Atherosclerosis IGCSE biology

5/25/2018 Atherosclerosis IGCSE biology

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Is a muscle about the size of your fistWeighs approximately one poundIs located behind and slightly to the left of the breastbonePumps about 5 quarts (4. liters! of blood e"ery minute


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The function of the heartis to circulate blood throughout the

body by:

Pumping blood through the lungs remo"es carbon dioxide

and refreshes the blood #ith oxygen$he oxygenated blood is pumped to the body to pro"ide

oxygen and nutrients and to remo"e #aste products.

$he coronary arteries are the blood "essels that supply blood

and oxygen to the heart muscle.


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2 coronary arteries branch from

the main aorta just above the

aortic valve. No larger than

drinking straws, they divide and

encircle the heart to cover its

surface with a lacy network that

reminded physicians of a slightly

crooked crown (coronarycomes

from the atin coronarius,

belonging to a crown or wreath!."hey carry out about #$% gallons

of blood through the heart

muscle daily.& ('lark, ##!

)lood *upply "o "he +eart


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'oronary rtery -isease 'oronary artery disease is one of the most common

and serious effects of aging. /atty deposits build upin blood vessel walls and narrow the passageway forthe movement of blood. "he resulting condition,called atherosclerosis often leads to eventualblockage of the coronary arteries and a heart

attack&.


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%&ardio"ascular disease claimed '.4 percent of all

deaths or ) of e"ery *.5 deaths in the +nited ,tates in

*---. &/ #as about 0- percent of %total mention

mortality.1 $his means that of o"er *24--2--- deaths

from all causes2 &/ #as listed as a primary orcontributing cause on about )24)52--- death certificates.1

(3merican eart /isease!


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,ince )--2 &/ has been the o. ) 6iller in the +nited ,tates

e"ery year but ))7.

early *20-- 3mericans die of &/ each day2 an a"erage of )

death e"ery '' seconds.

&/ claims more li"es each year than the next 5 leading causes of

death combined2 #hich are cancer2 chronic lo#er respiratory

diseases2 accidents2 diabetes mellitus2 influenza and pneumonia.

3lmost )5-2--- 3mericans 6illed by &/ each year are under

age 05.


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*igns and *ymptoms None: This is referred to as silent

ischemia. Blood to your heart may be

restricted due to CAD, but you dontfeel any effects.

Chest pain: If your coronary arteries

cant supply enough blood to meet the

oygen demands of your heart, the

result may be chest pain called angina.

!hortness of breath: !ome people may

not be a"are they ha#e CAD until they

de#elop symptoms of congesti#e heart

failure$ etreme fatigue "ith eertion,

shortness of breath and s"elling in

their feet and an%les.

&eart attac%: 'esults "hen an artery to

your heart muscle becomes completelybloc%ed and the party of your heart

muscles fed by that artery dies.

!igns (

!ymptoms

NoneChest

)ain

!hortness

*f Breath&eart

Attac%


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can, and does, occur

in almost any artery in the body. But in the heart

its effects can be crucial. +The body depends on

a strong pumping heart to circulate life$gi#ingblood, and this includes to the heart muscle itself.

If the coronary arteries become bloc%ed, the

cardiac muscle begins to fail, and so the blood

circulation decreases, "hich includes the

circulation to the heart muscle itself. -Thibodeau,

/0


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+igh blood cholesterol

+igh blood pressure

*moking

0besity

ack of physical activity


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'is% 1actors

1ncontrollable

*e

+ereditary

3ace

ge

'ontrollable

+igh blood pressure

+igh blood cholesterol

*moking

4hysical activity

0besity

-iabetes

*tress and anger


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*creening and -iagnosis

!tress!tress

TestTest

measures

measures

bloo

d

bloo

d

supply

supply

toheart

toheart

CoronaryCoronary

AngiographyAngiography

spe

cific

spe

cific

sho"ssho"s

coronaries

coronaries

Narro"in

ginNarro"i

ngin

!ite

sof

!ite

sof

2lectro$2lectro$

cardiogramcardiogram

measures

measures

el

ec

tr

ica

l

ele

ct

ri

ca

l

im

pulse

s

imp

ulses


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)lood tests: used to evaluate kidney and thyroid

function as well as to check cholesterol levels and

the presence of anemia.

'hest 56ray: shows the si7e of your heart andwhether there is fluid build up around the heart and

lungs.

8chocardiogram: shows a graphic outline of the

heart9s movement

8jection fraction (8/!: determines how well your

heart pumps with each beat.


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any people are able to manage

coronary artery disease with lifestyle

changes and medications.

0ther people with severe coronary

artery disease may need angioplasty or

surgery.


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Treatment -continued0

#! *tenting

a stent is introduced into a blood "essel on a ballooncatheter and ad"anced into the bloc6ed area of the artery

the balloon is then inflated and causes the stent to expand

until it fits the inner #all of the "essel2 conforming to

contours as needed

the balloon is then deflated and dra#n bac6

$he stent stays in place permanently2 holding the "esselopen and impro"ing the flo# of blood.


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2! ngioplastya balloon catheter is passed through the guiding catheter to thearea near the narro#ing. 3 guide #ire inside the balloon catheter is

then ad"anced through the artery until the tip is beyond the

narro#ing.

the angioplasty catheter is mo"ed o"er the guide #ire until the

balloon is #ithin the narro#ed segment.

balloon is inflated2 compressing the plaque against the artery #all

once plaque has been compressed and the artery has been

sufficiently opened2 the balloon catheter #ill be deflated and

remo"ed.


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'! 8ypass surgery

healthy blood "essel is remo"ed from leg2 arm or chest

blood "essel is used to create ne# blood flo# path in your heart

the %bypass graft1 enables blood to reach your heart by flo#ingaround (bypassing!

the bloc6ed portion

of the diseased

artery. $he

increased bloodflo# reduces angina

and the ris6 of heart

attac6.


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Get regular medical checkups.

Control your blood pressure.

Check your cholesterol.

Dont smoke.

Exercise regularly.

Maintain a healthy weight.

Eat a heart-healthy diet.

Manage stress.


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'itations

). Insel2 Paul &ore &oncepts in ealth 9c:ra#;ill&ompanies2 *--*

*. &lar62

Atherosclerosis IGCSE biology

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