At 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December 2004 ,
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Transcript of At 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December 2004 ,
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
At 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December 2004, Great earthquake off northeast coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
Location map of Indonesia from the National Earthquake Information Center(http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_slav_l.html)
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Tectonic Setting of Earthquake of 26 December 2004 from United States Geological Survey(http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/)
Earthquake caused by subduction of Indian plate beneath the Burma microplate
Relative motion of Indian plate to Burma microplate = 0.06 m per year (2.4 inches per year)
Other tectonic elements in region:Yangtze PlateEurasia PlateSunda TrenchSunda PlateAustralian PlateNinety East Ridge
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Map showing epicenter (star) of earthquake from the National Earthquake Information Center(http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_slav_l.html)
Mw = 9.0
Hypocenter = 30 km depth
Focal mechanism = thrust
Largest quake since 1964 Good Friday event, Alaska
Large magnitude quakes at subduction zones are often
tsunamigenic
Local tsunamis propagate toward nearest shoreline
Teletsunamis spread out across ocean basins
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Map showing historical seismicity (1900 - 2004) from the National Earthquake Information Center(http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_slav_l.html)
Seismicity 1900-2004
Star is 26 Dec 2004 event
Well-defined Benioff Zone associated with subduction
of Indian plate beneath Burmas microplate
Thus, main event occurred in seismically active area
Many earthquakes annually
Many have Mw > 6.5 (damaging magnitudes)
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Map showing historical seismicity (1900 - 2004) from the National Earthquake Information Center(http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_slav_l.html)
Est. rupture length = 1200 km
Est. rupture width = 100 km
Est. thrust fault offset = 15m
Est. seafloor uplift = m?
Uplift of seafloor is responsible for excitation of
tsunamis
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004Areas potentially affected by tsunami inundation and run-up in yellow
(i.e. shore zones < 20 m above sea-level)
Areas Potentially Affected by Tsunami of 26 December 2004 from UNOSAT(www.unosat.org)
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004Areas potentially affected by tsunami inundation and run-up in red
Map showing areas potentially inundated by tsunami on 26 December 2004 from UNOSAT.(http://cern.ch/unosat/freeproducts/Tsunami/JRC/Asia_Tsunami_07January_landcover.pdf)
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Potential population affected by tsunami on 26 December 2004 from UNOSAT(http://cern.ch/unosat/freeproducts/Tsunami/JRC/Asia_Tsunami_04January.pdf)
Potential population affected by tsunami in red zone
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004Predicted Arrival Time of First Tsunami Wave (in hours after earthquake)
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Numerical simulation (computer model) of tsunami Dr. A. Piatanesi of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in Rome, Italy.
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Animation of Before and After Images of Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Animation produced at the Earth Visualization Laboratory, University of Arkansas, USA By Dr. Stephen K. Boss
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Countries Reporting Direct Casualties from Earthquake and Tsunami
IndonesiaThailand
Andaman Islands (India)Nicobar Islands (India)
MyanmarBangladesh
IndiaSri Lanka
The MaldivesThe Seychelles
KenyaSomaliaTanzania
In addition, many western nations are reporting fatalities and missing among tourists who were visiting the affected countries
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Fundamental Features of Water Waves
Wave Crest: is the highest portion of the wave.
Wave Trough: is the lowest portion of the wave.
Wavelength: is the linear distance separating wave crests (or separating wave troughs).
Wave Amplitude: is the displacement of a crest or trough about the mean position or water level.
Wave Height: is the total vertical distance from crest to trough (equal to twice the amplitude).
Wave Period: is the time required for successive wave crests (or troughs) to pass a fixed point.
from An Introduction to the World's Oceans, 8th edition by K.A. Sverdrup, A.C. Duxbury, and A.B. Duxbury (2004)
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
deep-water waves: water depth is greater than one-half the waves' length.
shallow-water waves: depth becomes shallower than 1/20th of the wavelength
Tsunamis have wavelengths ranging from 100 – 200 km!
Tsunamis are, therefore, shallow-water waves (even in the open ocean)!
Though tsunamis have very long wavelengths, their amplitude in the open ocean is often relatively small - commonly only a meter or two - and this amplitude is distributed over the very long wavelength so that tsunamis are quite imperceptible on the surface of the ocean.
The speed of tsunamis is called celerity and is equal to:
3.31 x D0.5, where D = water depth (in meters)
In the deep ocean, tsunamis travel at speeds up to 750 km per hour (465 mi/hr)!
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Wave Refraction occurs when waves enter shallow water over an irregular bottom
Wave traveling in shallowest water will also move with the slowest celerity
Waves in deeper water continue moving with relatively greater celerity
Wave crests will curve or refract as the wave moves forward
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Waves spread or disperse upon passing through the gaps in barriers.
This process is called "wave diffraction“
Barriers with many gaps scatter wave energy, diminish wave height and power
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Numerical simulation (computer model) of tsunami Dr. A. Piatanesi of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in Rome, Italy.
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Tsunamis are waves generated by displacement of the ocean by impulsive events
Events known to generate tsunamis:
Submarine earthquakesExplosive volcanic eruptions
Submarine landslidesTerrestrial landslides that enter water bodies
Impacts of large extraterrestrial objects (e.g. asteroids or comets) in the ocean
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Tsunami Triggered by Submarine Earthquake (other than 26 December 2004)
The Great Chilean Earthquake and Tsunami, 1960(largest earthquake ever recorded, Mw = 9.5)
Tsunamis devastated Pacific Rim(Chile, Hawaii, Japan)
Good Friday Earthquake, Anchorage, Alaska, 1964(also an Mw = 9.2 earthquake)
Tsunamis devastated coastal Alaskan communitiesTsunami also devastated Crescent City, California
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Tsunami Triggered by Explosive Volcanic Eruption
Krakatau, Indonesia, 1883
On 26-27 August 1883, Krakatau volcano erupted
Among most violent volcanic eruptions in last 200 years
Tsunamis triggered by volcanic explosion and caldera collapse
Destroyed 165 coastal Indonesian villages on Java and Sumatra
36,000 Fatalities
Prior to 26 December 2004, most destructive tsunamis on record
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Tsunami Triggered by Submarine Landslides
Storrega, Norway
Series of submarine slides at ca. 35,000 and ca. 7,000 years ago
Triggered by earthquake or decomposition of gas hydrate in seafloor sediment
Storegga 1 (30,000-35,000 years before present)
Storegga 2(approximately 7,000 years before present)
Storegga 3(approximately 7,000 years before present)
Largest mass movement affecting the northwest European continental margin in the last 50,000 years
Tsunami deposited sediment widespread on Scottish coast
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Tsunami Triggered by Terrestrial Landslide that Entered Water Body
Lituya Bay, Alaska9 July 1958
Large earthquake created massive rock avalanche into fjord in southeast Alaska
Resulting impulsive wave is the highest ever recorded = 525 m(over 1,700 ft)
Several eyewitnesses lived to tell about it!
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
Tsunami Triggered by Impacts of Large Extraterrestrial Objects
Chicxulub, Mexico
Asteroid impact site and tsunami trigger terminating the Cretaceous Period
Asteroid believed to have had 10 km diameter (6.2 miles)
Impact in shallow tropical seas
Tsunami deposits widespread across Caribbean basin & Gulf of Mexico
Impact event also associated with mass extinction of terrestrial and marine biota
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Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004
The Andaman-Nicobar Earthquake and Tsunamis are possibly the greatest natural disasters in human history.
At this time, worldwide relief efforts are underway as all nations attempt to provide comfort and aid to tsunami and earthquake survivors while also accounting for those who
forever washed away.
Individuals interested in contributing to tsunami relief efforts are encouraged to contact reputable humanitarian agencies.Individuals interested in contributing to tsunami relief efforts are encouraged to contact reputable humanitarian agencies.