. Wayne, IN NWS Doppler Radar
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5252
NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES
(See also Fig. 2.6, Moran (2002))(See also Fig. 2.6, Moran (2002))
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5353
Current NWS Radar Reflectivity Current NWS Radar Reflectivity
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5454
Composite National Radar ImageComposite National Radar Image
See Fig. 1.11 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.11 – Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5555
Weather Satellites and the Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)(SSEC)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5656
See Fig. 1.6 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.6 – Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 5858
Geosynchronous SatelliteGeosynchronous Satellite Imaging Field of ViewImaging Field of View
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6262
Nighttime lights from DMSP SatellitesNighttime lights from DMSP Satellites
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6464
Current Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite Image
See Fig. 1.8 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.8 – Moran (2002)
White = Reflective Clouds White = Reflective Clouds
Dark = Night Dark = Night
Dark = Low reflection oceans
Dark = Low reflection oceans
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6565
Current Infrared Satellite ImageCurrent Infrared Satellite Image
White = Cold Clouds White = Cold Clouds
See Fig. 1.9 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.9 – Moran (2002)
Dark = Warm Surface Dark = Warm Surface
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6666
Current Water Vapor Satellite ImageCurrent Water Vapor Satellite Image
White = Moist, rising air & Clouds White = Moist, rising air & Clouds
See Fig. 1.10 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.10 – Moran (2002)
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Man Computer Data Acquisition System Man Computer Data Acquisition System (McIDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison(McIDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 6868
See Fig. 1.7 – Moran (2002)See Fig. 1.7 – Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7171
TIROS I (1960) vs. NOAA 15 (2000)TIROS I (1960) vs. NOAA 15 (2000)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7272
Polar Orbiting (POES) SatellitePolar Orbiting (POES) SatelliteNOAA-M Summer 2002NOAA-M Summer 2002 GFSC-NASAGFSC-NASA
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7373
Weather Satellites and the Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)(SSEC)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7474
MODIS in 2000MODIS in 2000(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7676
Wind ProfilerWind Profiler (FSL)(FSL)
See Pg. 186 Moran (2002)See Pg. 186 Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7878
Wind Profiler Network Wind Profiler Network (FSL)(FSL)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 7979
Current Wind Profile at Blue River, WICurrent Wind Profile at Blue River, WI
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8080
F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER:F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER:THE SURFACE WEATHER MAPTHE SURFACE WEATHER MAP
Meaning of synoptic weather analysisMeaning of synoptic weather analysis– synopticsynoptic:: ““synsyn” ” = same + = same + ““opticoptic” ” = to see= to see
Goal of synoptic weather analysisGoal of synoptic weather analysis Requirements for synoptic weather analysisRequirements for synoptic weather analysis
– Same time of observationSame time of observation– Uniform instruments & Uniform instruments &
observation techniques observation techniques
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MAP of TIME ZONESMAP of TIME ZONES( from U.S. Naval Observatory, 1996) See pg. 14, Moran (2002)( from U.S. Naval Observatory, 1996) See pg. 14, Moran (2002)
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F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.)(con’t.)
Historical perspectiveHistorical perspective– First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm;First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm;
– Early U.S. Weather maps in 1870’sEarly U.S. Weather maps in 1870’s..
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Surface weather map Sep. 1872Surface weather map Sep. 1872
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8484
NWS Surface weather map June 2004NWS Surface weather map June 2004
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8585
F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.)(con’t.)
Interpretation of modern surface Interpretation of modern surface weather maps weather maps where...where...
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8686
Sample Modern Weather MapSample Modern Weather Map Figure 1.3, Moran (2002)Figure 1.3, Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8787
ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAPON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP Pressure systems
– Isobars (“iso” + “bar”)
– Highs & Lows Winds
– Circulation around Highs & Lows
– The “Hand-twist Model”
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8888
Map View of Flow around High Map View of Flow around High Pressure Fig. 1.3A, Moran (2002)Pressure Fig. 1.3A, Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 8989
Air Converging AloftAir Converging AloftSee Fig. 8.20, Moran (2002)See Fig. 8.20, Moran (2002)
HH
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9090
Map View of Flow around Low PressureMap View of Flow around Low Pressure
Fig. 1.3B, Moran (2002)Fig. 1.3B, Moran (2002)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9191
Air Diverging AloftAir Diverging Aloft Fig. 8.21, Moran (2002)Fig. 8.21, Moran (2002)
LL
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9292
ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAPON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP Pressure systems Winds Clouds
Mainly around lows Temperature Patterns
– Isotherms (“iso” + “therms”) Fronts
– Cold fronts, warm fronts & stationary fronts
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9696
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9797
Current Visible Satellite ImageCurrent Visible Satellite Image
Reflective CloudsReflective Clouds
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9898
Current Temperatures (Current Temperatures (°°F) & IsothermsF) & Isotherms(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 9999
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 100100
Rule of Thumb!Rule of Thumb!
Weather Systems move:Weather Systems move: From West to East in From West to East in
midlatitudesmidlatitudes but …but …
From East to West in tropicsFrom East to West in tropics
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 101101
Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004ATM OCN 100 Summer 2004 102102
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts & Radar
IsobarsIsobars