ATI Health Care Mgt during & after Disaster - atimysore.gov.in week Sep/GV/sep... · –Bhopal gas...
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ATI – Health Care Mgt during & after Disaster (09-09-2014 to 12-09-2014)
Transcript of ATI Health Care Mgt during & after Disaster - atimysore.gov.in week Sep/GV/sep... · –Bhopal gas...
ATI – Health Care Mgt during & after Disaster (09-09-2014 to 12-09-2014)
ATI – (DM TRAINEES TEAM)Visit J.S.S. Hospital DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN :- Information of Resource Persons, DR. Chathurvedi, Dr. Hegde , Dr. Manjunath Health facility network, Available Laboratory Network, Hospital has own updated lab facility Blood Bank, Available Logistic Equipments, Available Transport System, Route Map, Available Data Bank on Resource Facility Available Referral Hospital/Laboratories Informed it is self reliant COMMUNICATION NETWORK SYSTEM :- Incident Communication System (ICS) :- Available (a) Vertical Network Available (b) Horizontal Network Self reliant (c ) Telemedicine Network Assured to contact if it necessary TRAINING : - REGULAR / REFRESHER / MOCK DRILL :- (a) Medical Officers , Nurses, Paramedical staff, Resource persons. Informed trained (b) Mock Drill Regularity Yet to be done (c ) Rehearsal Regularity Yet to be done (d) Demonstration Facility Yet to be done
Hospital Facility :-
Information Desk (PRO) - Available
Triage Management - Senior Nurse deputed
10 Trauma Beds - Max 15 beds/ hr (Red)
Trained Manpower - Available
Logistic Equipment - Available
30 Bed Burn Centre - Not yet started
Blood Bank Facility, Rare blood availability, Blood Sample separation facility, Cold chain system - Maintained
Laboratory Map , data bank, referral laboratories list - Available
Identification of DNA / finger prints identification facility - Not informed
Resource Inventory (various detectors/decomposition agents, antidotes, essential medicine, mobile laboratories ,ambulance fitted with CBRN facility, vaccines , drugs, CBRN store) - Available
Psychological Support and Mental Health services - Available
Facility to control Vector borne diseases - Not informed
Disposal of Human and Biological waste - Maintained
Democratic Control of
Technologic Risk in India
Dr. Sairam Bhat
National Law School of India University
The Environmental legal system
• Criminal law system for environmental
protection
• Common Law system: Tortious liability
towards Environmental pollution: Strict
liability [Rylands v. Fletcher]
• Disaster Management: man-made v/s
natural
Why happened in Bhopal
• 26 years after Bhopal: What remains to be done? – Compensation to victims of mad-made disaster
– Justice not yet: RTI Act disclosure
– Criminal prosecution of the UCIL Officers
– Liability principle: ex: Uphaar Cinema case 2009
– Waste treatment-350 tons
– Dow Chemicals and Successor-in-interest: Principle of Corporate liability
• New jurisprudence: – Subordinate legislation: EPA, 1986
– Expansion of PIL: Dilution of Locus standi
• The move from Strict to Absolute liability: Oleum Gas leak case
Burning Issues • Exploitation of weak Legal system: Unilever mercury case 2001
• Chemicalization in agriculture: Use, which has resulted in contamination of ground water [Bichrri case, 1996-Dr Ashok case, 1997]
• Ground Water and Plachimada dispute
• Basel and Our International Obligations
• Clemenceau and Alang: International Maritime Organisation (IMO)’s treaty on Ship Recycling/Shipbreaking (Hong Kong Convention) does not ban imports of hazardous wastes laden end-of-life vessels
• Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention: 1995- ‘non new goods’
• E-waste: In the name of free trade are we importing e-waste?
• Anti dumping in India: customs authority
New Challenges
• Household hazardous waste: Challenges
• Extended producer/manufacturer responsibility
• Is it the reverse of absolute liability with the passing of the Nuclear Liability Act 2010?
• RTI and Environmental Law
• ‘Deep pocket theory’: Why file suits against the State only-why not against the rough Industry?
Conclusion
• Integrated and wholestic approach to natural
resources conservation: Not piece meal
approach
• To balance growth with environment-
Sustainable development with effective
enforcement: Democratic decision making: have
they failed?
– Decentralized Environmental Governance
– EIA/Public hearing
– Environmental Education
–
Welcome to the
PRESENTATION FLOW ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT, STATISTICS, SCENARIO OF THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES IN THE STATE OF KARNATAKA,
INVENTORY, TYPE OF CHEMICALS, HAZARDS ASSOCIATED,
GENISIS OF DISASTERS, CHARACTERSTICS, MITIGATION CONCEPT?
HOW THE INDUSTRY LOOKS LIKE ? HOW HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ARE STORED?
HOW & WHY INDUSTRIAL AND CHEMICAL DISASTER ORGINATES?
IMPACT OF DISASTERS
BHOPAL DISASTER - A RETROSPECTION
SAFETY PROTOCAL BEING FOLLOWED IN INDUSTRIES .
PROTOCOL IN THE OFF SITE EMERGENCY PLAN OF THE DISTRICT?
IMPORTANCE OF MOCK TESTS/EXERCISE ON THE PLANNING.
CASE STUDIES OF AN ACCIDENT RELATED DIASTER,
CONCLUSION.
DEPARTMENT OF FACTORIES, BOILERS, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
What the Department of Factories,
Boilers, Industrial Safety and Health is all
about?
One amongst the 50+ Government
departments
Main Objective
Shouldering the responsibility of ensuring compliance
with the applicable SAFETY AND LABOUR legislations
at the place which is under the ambit of the definition
“Factory”
STATISTICS 13,500 registered
factories,
1053 hazardous industries,
78 MAH factories,
1 major port,
10 minor ports
25 isolated storages.
9 Pipe line projects
CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIES
• Non – hazardous - 91%
• Hazardous - 9%
Hazardous Industries
• Dangerous manufacturing processes/ operations
• Potentially Hazardous Industries
• Major Accident Hazard units.
MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD INDUSTRIES
• Major Accident Hazard Control (Karnataka) Rules, 1994,
• Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning, Preparedness & Response) Rules, 1996.
50 MT or more Ammonia
10 MT or More Chlorine
5 MT or more Hydrogen Sulfide
15 MT or More L.P.G.
10,000 MT or more Highly flammable Liquids
Dimension
15
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13
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LOCATION OF MAJOR ACCIDENT UNITS IN THE STATE OF KARNATAKA
Belgaum
Bellary
3
Dakshina Kannada.
6 Dharward
Ramanagaram
2 Haveri
Kolar 1
1
Koppal
7 Mysore
1 Raichur
Shimoga 3
2
Tumkur
2 Uttara Kannada
12 1
Hassan
4
5
Total No - 78
SYSTEM IN PLACE
• SCG has been constituted in the State and functioning. In all the districts
where MAH factories are identified – District Crisis Groups have been
constituted, the same are functional.
• DC is the chairman, First Responders and support functionaries have been
identified and roles are defined.
• Comprehensive off site plan of the districts are in place.
• Periodical mock rehearsals are being conducted to test the strength and
weaknesses in the system.
• All MAH units have prepared on site emergency plans and mock tests are
being conducted.
• Periodical confluences, seminars and workshops are being organised by the
department to sensitize the concerned on the issue of safety from
hazardous industries/chemicals.
Details of District wise MAH Units, DCG constitution &
Preparation of off – site Emergency Plans
Sl.
No.
Name of the District NO. of
MAH
units
Status
of DCG
Status of Off –
Site Emergency
Plan
1 Bangalore Rural 12 Constituted Prepared
2 Bangalore Urban 15 Constituted Prepared
3 Belgaum 04 Constituted Prepared
4 Bellary 03 Constituted Prepared
5 Dakshina Kannada 10 Constituted Prepared
6 Dharwad 08 Constituted Prepared
7 Haveri 02 Constituted Prepared
Sl.
No.
Name of the
District
NO. of
MAH
units
Status of DCG Status of Off Site
Emergency Plan
8 Hassan 01 Constituted Prepared
9 Kolar 01 Constituted Prepared
10 Koppal 01 Constituted Prepared
11 Mysore 08 Constituted Prepared
12 Raichur 01 Constituted Prepared
13 Ramanagaram 04 Constituted Preparation under
final stage
14 Shimoga 03 Constituted Prepared
15 Tumkur 02 Constituted Prepared
16 Uttar Kannada 02 Constituted Prepared
contd…………
CONSTITUTION OF LOCAL CRISIS GROUPS
Sl.
No.
Name of the District NO. of
MAH units
Status
1 Haliyal 01 Constituted
2 Puttur 01 Constituted
3 Magadi 01 Constituted
4 Nelamangala 07 Constituted
5 Hoskote 06 Constituted
6 Kunigal 02 Constituted
INVENTORY OF CHEMICALS ?
THE STATUS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STORED,
USED AND HANDLED IN THE STATE( Industry)
Sl. No.
Particulars Quantity Main Hazard
1 LPG 72580 MT Fire / Explosion
2 Petroleum Products 295396 KL Fire
3 Chlorine 1705 MT Toxic and Corrosive
4 Liquid Oxygen 4591 MT Cold burns, oxidizing
5 Carbon Di Sulphide 200 MT Toxic
6 Ammonia 10053 MT Toxic and Corrosive
7 Liquid Nitrogen 720 MT Cold burns
THE STATUS OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL STORED,
USED AND HANDLED IN THE STATE.
Sl. No.
Particulars Quantity Main Hazard
8 Corex Gas 100000nm3 Toxic, Fire & Explosion
9 Hydrochloric acid 1185 MT Corrosive
10 Sulphuric acid 3039 MT Corrosive
11 Phosphoric acid 21000 MT Corrosive
12 Blast furnace gas 27000 nm3 Toxic, Fire and Explosion
13 Other chemicals like Naphtha, Solvent, Ethyl Mercaptan, Sulphur dioxide, Sodium Hydroxide, etc.
5402 Mt -
• Large storage of capacity of petroleum product is at
Dakshina Kannada followed by Bangalore Districts.
• Large quantity of chlorine is handled in Uttara Kannada
followed by Shimoga and Haveri Districts.
• Large quantity of Ammonia is being handled at
Dakshina Kannada.
• Large quantity of liquid oxygen is being handled at
Bengaluru, Bellary, Koppal and Shimoga Districts.
• Large quantity of (5.6 million metric tones per annum)
petroleum products is being pumped in the Mangalore –
Bangalore oil pipeline.
TYPES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RECEIVED & TRANSPORTED THROUGH ROAD/RAIL/SHIP
Petroleum products
Highly flammable and flammable liquids and Gases
Cryogenic substances
Acids & Alkalis
Toxic and poisonous chemicals
Explosives
Sl. No. Name of the pipeline Products
transferred
Length in
distance Routes
1
Mangalore Hassan
Bangalore Pipe Line
project ( MHB
Petronet
Petroleum
Products like, ,
SKO,
Mangalore to
Hassan
156kms and
Mangalore -
Chikkamagalure –
Hassan with POL
depot & pipelines
station.
Diesel 206 kms up to
Devanagonthi.
Hassan - Tumkur –
Rural District,
2
Devanagonthi
Devanahalli Pipe line
project
ATF 36kms
Rural District
Devanagonthi –
Devanahalli
3 Reliance Pipe line
project Natural Gas 68 kms
Bidar with pumping
station of Humunabad
Tq
4 Pipe lines between
NMPT to MCF,
Liquid ammonia
& naphtha 500mts Katipalia,
5 Pipelines between
Bengaluru to Chennai
Petroleum
products 290 kms
64 kms in Karnataka at
Mulubagal, Bangerpet
and Hoskote Taluk
DETAILS OF PIPELINES HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
6
Pipe lines between
NMPT to MRPL &
Vice Versa
Crude petroleum
products &
petroleum
products
14 kms
Panamboor,
Baikampady, Bala,
Tookur, Port
7
Pipe lines between
NMPT to HPCL,
MLIF LPG 14 kms Katipalia,
8 Pipe lines between
MRPL to BPCL
Petroleum
products 10 kms
Katipalia, Tookur
Baikampady
9
Pipe lines between
NMPT to ELEF Gas
Limited
LPG 6.13 kms Port, Panamboor,
Tookur
Details of Pipelines handling Hazardous Materials
TYPES OF HAZARD
Toxic gas release.
Highly flammable gas - leakage.
Chemical and highly flammable liquid spillage.
Fire.
Explosion.
Environmental degradation
Health hazards
TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
• ON SITE
If the effect of the accident restricts within the premises and the
same can be managed by the industry itself with its action plan
and resources.
• OFF SITE
If the effect of the accident is major in nature and if it extends
beyond the industrial boundary and cannot be managed by the
industry with its own and available resources.
The Factories Act, 1948
Major Accident Hazard ( Karnataka) Rules, 1994
The Chemical Accident ( Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996.
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
Disaster Management Act, 2005,
VISIBLE INITIATIVES -LAWS/LEGISLATIONS
INDUSTRIAL DOMAIN
• 432 CHEMICALS WHICH ARE COMMNLY USED IN INDUSTRIES HAVE BEEN
LISTED AS HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS.
• UNAMBIGUOUS RULES HAVE BEEN FRAMED TO ENSURE SAFETY FROM
THESE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS.
• SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS ARE IN FORCE UPON THE MANAGEMENT OF
FACTORIES FOR SAFE STORING, HANDLING AND USING OF THESE
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN THE FORM OF LEGISLATIONS, STANDARDS,
CODES ETC.,
• NONETHELESS, HISTORY HAS REVEALED THAT THE CHEMICALS HAVE
CAUSED WIDE RANGE OF HAZARDS.
REALITY FACTORS
• History of disasters
– One major chemical incidents once a month
– Bhopal gas tragedy to Jaipur petro depot fire
there are recognizable disasters -
– Simple Reasons are :
• Rapid industrialization – Complex processes,
• Transportation - in all means - Road, Rail, Air, Sea,
Pipelines
• Urbanisation - Increased vulnerability
CHEMICAL DISASTERS
How the Industry Looks?
HOW HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ARE STORED?
How Industrial / Chemical disasters
Originates?
Industrial / Chemical disasters originate during:-
Manufacturing and Formulation.
Material handling and Storage.
Pipelines.
Transportation.
Malfunction of Equipments and Control systems.
Sabotage.
Terrorist Activity.
Natural Disasters.
External Aggression.
Human Errors.
Change in Process Conditions – Deviations in SOP’s
If Disaster Strikes!!!!
HOW THE – INDUSTRIAL & CHEMICAL
DISASTERS WILL BE?
CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISASTER
Fire at Mumbai High Northern
platform On 27.07.2005, major fire at MHN platform of ONGC,
a shipping vessel collided with risers of MHN
platform resulting in sinking of ship and platform. 11
person lost their life, 11 were missing and 340 were
rescued.
110,000 barrels of crude oil production
Loss of property estimated as 1800 crores
865 crores was received from insurance.
Biggest disaster in the history of ONGC
Why & How – system fails People often assume the system works as intended,
despite warning signals.
Only good performances are cited as examples while poor ones are overlooked or forgotten.
Human and Organizational factors are ignored in considering the data for hazard analysis and risk assessment.
Integration of intrinsic safety at the conceptualization of an industry for siting, selection of process and chemicals, selection of skilled manpower, design of equipment, etc, are normally not accounted.
Inadequate or insufficient protection against natural and man made disasters particularly earthquake, tsunami and terrorism.
IMPACT OF CHEMICAL DISASTERS
EFFECTS/SEQUEL OF CHEMICAL
DISASTERS
• WIDE RANGE OF INJURIES/LOSS OF LIFE
• LOSS OF PROPERTY
• DISRUPTION OF NORMAL LIFE
• LAW AND ORDER PROBLEMS
• PANIC CONDITIONS
• POLITICAL INSTABILITY
• HUGE BURDEN ON THE EXCHEQUER OF THE
GOVERNMENT
How do we overcome ?
Engineering controls.
Administrative controls ( acumen)
Adoption of intrinsic safety.
Meticulous risk analysis.
Greener chemicals.
New technology.
On site emergency plan.
Mock rehearsal.
Adherence to guidelines and best practices.
Compliance to laws.
Respect for human and environment.
What is Disaster?
CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISASTER
Chemical/Industrial Disaster Means
“A devastating event occurring suddenly and
causing great loss of life, damage or hardship”
- Severity & Magnitude are very severe and
extensive.
CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISASTER
“DISASTER” UNDER THE DISASTER
MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005
“DISASTER” MEANS - A CATASTROPE, MISHAP, CALAMITY OR
GRAVE OCCURRENCE IN ANY AREA ARISING FROM NATURAL AND
MAN MADE CAUSES OR BY ACCIDENTS OR NEGLIGENCE WHICH
RESULTS IN SUBSTANTIAL LOSS OF LIFE OR HUMAN SUFFERINGS
OR DAMAGE TO, AND DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY, OR DAMAGE
TO, OR DEGRADATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND IS OF SUCH A
NATURE OR MAGNITUDE AS TO BE BEYOND THE COPING
CAPACITY OF THE COMMUNITY OF THE AFFECTED AREA.
NATURAL.
EARTHQUAKE FLOOD CYCLONE
MAN MADE
CHEMICAL NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
DISASTER GENESIS - BEFORE 90’S
DISASTER CLASSIFICATION
CHARACTERISTICS
D I S A S T E R
NATURAL.
• PREDICTABLE TO SOME EXTENT.
• AVAILABILITY OF WARNING PHASE.
• AVAILABILITY OF TIME FOR MITIGATION
PROCESSES.
EXCEPT IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKE.
CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISASTER
CHEMICAL.
• UNPREDICTABLE.
• NO WARNING PHASE.
• NO TIME FOR CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.
• LESS TIME FOR RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
AND MITIGATION PROCESS.
D I S A S T E R
CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISASTER
DISASTER - CONSTITUTION OF HPC
1. HISTORY REVEALS THAT THE MOTHER EARTH HAS
EXPERIENCED VARIOUS KINDS OF SEVERE AND SERIOUS
DISASTERS OF BOTH KINDS AND ITS FALLS OUTS.
2. TO TACKLE THIS EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY AND TO HAVE
A PRAGMATIC/SENSIBLE APPROCH IN MITIGATION, A HIGH
POWERED COMMITTEE WAS CONSTITUTED BY THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA DURING 1999 WITH SPECIFIC TERMS
AND REFERENCES.
CLASSIFICATION BY HPC
HIGH POWER COMMITTEE CONSTITUTED
DURING 1999
CLASSIFIES THE DISASTERS INTO FIVE GROUPS BY
GIVING HOLISTIC APPROACH
1. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED DISASTERS (N)
2. GEOLOGICAL RELATED DISASTERS (N)
3. CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND NUCLEAR RELATED
DISASTERS (M)
4. ACCIDENT RELATED DISASTERS (M)
5. BIOLOGICAL RELATED DISASTERS (N &M)
DISASTERS
MITIGATION THEORY?
Has changed from reactive to proactive approach
GENESIS Contd.,
EARLIER CONCEPT
4 R
Rescue
Recovery
Relief
Rehabilitation
- REACTIVE
6
6
GENESIS Contd.,
PRESENT CONCEPT -
Planning
Prevention
Preparedness
Response
- Proactive
6
6
DISASTER CLASSIFICATION
CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND NUCLEAR
RELATED DISASTERS - Man made
• CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
DISASTERS
• NUCLEAR DISASTERS
SCENARIO OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
Sl.No. Place
Year
Loss of Life approx.
Cause
1 Feyzin, France 1966 18 LPG-Bleve
2 Flixborough, UK 1974 51 UVCE of
Cyclohexane
3 Mexico 1984 500 LPG-Bleve
4 Bhopal, India 1984 >10000 Release of MIC
5 Pasadena, USA 1989 23 UVCE of ISO butane
6
7
8
Vizag, India
ONGC, India
JAIPUR IOCL
1997
2005
2009
60
10
12/150
UVCE of LPG
Fire in Oil Exploration.
Oil Terminal on fire.
BHOPAL TRAGEDY
India owns a dubious distinction of causing one
of the world worst chemical disaster in the
history of chemical industries.
CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DISASTER
UCIL PLANT - AT THE WEE HOURS OF 2ND & 3RD DECEMBER 1984
APPALLING PHOTOGRAPHS
UNION CARBIDE PLANT AT BHOPAL
• THE PLANT WAS A MULTINATIONAL COMPANY;
• MANUFACTURING PESTICIDES – ESTABLISHED IN 1969 AND IT WAS
FURTHER EXPANDED DURING 1975.
• METHYL ISO CYANATE WAS ONE AMONGST THE HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS STORED, HANDLED AND USED AT THE SITE.
• ON THE 2ND NIGHT OF DECEMBER 1984, AT AROUND 00.30 HOURS
THE SAFETY RELIEF VALVE PROVIDED TO A TANK CONTAINING MIC
GOT OPENED DUE TO BUILT IN PRESSURE. THE TANK WAS HAVING
40MT OF MIC
• THIS VALVE WAS OPENED FOR ABOUT 90 MINUTES, THUS RELEASING
MORE THAN 50% OF MIC FROM THE TANK.
• THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE PLANT WAS AFFECTED TO AN AREA
AROUND 48 SQ.KM
• TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE, WHO WERE NOT AWARE OF ANY
THING GOT KILLED. CHILDREN WERE THE MAJOR VICTIMS
• LAKHS OF PEOPLE WERE SEVERELY INJURED WITH WHOLE HOST OF
MALADIES.
• INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED BOTH BY THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT AND THE UNION CARBIDE PEOPLE
UNION CARBIDE PLANT AT BHOPAL
• IT REVEALED A FACT, THE SAFETY SYSTEMS WHICH WERE INACTIVE WERE
NOT PUT IN PLACE REALISING THE HAZARDS
• PEOPLE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE FACTORY PREMISES WERE NOT MADE
KNOWN ABOUT THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS DUE FROM THE VARIED TYPES
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STORED, PROCESSED AND HANDLED.
• THERE WAS NO CONTINGENCY PLAN.
• DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION INCLUDING THE PLANT PERSONNEL WERE
UNAWARE ABOUT THE NEXT IMMEDIATE COURSE OF ACTION.
• THOUGH AN AUDIT WAS CONDUCTED BY THE EXPERTS THE FINDINGS WERE
NOT IMPLEMENTED.
UNION CARBIDE PLANT AT BHOPAL
• TO IDENTIFY THE ANTIDOTE AND TO PROVIDE IT TO THE PLACE
WHERE THE INJURED WERE ADMITTED - IT TOOK 24 HOURS,
• BY THAT TIME THE TOXIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE HAD ALREADY
CAUSED SEVERE AND SERIOUS DAMAGES ON THE PERONS EXPOSED.
• THE MANAGEMENT ESCAPED VERY LIGHTLY BY PAYING VERY LITTLE
COMPENSATION OF 497 MILLION DOLLORS AS AGAINST WHAT WOULD
HAVE BEEN IN BILLON DOLLORS.
• THE DEADLY TOXIC SUBSTANCE NOT ONLY HAS CAUSED HUGE
DAMAGE ON THE MAN KIND BUT ALSO CAUSED ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION OVER A PERIOD OF TIME.
UNION CARBIDE PLANT AT BHOPAL
AMAZING / SHOCKING
FACTS OF BHOPAL
TRAGEDY
Double standards. At the West Virginia plant all the
vital system had back ups and was automatically
linked to computerised alarms and crisis control
systems. The Bhopal plant not only lacked all the
above but the sole alarm was also switched off so as
not to “unduly” alarm people.
Huge Inventory: All over Europe maximum
permissible storage limit for MIC is half a ton. At
the Bhopal plant the management of US Company
overrode the wishes of the managers of Indian
subsidiary and kept the storage capacity
hazardously high over 90Ton. On the fateful night
67Tons of MIC was stored in two tanks.
In 1982, the safety audit team which submitted its
report to UCC head quarters reported “ total of 61
hazards”, 30 of them were of major and 11 of them
were at the dangerous MIC and Phosgene units.
Further they forewarned about the disaster at the
MIC Plant. But this report was marked as
Business Confidential and only selected officers
were allowed to know to its contents. UCC did not
send this report to Bhopal Plant at all.
False report: Four medical experts (Toxicologists)
who came from US during the first week of the
disaster also falsely stated that the leaked gases
will not have any long-term health effects on the
exposed population. This was in sharp contrast to
the subsequent research findings. This false
statement was made to reduce the liabilities on the
corporation.
Scanty respect for law: On December 7th 1984, Warren Anderson, Chairman of UCC and other Indian Officials were arrested on the charge of culpable homicide, criminal conspiracy and other serious offences under IPC. The arrested officials were lodged in a posh guest house of UCIL and Warren Anderson who was the main person of the organization and whose salary was Rs.10million was released on a bail of Rs.20,000/- & who subsequently fled to America.
Summons from the Bhopal court drew no response from him and in the January 1992, Proclamation was issued and in March 1992 NBW was caused but he continues to abscond criminal justice.
Many Bhopal young boys have quit school
because their watery eyes, no man wants to
marry a girl from Bhopal because she may
give birth to a deformed baby, underground
water has high toxic level and the ground is
laced with mercury an other toxins.
Toxic legacy – Host of Maladies: nearly one fifth
of the exposed population of 5,00,000 today suffers
from whole host of maladies like lung fibrosis,
impaired vision, bronchial asthma, TB,
breathlessness, loss of appetite, severe body pains,
painful and irregular menstrual cycles, recurrent
fever, persistent cough, neurological disorders,
fatigue, weakness, anxiety and depression. Cancer
and Sterility are on the rise, according to doctors
involved in the treatment of survivors.
SUBSEQUENT ACTIONS
• LAW RELATING TO FACTORIES WERE AMENDED.
• SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO INDUSTRIES INVOLVING
HAZARDOUS PROCESSES WERE INTRODUCED
• MANAGEMENT ARE REQUIRED DESSIMINATE INFORMATIONS TO
THE PEOPLE WORKING INSIDE, OUTSIDE AND ALSO TO THE
AUTHORITIES.
• NOW MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES ARE REQUIRED
TO DEVLOP ACTION PLANS FOR MITIGATION OF POSSIBLE
EMERGENCIES DUE FROM THE HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND
CHEMICALS.
SUBSEQUENT ACTIONS
• IN 1996, A RULE CALLED “CHEMICAL ACCIDENT (EMERGENCY
PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE) RULES, 1996 WAS
INTRODUCED.
• OBJECT IS TO HAVE CRISIS GROUPS AT VARIOUS LEVELS TO
PROVIDE EXPERT GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL
ACCIDENTS DUE FROM THE SAID HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND
PROCESSES BY CONDUCTING PERIODICAL MEETINGS AND
DELIBERATIONS.
“ ”
WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT ?
“ A CONTINUOUS AND INTEGRATED PROCESS OF PLANNING, ORGANISING, CO-ORDINATING AND IMPLEMENTING
MEASURES WHICH ARE NECESSARY FOR:
1. PREVENTION OF DANGER FROM DISASTER
2. MITIGATION OR REDUCTION OF SEVERITY
3. CAPACITY BUILDING - RESOURCES – MANPOWER, EQUIPEMENT,
INFRASTRUCTURE MOBILISING
4. PREPAREDNESS - STATE OF READINESS TO DEAL WITH DISASTER
5. PROMPT RESPONSE OF THE RESPONDERS
6. QUICK ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY
7. IMMEDIATE EVACUATION,
8. INTERFACING RESCUE, RELIEF. REHABILATION AND RECONSTRUCTION TO
THE VICTIMS
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT THE DISTRICT AS PER DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005
• DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF THE DISTRICT IS THE CHAIRMAN,
• COMPOSITION IS DEFINED,
• DDMA IS REQUIRED TO PREPARE A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN,
• POWERS AND FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED COMPREHENSIVELY,
• DDMA CAN GIVE DIRECTION TO RELEASE ANY RESOURCES
AVAILABLE IN THE DEPARTMENT OR LOCAL AUTHORITY AND
FROM ANY AGENCY DURING MITIGATION PROCESS,
BASIC INDICATORS REQUIRED FOR PREPARATION OF COMPREHENSIVE
MITIGATION MEASURES –
MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOR INDUSTRIAL AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS
BASIC STEPS ADOPTED FOR EVOLVING OF COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN
1. Details of the Units, Quantification of Chemicals, Hazards
against the chemicals stored, handled and processed.
2. Identifications of Risks - Emissions, Fire, Explosion, Toxic,
Poisonous, Asphyxia, Combination
3. Effects – Illness, Burns, Deaths, Injuries, Destruction to Property,
Contamination or Combination.
4. Identification of resources – Man power (Responders),
equipment, Logistics etc.,
5. Standard operating procedures of the Responders
6. Preparation of Documents - On site and Off site Emergency
Plans- Action Plan
7. Mock Rehearsal – Periodical , Training, Dissemination of
information on continual basis.
STEPS FOLLOWED IN ENSURING MITIGAITON MEASURES IN A
HAZARDOUS INDUSTRY
POSSIBLE EMERGENCIES / DANGERS
( HAZARDS AND RISKS)
FIRE
EXPLOSION
TOXIC GAS RELEASE
SPILLAGE OF CHEMICALS
COMBINATIONS
Hazard Quantification
Damage Distance of BLEVE
Storage
vessel
LPG in
MT
Bleve
Radius
(m)
Radiation distance in
meters to
37.5
kw/m2
12.5
kw/m2
4.0
kw/m2
Hortan
Sphere
1400
MT
273
524
908
1830
Exposure time, heat radiation and damage levels
Intensity of
radiation
(Kw/ m2
Exposur
e time in
Seconds
% Lethality
37.5 28 100% Lethality
12.5 28 1% Lethality /100 % first deg.burns
4 28 1% first degree burns
Population in Nearby Villages – Risk Areas
Sl. No. Name of the village Population
1 Kacharakanahalli 437
2 Dasarahalli 458
3 Geddlapura 163
4 Dodda Donnasandra 1677
5 Kannekal 410
6 Makkanahalli 1465
7 Devalapura 446
Identify the Responders and Develop a comprehensive Standard Operating Procedures – Safety protocol – why?
• Explicit Actions
• No Overlapping of functions
• Chain of command actions will be clear
• Reporting system will be lucid
• No divergence
ON SITE EMERGENCY PLAN
EMERGENCY
Incident controller
Declarer of emergency
Fire combating team
Rescue and Relief team
Auxiliary team
Declare emergency/ Shut down Plant
Police/Fire/Experts
Hospitals
Neighboring industries/mutual aid All Clear Signal
Press, Media & Authorities
WORKER/SUPERVISOR
District Admn./ Local Admn
CR
Depts. F&B, KSPCB
AWARENESS/PREPAREDNESS/RESPONSE PROGRAMMES ON THE
MITIGATION MEASURES
• - IN PLANT TRAINING
• - TRAINING OF RESPONDERS
• - PUBLIC AWARENESS
• - MOCK REHEARSALS
CONTROL MECHANISMS IN INDUSTRIES
– ON SITE EMERGENCY PLAN
– REHEARSALS
– AUDITS
– COMPLIANCE TO CODES, STANDARDS,PROCEDURES, GUIDELINES
– PREVENTIVE AND PREDICTIVE MAINENANCE
– REGULAR MONITORING OF INTRINSIC SAFETY SYSTEMS
SAETY MEASURES AT A
MAH UNIT - GLANCE HPCL, MYSORE
IF EMEGENCY SPILLS OUTSIDE THE PREMISES?
• OFF SITE EMERGENCY
– District Administration will come into picture
– Different and the connected departments are
required to swing into disciplined actions
without loss of time
– We call this action plan as “Off Site
Emergency Plan”
RESOURCES - MAN POWER, LOGISTICS • Manpower - Support Functionaries
• Responders • Fire and Emergency Service • Police • Health and Family Welfare • Revenue • Commandant Home Guards • Industries and Experts • KPTCL • Zilla Panchayat, PWD • KSPCB • Agriculture and Veterinary • NGO’s • Information department • Community leaders
Mitigation Measures
• Rescue
• Recovery
• Relief
• Rehabilitation
LOGISTICS/FACILITIES
RESOURCES AND LOGISTICS contd……
etc….
MATRIX OF EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE OPERATIONS
No
Emergency
Support Function
Nodal Officer
Support Agencies
1. Fire Fighting,
Search, and Rescue
Karnataka
State Fire &
Emergency
Services &
Police
CD & HG and Civil Defence .
2. Evacuation of
personnel affected in
the surrounding
areas
Revenue
Deptt
Police, Home Guards, Community
leaders, NGO’s
3. Law & Order SP To be decided by the Nodal Officer
4. Medical Response &
Trauma Counseling.
District
Health
Officer,
Hospitals in District, Red Cross,
NGO’s, Community Leaders, Revenue
5. Relief.
A. Food
B. Shelter
Revenue Deptt. Food and Civil Supplies, PWD,
NGOs, Corporate Sector,
Community leaders, Municipal
Corporation
6.
Equipment Support, Debris
and Road Clearance &
Sanitation.
PWD - ZP Service Providers
7. Water supply PWD - PRE
Service Providers
8. Electricity Executive
Engineer
BESCOM
Service Providers.
9. Transport. RTO Town Municipal Corporation,
KSRTC, BMTC, Service Providers
10. Help Lines. Revenue Dept.,/
District
Information
Officer/industri
al units
Dept., of Information & Publicity,
AIR, Doordarshan, Private TV
Channels, UNI, Press, PTI, PIB.
Site Controller of Major
Hazardous Unit
Deputy Commissioner
Secretary to Government
of Karnataka Labour
Dept., Bangalore
. Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of
Police,
Chief Executive Officer
Zilla Panchayat,
Additional Deputy
Commissioner
Nodal Agency
TV / Radio / Press
Bangalore
Assistant
Commissioner
Occupational
Health & Safety
Experts
Dist.Commandant
Homeguards,
General Manager
Telecom Dept.
Regional Fire
Officer
Commissioner
Mahanagara
Palike
Joint Director of
Agriculture,
Mutual aid
Industries,
Commissioner,
UDA
Chief Engineer,
BWS&SB,
Pollution Control
Board, .
Suptd. Engineer,
P.W.D
Meteorological
Department,
District Informat ion
Officer,.
Dy. Director of
Factories,
District Health
Officer,
Road Transport
Officer,
Supdt. Engineer,
KPTCL, .
Vo luntary
Organisations.
DEVELOP A COMPREHENSIVE STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
Why Written SOP’s are required?
• To Ensure Explicit Actions with right interfacing
• To Avoid overlapping of functions
• To have clear Chain of command
• To have lucid Reporting system
• To avoid confusion and divergence
±SOP means - Seriatim tasks to be performed during mitigation
SOP – Karnataka State Fire and
Emergency Services
• Ascertain the chemical substance under fire or leak etc.,
• Look for HAZCHEM/TREM Card for details and to take right
decision
• Disperse the vapour cloud in case of volatile substances
• Cool the tank so as to reduce vapourisation
• Assess additional water requirement and make arrangements
• Keep additional fire force personnel on standby
• Disseminate the information on chemical under risk to the police
and general public
• Obtain additional information from consignor or consignee
• Stay at the spot till the mitigation procedure are completed.
• Etc.,
SOP – Police
• Cardoon off the area
• Stop movement of traffic
• Advise people living nearby to put of naked flame
• Control on lookers
• Identify the victims, inform the kith and kins
• Assist the Medical Management team from swift movement of
casualties.
• Etc.,
AWARENESS/PREPAREDNESS/RESPONSE PROGRAMMES ON THE
MITIGAITON MEASURES
• - TRAINING OF RESPONDERS
• - PUBLIC AWARENESS
• - MOCK REHEARSALS
EMERGENCY PLAN - SCOPE ?
•To be more user friendly
•To achieve highest effectiveness and efficiency
•To improve co-ordination between various
organizations
What we need to Generate Good Plan
UpdatedTechnical Inputs
Support from similar organizations
Training modules - practice
Funding mechanism
Sustainability of the project
MOCK REHEARSALS
Periodical !!!!
VERY FEW ARE CONDUCTING
PERIODICAL MOCK REHEARSALS!
REASONS
MISCONCEPTION / MYTH - Mock
Rehearsal - waste of time, waste of
production.
CLASSIC EXAMPLE - INCIDENT AT WTC
- USA ON SEPTEMBER 11- 2001
WHY MOCK REHEARSAL IS REQUIRED?
RICK PERFORMED EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILL
EVERYMONTH AT WTC, THE CONCEPT IS WALK
BRISKLY TWO IN A ROW THROUGH THE EMERGENCY
EXIT,
MANY PERSONS DISAPPROVED HIS DISRUPTION;
BUT ON SEPTEMBER 11TH 2001 IT SAVED 2700 PERSONS,
ONLY 6 DIED BECAUSE THEY WERE HELPING THE
OTHERS, RICK WAS ONE AMONGST THEM;
Proper, Prior, Planning and Preparation Prevents Poor
Performance;
7P’s of Rick Rescorla - VP corporate security at Morgan
Stanley.
CASE STUDIES
ACCIDENTS - CAPSIZING OF
LPG CARRYING TRUCKS
ENROUTE IN MYSORE DISTRICT
One on Nanjangud Highway and another at KR Nagar
NANJANGUD INCIDENT
CASE STUDY
A tanker got capsized on the national highway 17 (Mysore – Ooty road)
Near Kadakola ( around 12 KM from Mysore) , precisely near Ennehole cross - 1km from Kadakola village.
The incident occurred on 9th September 2005 at around 3.30am
The tanker was carrying LPG - 18MT from Mangalore.
The product belongs to M/s. ELF gas limited, Mangalore
The product was being transported to M/s. S&S Associates LPG Bottling Plant, located at Thandavapura Industrial Area, Nanjangud.
The driver was not carrying TREM Card – which is
mandatory while carrying hazardous material -
Motor Vehicle Act.
The TREM Card should be in English, Hindi and other
regional language. It should provide detailed
information on how to deal with hazards of that
chemical substance.
The driver and the cleaner were poorly equipped
with any facilities at least to attend minimum crisis.
This type of incident was the first of its kind to the
management also, hence they were also ill equipped.
REALITIES
Capsizing of LPG bullet was the Second of its kind in Mysore District in last two years – But no. of incidents of capsizing are being reported both print and e-media across the Districts.
Around 14 Factories are storing LPG in various capacities – Mysore District.
Movement of loaded tankers will be a regular phenomenon at Hunsur Road, KRS Road and at Nanjangud Road to cater the dangerous chemical – LPG to the factories.
Incidents can be forecasted at any point of time at any place.
We all know about the gravity of the hazard the chemical substance - LPG posses;
A comprehensive Plan is the need of hour to meet the crisis of this kind.
CONSEQUENT EFFECTS
Total panic situation,
Chaos due to traffic diversion,
Huge burden was accounted on both State & management exchequer
KR NAGAR INCIDENT
FALL OUTS
• No prepared plan of action
• District Administration is poorly equipped with tools
and tackles and equipment.
• Response time was very poor.
• Unnecessary delay in all course of actions
Conclusion The Industry need to grow, Chemicals of varied properties are
bound to creep in the system.
Nonetheless the aspect of safety assumes paramount
importance.
The need of the hour is to change our perception from
“Reactive” to “Proactive”.
The point to be remembered is not to create any more
opportunities or a chance for an industrial disaster to take place otherwise it would be catastrophic to both mankind and the nature.
Imbibe a culture of due diligence in discharging of our roles
and responsibilities effectively, cautiously and judiciously.
Take Away Message
I have not known of a war gained
by a rabble, but I have known of
wars gained by disciplined
armies.
- Mahatma Gandhiji
TAKE AWAY MESSAGES
One thing I learnt when I was negotiating was that,
until I changed myself, I could not change others.
- Sir Nelson Mandela
Those who do not learn from history are
doomed to repeat it.
- Sir Winston Churchill
Why do we need all this
- To save lives, property, environment
When the egg is broken – a life is lost
Allow the nesting…
… a life is born
Impact of Bhopal on
Environmental Jurisprudence in
India
Dr. Sairam Bhat
Associate Professor of Law
National Law School of India University
Bhopal: How it happened
The Civil Liability
Story
• Out of Court Settlement
• Compensation not yet fully settled why?
• Strict to Absolute Liability/Exception: Nuclear accidents
• Delay by Judicial system to provide compensation-Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991-National Environmental Tribunal, 1995
• Issues: Compensation for victims was negotiated-what about ‘environmental damage’. Can polluter pays principles be invoked against UCC?
• Green Bench to NGT
After Bhopal: Immediate lessons
learnt
• Environmental Protection Act, 1986
Can we avoid another Bhopal?
• Environmental Impact Assessment
• Public Hearing
Corporate Criminal Liability
The Waste Story: Trans-border
Conclusion
• Questions
Incident
• 22may2010 boeng 737 -800
• Out of166 people 158 died
• Captains failure
• CAUSE • Capt Glusica and First officer H Sahluwali
• A chain of multiple errer
• A large number of fatilities were due to burns eight of survivers,7 passengers had serious injuries,1 had minor injury
• RESCUE AND RESPONS • Local villagers
• 15 fire trucks
• 20 ambulances,100 rescue workers.
• Karnataka police,Bomb squades.
• Karnataka Fire and Emargency services.
• Karnataka state Reserve Police.
• The centrel Indestrial Security Force.[C.I.S.F]
• Hospital staff.
• Compansation • Rs 10 Lack offers by air line is their statutary duty under 28
schedule iii
• Final statement depends upon age of passenger,Education status ,Emploiment,
• Last sallary drown ,Matirial status.Genaral Economic Satus.
• Number of Dependents etc.
• PM RELIF FUND Deth 2 lacs,Injuries Rs 50,000
• The civil Aviation Ministry Rs 10 lacs
• Karnatak govt Rs 2 lacs
• Air line annonces Rs10 lack for above 12Years,Rs5 Lacks below12 years ,Rs 2 lacs to injured.
THANK YOU
• Prajented By:-
• 1) Dr. Bhushan. Upadhye
• 2)Dr. Praveen. Jahagirdar
• 3) Dr. Rajashekar. Metri
