Astrop - King's Sutton...Roman and Saxon 11. Medieval 11. Astrop Spa & 18th century 11. 19th & 20th...
Transcript of Astrop - King's Sutton...Roman and Saxon 11. Medieval 11. Astrop Spa & 18th century 11. 19th & 20th...
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Astrop C O N S E R V A T I O N A R E A A P P R A I S A L A N D M A N A G E M E N T P L A N
Draft Appraisal for consultation August 2016
Astrop is a place of special character and historic interest.
This appraisal and management plan sets out the features
that contribute to its distinctiveness and identifies
opportunities for its preservation and enhancement.
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Contents
Summary 4
Summary of special interest 4
Key characteristics 4
Summary of issues & 5
opportunities
The conservation area boundary 5
Introduction and Planning 6
Policy Context
What is a conservation area? 6
Planning policy context 6
What does conservation area 6
status mean?
Location, Topography and 9
Geology
Location 9
Topography and geology 10
History and Development 11
Background 11
Roman and Saxon 11
Medieval 11
Astrop Spa & 18th century 11
19th & 20th century 13
Archaeology 15
Spatial Analysis 16
Land use 16
Settlement form 16
Street pattern, means of 17
enclosure and footpaths
Public realm 19
Open space, hedges and trees 19
Scale and massing 19
Key Views & Vistas 21
Architectural Analysis 23
Building age, type and style 23
Materials 24
Roofscape 25
Windows 26
Doors, porches and access 26
Positive buildings 27
Character Areas 28
Character Area One 29
Character Area Two 30
Boundary Justification 31
Management Plan 32
Policy Context 32
Threats 32
Management proposals 33
Other Sources of Information 36
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Aerial of Proposed Conservation Area
Figure 1: The proposed boundary for Astrop Conservation Area
2016 © Bluesky World international Ltd.
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Summary
Summary of Special Interest
The development and evolution of what were
once the medieval hamlets of Upper and Lower
Astrop has been linked with the Astrop House
since the eighteenth century. Since its
construction in the 1740s the House, and
associated buildings and parkland has been
owned by a number a dignitaries.
The built form of Astrop comprises, along with
the House and parkland, a mix of farmsteads
and vernacular cottages either leased out by the
House or owned by yeoman farmers. The
House, located east of the village of King’s
Sutton; stands within its formal gardens and
parkland. The present house displays remaining
elements of Classical architecture with the
presence of conventional features such as
pediments and symmetry across both front and
rear facades. Unfortunately the Neo-Classical
wings added by the eminent architect John
Soane were removed in the mid twentieth
century. Soane specialised in the Neo-Classical
style, his best known work being the Bank of
England, Royal Hospital Chelsea and Dulwich
Picture Gallery which, with its top lit galleries,
was a major influence on the planning of
subsequent art galleries and museums.
To the north of the house lies a complex of
associated buildings including the impressive
stable range and functional bothy.
To the south of the park lies the former
settlement of Astrop, now part of Kings Sutton,
with its more vernacular and intimate character.
Key Characteristics
Astrop House dominates the area sitting directly
in the middle of Upper and Lower Astrop within
its own formal gardens and associated land. The
associated stable yard has an enclosed feel of a
self-contained complex.
The settlement of Astrop, south of the House
contains more enclosed properties with a
mixture of smaller dwellings and farmsteads.
Traditional vernacular buildings have been built
in local limestone and ironstone with a mixture of
plain tile and slate. Dwellings vary in height with
most being 2 or 3 storeys. Most dwellings have
associated outbuildings and barns that sit gable
end and parallel on to the road.
Boundary and garden walls are a notable
feature in the conservation area offering a visual
distinction between plots and properties. They
vary in height and coping but are traditionally
limestone dry walling which offers a visual
homogeneity to the streetscape.
Pockets of open space and trees contribute
greatly to the rural character of the settlement.
The green space is mostly associated with
Astrop House however there are several other
open spaces around the periphery of the core
and Astrop. The vernacular properties have
open space to the front and rear sometimes
enclosed within a yard. Mature vegetation
dominates many of the views throughout the
conservation area and contributes greatly to
situating the settlement within a rural
environment.
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Summary
Summary of issues and opportunities
Change is inevitable in all conservation areas
and it is not the intention of the designation to
prevent the continued evolution of a place. The
challenge with conservation areas is to manage
change in a way that preserves, reinforces and
enhances the special quality of the area.
The preservation and enhancement of the
special character and appearance of the
conservation area will owe much to its positive
management. In addition to the existing national
legislation and local planning controls the
following opportunities for enhancement have
been identified:
Establish a list of locally significant
buildings and policies for their protection.
Encourage the preservation and
enhancement of surviving historic detail
and the reinstatement of appropriately
designed detailed fittings in buildings
considered to be of significance to the
character area and appearance of the
conservation area. The use of Article 4
Directions, which remove the permitted
development rights of dwelling houses, will
help to achieve this.
Ensure that all new development is
sustainable, high quality, well designed
and responds to its context in terms of
urban and architectural design.
Promote the sympathetic management of
open spaces within the conservation area
including verges, and work with the
highways authorities to avoid the insertion
of inappropriate kerbing and footpaths
which would have a harmful urbanising
effect.
The Conservation Area Boundary
King’s Sutton Conservation Area was first
designated in October 1970 with Astrop also
included. The boundary was reviewed in late
2016 and amended to create Astrop as an
independent conservation area from King’s
Sutton. The following amendments have been
made:
To the south of Astrop House- the
exclusion of Astrop Grange and
surrounding houses due to its
demolishment and reconstruction in
2016/17.
The retention of the historic boundary wall
around Astrop Grange.
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The Proposed Conservation Area
Figure 2: The proposed boundary for Astrop Conservation Area. The shaded pink area represents the current area, the red
outline represents the proposed area. 2016 © Bluesky World international Ltd.
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1. Introduction and Planning Policy Context
1.1 What is a conservation area?
Conservation areas were introduced under the
Civic Amenities Act of 1967. That Act required
Local Planning Authorities to identify areas, as
opposed to individual buildings, of special
architectural or historic interest and to designate
them as conservation areas.
Since 1967 over 9800 conservation areas have been designated in England, including 61 in the South Northamptonshire District. A conservation area is “...an area of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.” Section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and
Conservation Areas) Act 1990.
1.2 What does Conservation Area Status Mean? Conservation area status seeks to preserve and
enhance the special character of the designated
area. Designation confers a general control over
development that could harm the area’s
character. The details are complex but can be
summarised as:
Most demolition requires permission and is
likely to be resisted if the building makes a
positive contribution to the area.
There are some minor works to houses which
are no longer permitted development and will
require planning permission. Examples are
dormer windows, extensions, external
cladding, alterations to the roof, and most
satellite dishes on front elevations.
Advertisement controls are tighter.
Most work to trees has to be notified to the
Council, who then have six weeks in which to
impose restrictions in the form of a tree
preservation order.
Generally, higher standards of design apply
for new buildings and alterations to existing
ones.
1.3 What is the Purpose of this Appraisal?
This appraisal will provide the basis for making
informed, sustainable decisions about the
positive management, preservation and
enhancement of the conservation area. It
provides a clear understanding of the special
interest of Astrop Conservation Area by:
describing how the settlement has
developed;
analysing its present day character; and
identifying opportunities for enhancement.
The appraisal is not intended to be
comprehensive and omission of any particular
building, feature or space should not be taken to
imply that it is not of interest.
1.4 Planning Policy Context
This appraisal should be read in conjunction
with the wider national, regional and local
planning policy and guidance including the
National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)
under which a conservation area is deemed to
be a heritage asset.
The Planning (Listed Buildings and
Conservation Areas) Act 1990 provides the
legislative framework for the preservation and
enhancement of the nation’s heritage of
buildings and places of architectural and historic
interest.
The 1990 Act also places a duty on Local
Planning Authorities to consider “from time to
time” whether new areas should be designated
or whether boundaries should be revised.
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1. Introduction and Planning Policy Context
This document is based on advice contained
within the English Heritage guidance
“Understanding Place: Conservation Area
Designation, Appraisal and Management”
published in 2011.
The South Northamptonshire Local Plan was
adopted in 1997.
Policies EV10 and EV11 of the document state:
“The Council will seek to preserve or enhance
the special character or appearance of
conservation areas,” and that “Planning
permission will not be granted for any
development proposals outside of a
conservation area which have an adverse effect
on the setting of the conservation area or any
views.”
The West Northamptonshire Joint Core Strategy
2014 sets out the long-term vision and
objectives for the whole of South
Northamptonshire to 2029, including strategic
policies for steering and shaping development.
Policy BN5 of that Strategy relates to the
Historic Environment and states that:
‘Designated and non designated heritage assets
and their settings and landscapes will be
conserved and enhanced in recognition of their
individual and cumulative significance and
contribution to West Northamptonshire's local
distinctiveness and sense of place.’
In order to secure and enhance the significance
of the area’s heritage assets and their settings
and landscape development in areas of
landscape sensitivity and/or known historic or
heritage significance will be required to:
Sustain and enhance the heritage
landscape features which contribute to the
character of the area including:
Conservation Areas.
Demonstrate an appreciation and
understanding of the impact of
development on surrounding heritage
assets and their settings in order to
minimise harm on these assets.
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2. Location
2.1 Location
Astrop sits towards the far west of the South
Northamptonshire District close to the border of
Cherwell Valley. It is located 5 miles from
Banbury and 7 miles from Brackley. It is now
part of King’s Sutton village due to modern infill
causing the two settlements to join. The House
and gardens are located to the east of King’s
Sutton with the remnants of Upper and Lower
Astrop to the north and south respectively.
Astrop is part of King’s Sutton Parish which also
includes the discrete settlements of Great
Purston, Little Purston, and Walton. Most of the
properties are now privately owned however in
the nineteenth century a large majority were
either owned by the House and leased out
accordingly or by yeoman farmers.
A number of farmyard complexes have been
developed into residential use however the
historic land divisions can still be read in the
landscape today.
Figure 3: Location map of Astrop
© Crown Copyright and database right 2016. Ordnance Survey 1000022487
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2. Location
2.2 Topography and Geology
The Northamptonshire Environmental Character
and Green Infrastructure Strategies were
published by the River Nene Regional Park CIC
in 2009. These strategies included
environmental, landscape and biodiversity
character assessments for the county.
In the assessments, Astrop was identified as
lying within the Environmental Character Area of
the Cherwell Valley Catchment, situated on the
south-western boundary of the county. The
Cherwell Valley in Northamptonshire forms part
of a much broader landscape that extends
further to the south and west. The River
Cherwell forms the county boundary for much of
its course through South Northamptonshire,
prior to re-entering Oxfordshire again where it
joins the Thames in Oxford. The Cherwell Valley
is an important strategic route through the
Northamptonshire and Cotswolds uplands. The
valley is a significant feature of the wider
landscape. Tributary streams draining the West
Northamptonshire Uplands break up the simple
form of the valley.
Broad alluvial deposits fringing the river south of
Banbury mask the underlying solid geology and
create a flat or gently undulating floodplain
landscape. The floodplains bordering the river
are often grazed by cattle with occasional
punctuated concentrations of woodland, which
gives the landscape a peaceful and pastoral
character.
Settlement is typically located on the lower
slopes of the valley sides, although a small
number of farms are located within the
floodplain. Astrop, once an independent village,
is located on the fringes of the floodplain,
although infill housing development has resulted
in it merging with King’s Sutton which is situated
further up the valley slopes.
Valley villages tend to have a sheltered and
enclosed character with the use of locally
sourced limestone which is a prominent feature
of Astrop’s built form. Vernacular dwellings
contrast sharply to the country houses that are
located throughout the landscape, for example
Astrop House being a significantly larger scale
than the surrounding traditional dwellings.
Parliamentary enclosure in the second half of
the eighteenth century prevails however, since
the 1950s boundary removal has created a
somewhat modern field scape pattern. Land
cover is predominantly improved agriculture with
arable and pastoral farming evident in equal
measure.
Towards the south of Astrop Conservation Area
the mature vegetation restricts views of the
surrounding landscape, however this agricultural
setting is particularly evident in views out of the
area to the north.
Figure 4: The Cherwell Valley Character Area 2016 © Crown
copyright NCC 100019331.
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3. History and Development
3.1 Background
The current layout of Astrop has remained
largely unaltered since the eighteenth and
nineteenth century with many of the houses
dating from this time. The history and
development of Astrop owes much to the
agricultural nature of the surrounding area and
its relationship to King’s Sutton.
3.2 Roman and Saxon
An abundance of archaeological evidence has
been found across Astrop and the surrounding
area of King’s Sutton indicating that settlement
was taking place as early as the prehistoric
period. Early settlers were potentially attracted
by the proximity to the river, the light soil ideal
for primitive farming methods and the ready
availability of raw materials.
Settlement continued through the Roman
occupation with various finds of bones, pottery
and coins. The area known as Blacklands, has
long been known as a Roman settlement, due to
recorded 'Roman money' found in Blacklands
Furlong as well as other significant finds.
3.3 Medieval
In late medieval times the parish contained a
number of discrete settlements Upper Astrop
and Lower Astrop, King’s Sutton, Great Purston,
Little Purston then a detached part of Newbottle
Parish, and Walton. Each had its own
associated land unit except for Upper and Lower
Astrop which shared one. Purston and Walton
have subsequently shrunk in size to farms
surrounded by a few houses
The earliest record found relating to Astrop
dates from the late thirteenth century. Held by
the National Archive, the record relates to land
held by Roger de Quency (Earl of Winchester)
across Northamptonshire. The archives also
hold records dating from the mid fourteenth
century referring to land held by a Master
Richard de Middleton. Numerous records dating
from the early fifteenth century refer to land
debts belonging to a William Bedford which
continued on past his death. Going into the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries various
wills emerge referring to land owned by local
dignitaries and yeoman. What these records
show is that from early on Astrop was a
primarily agricultural and rural settlement.
The earliest reference to a substantial property
within Astrop dates from the 1680s. A letter
written by “John Howe”, also known as the
English politician John Grubham Howe, to
Thomas Wharton, 1st Marquess of Wharton
states;
“Has returned, for necessary business, to
London, leaving his company deeply engaged in
water-drinking at Astrop [Probably, at Astrop-
Hall, Northamptonshire, near to which is "St.
Rumbald's [Ronnald's] Well", a medicinal
spring.].
The Lord Mayor's prudence [at the recent City
election] is much applauded by all
understanding men. Mr Rethel now hesitates
whether to hold or not.. But 'tis hoped he will not
desert his friends [sic]"
Astrop House was not built by Sir John Willes
until the 1740s which suggests that the
placement of the House today was predicated
by an earlier property on the site.
3.4 Astrop Spa and 18th Century
In the late seventeenth century the medicinal
spring at Astrop was discovered by the eminent
physician Dr Richard Lower and Dr Willis.
Drinking water from the spring allegedly cured a
variety of illness ranging from rheumatism to
mania. The discovery, and subsequent
popularity, of the spring bought with it many
years of prosperity for King’s Sutton and Astrop.
Various eighteenth century travel writers such
as Celia Fiennes (1662-1741) documented
visiting the spring and surrounding area. A
number of dignitaries are purported to have
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3. History and Development
also visited the area such as; the North family of
Wroxton, and Frederick Prince of Wales and his
wife.
With its increasing popularity the spa
unfortunately lacked suitable lodgings for
travellers. In 1694 Fiennes writes of a spa
consisting of only mineral water flowing into a
dirty, mossy well and two rooms, one for
company and one for music. However by 1740
Dr Thomas Short of Sheffield found a basin to
be catching the water in a small stone flagged
enclosure presided over by a statue of St
Rumbold. A well-house had a palisade in front
and from here travellers could go into a large
wainscoted room to socialise and gather
refreshments. Over the brook from the well was
a tea room, dancing room, large kitchen and a
shop.
Astrop had become ‘a paradise of pleasure’ and
as such in 1749 a new well was opened at
King’s Sutton. This is still present today, known
as Bog Spring which can be found in the
meadow close to King’s Sutton railway station.
The success of Astrop Spa certainly lies in part
in its proximity to King’s Sutton. Less than a mile
away, travellers were able to stay for several
weeks in available lodgings.
Figure 5: Grade II listed limestone Wellhead of St Rumbold’s Well.
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3. History and Development
At the height of this period there was said to be
a public ball every Monday, cards, dancing and
a variety of other social events. A fire in 1785
devastated parts of the spa but was reopened in
1800. The sketchbooks of J. C Nattes (c.1810)
illustrate a thatched cottage adjoining the well,
and also the interior of a large shed with a tank,
pump, shute and sunken bath as such the spa
may have catered for bathers as well as
drinkers. By the nineteenth century the
popularity of the spa had declined and was soon
overshadowed by more fashionable resorts
such as Leamington and Bath. Competition was
also in the immediate area with spas to be found
at Horwood in Buckinghamshire and Ilmington in
Warwickshire.
3.5 19th and 20th Century
Maps dating from the nineteenth century
illustrate a settlement mainly of farm and
agricultural complexes (Fig. 7). Yeoman farmers
owned a large proportion of land surrounding
Astrop House, evident from the enclosure maps
and wills dating from that time. As such the
nineteenth century was one of change for the
settlement with the wealth of
owners contributing to the built form and layout.
Sir John Soane added wings to Astrop House in
1805, which were extended throughout the
nineteenth century. In 1868 William Wilkinson
(1819-1901), an architect of the British Gothic
Revival, added the Keeper’s Lodge, pheasantry
and cottage to the grounds most likely during a
period of particular wealth for estate.
Unfortunately the Soane wings were demolished
in the 1960s leaving the current House as it
stands today. A number of properties to the
south of Astrop House, within the gardens, were
demolished as can be seen on the mid-
nineteenth century maps. The farmsteads south
of Astrop House have remained greatly
unchanged with some twentieth century
conversions and developments behind existing
farm buildings.
Since its construction Astrop House has been
owned by number of dignitaries. The House
stands within its landscaped gardens on the
eastside of King’s Sutton; modern development
has subsequently caused the two settlements to
join.
Figure 6: A view of Astrop House, inscribed and dated January 15th 1887– Aldridges of Bath Auction House.
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3. History and Development
Figure 7: Map of Astrop Estate from Declaration of William Gregory, July 1856– Northamptonshire Records Office.
Astrop House is circled in green, Astrop in blue and Kings Sutton village in purple.
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3. History and Development
3.6 Archaeology
The parish is particularly rich in archaeological
remains of all periods. The area known as
Blacklands, has long been known as a Roman
settlement, due to recorded 'Roman money'
found in Blacklands Furlong. Before 1825
skeletons 'in rude cists of sarson stones' were
found in the area and in 1825 a 'cinerary urn'
containing a cremation, two skeletons and coins
of Hadrian (76 AD -138 AD) and Marcus
Aurelius (121 AD - 180 AD) were discovered.
Before 1841 Roman coins, including some
silver, foundations of buildings, mill-stones and
at least four more skeletons with 'rough
headstones' were found and the existence of
cropmarks was noted. Recent field walking has
produced Roman pottery from over a wide area.
This pottery is mainly of the third to fourth
century.
Evidence of Neolithic and Roman Settlement
and burials have been found in the village.
Between 1909 and 1911 numerous discoveries
were made. In 1910 at least 12 extended
skeletons were found and in 1911 four more
burials, two of which were crouched
inhumations. Numerous pits, Neolithic and
Roman pottery, Roman coins from Claudius (49
AD-54AD) to Constantine the Great (272AD-
337AD), flint scrapers and a polished axe were
also discovered then. In 1966 a polished flint
axe was also discovered within the parish.
Air photographs show, rather indistinctly, at
least five small circular features as well as a
number of ditches which are probably parts of
enclosures. Another cropmark visible on air
photographs is described as an 'early road'. It
appears to be an abandoned ironstone
tramway.
Further opportunities to increase our
understanding of Astrop and its settlement
should be taken when sites for research and/or
development are recognised and brought
forward.
Figure 8: Archaeological map of Astrop and surrounding
area. Red line indicates archaeological finds. © Crown
Copyright and database right 2016. Ordnance Survey
100022487
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4. Spatial Analysis
4.1 Land Use
The conservation area is split into two distinct
areas, Astrop House and gardens and Astrop.
The House and gardens are part of the private
estate. The settlement itself is a mix of
residential housing with a number of farm
outbuildings. Astrop’s close proximity to King’s
Sutton has meant it has benefitted from the
infrastructure within the village such as two
public houses, a primary school, railway station
and the Church of St Peter and St Paul.
4.2 Settlement Form
The layout of Astrop has been greatly dictated
by both the medieval settlements of Upper and
Lower Astrop and the estate itself in the
nineteenth century.
The House sits separate from the settlements
north and south. Astrop developed partly due to
changing medieval village boundaries and the
construction of Astrop House.
A number of the houses in Astrop developed as
farmsteads and labourers cottages located north
and to the immediate south of the House. The
settlement has grown organically over the
centuries, likely dictated by the requirements of
the owners of Astrop House and yeoman.
Changes to the parkland and the eradication of
formal avenues led to the loss of buildings to the
south of the House in the nineteenth century
(Fig. 9). This implemented scheme also created
the more formal service yard entrance to the
House and associated access. A prolific building
period was prevalent in the late nineteenth
century and early twentieth century with the
demolition of a number of farm buildings on the
parkland.
Figure 9: c.1843 Map illustrating the nuclear plan form and street pattern of Astrop
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Figure 10: Limestone boundary walls and hedges contribute to the sense of enclosure in Astrop.
4. Spatial Analysis
4.3 Street pattern, means of enclosure and
footpaths
Astrop is a rural settlement located a mile to the
east of King’s Sutton. Upper Astrop Road runs
from a northerly direction to the west of the
conservation area connecting Astrop with King’s
Sutton and acts as one of the principal routes to
the conservation area. There is only one short
channelled pavement within Astrop
Conservation Area leading out towards Charlton
along Astrop Road. The built form of Astrop is a
mix of former farmsteads of self-contained
complexes.
To the south of the conservation area Astrop
Road meets Upper Astrop Road forming a small
green at the junction. A minor country road
leads out west from the green towards Charlton.
A narrow highway runs south through the former
farmsteads of Astrop. A strong sense of
enclosure is created by the built form running
both parallel and gable end to the highway. At
Grey Court the road opens out adapting to the
formal entrance and junction to Astrop Road
Previously two avenues running off from Upper
Astrop Road would have led to the grand
entrance of Astrop House. No longer used as
principal accesses, ornate gate piers demark
their former use (Fig. 11).
Figure 11: Grade II listed entrance gates to Astrop House.
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Figure 12: Public rights of way around Astrop © Crown
Copyright and database right 2016. Ordnance Survey
100022487
4. Spatial Analysis
There is a strong sense of enclosure both within
the built and natural form in Astrop. Trees line at
least one side of the road limiting views into the
village beyond, especially during spring and
summer. Along the west side the built form has
a strong sense of enclosure with the use of
limestone boundary walls containing the larger
properties. The materials used for enclosure
vary, but each property has clear plot
boundaries. In some instances these
boundaries are provided by the building
themselves where they sit towards the front
edge of the plot and in close proximity to the
road. These are usually associated with
vernacular and functional buildings such as
barns.
Tall boundary walls are also a prominent feature
within Astrop particularly around Astrop Grange;
now a twentieth century estate. Another
limestone boundary wall surrounds Grey Court
signifying the entrance to the farmsteads in the
south of Astrop.
Within Astrop House gardens boundary lines
are created through former avenues and flora to
denote different areas and transitions in planting
and form. The planned nature of the garden, in
particular the lake, was thought to be that of
Capability Brown due to its resemblance to
Stowe House and Badminton House. There has
been suggestion that a poem that cited Brown
was not referring to Capability but a local
designer called Brown. Neither of these
suggestions has been substantiated through
documentary evidence.
Historically a number of footpaths would have
run through Astrop linking various parts of the
settlement and surrounding villages however
only three public rights of way are evident today.
Figure 13: Public footpath linking Upper Astrop Road and
Astrop Road; the pathway runs alongside the historic
boundary wall which surrounds Astrop Grange.
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4. Spatial Analysis
4.4 Public Realm
Change is inevitable within a settlement as it
expands and develops. The provision of utilities
and resources is fundamental to ensuring the
longevity and viability of the settlement. One of
the main interventions that have been
detrimental to Astrop is the use of wiring and
telegraph poles. Overhead wires can interrupt
views along the historic streetscape and
contend with the vertical scale provided by
trees, which greatly contribute to the rural
character of the settlement (Fig. 14).
Astrop’s peripheral location in relation to the
main settlement of King’s Sutton has meant it
has not suffered much intrusion from public
furniture; with the majority being situated
towards the village centre. There is a mix of
road signage and footpath signage across the
conservation area, however these are used
sparingly and tend to be only evident where
necessary.
4.5 Trees, Hedges and Open Space
The rural character of Astrop is a key feature of
the area establishing it as a settlement with
agricultural origins.
Within Astrop hedges are predominantly used
as a boundary alongside limestone walls (Fig.
16). There are a number of trees across the
area, which aid in the sense of enclosure and
contribute to the rural character of the
settlement. They are found on the periphery of
larger properties and field boundaries lining the
highway and shielding views. Trees are used to
similar effect to screen Astrop House from the
main highway.
Open space is found both within and
surrounding the conservation area, reflecting
remnants of yeoman land now detached from
the immediate House (Fig. 15). This greatly
contributes to the character and interpretation of
the settlement.
Figure 14: Wires and telegraph poles can detract from the
character of the area.
Figure 15:The open space in Astrop further contributing to
the rural nature of the settlement.
Figure 16: Hedges and boundary walls contribute greatly to
the enclosure within the settlement.
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4. Spatial Analysis
The largest single example is found to the south
west of Upper Astrop Road, punctuated by
trees, this open space is evident on the early
map of 1843. Open space is also found
opposite the properties in Lower Astrop and
behind the historic properties along Upper
Astrop Road (Fig. 15). A small green is created
at the junction of Upper Astrop Road and Astrop
Road. Punctuated by a large mature tree, it
provides a focus leading into the village of
King’s Sutton (Fig. 17).
The expanse of parkland associated with the
House is not visible from the highway. The
garden consists designed vistas and views of
the surrounding countryside and House.
4.6 Scale and Massing
The scale of the built form in the conservation
area varies considerably indicating the different
phases of development and functions within the
settlement. Most of the properties within Astrop
are of 2 storeys (Fig. 20).
The footprint of properties differs with a mixture
of farmhouses, cottages and formal dwellings.
Due to the agricultural nature of the settlement,
outbuildings such as barns are also within the
conservation area- usually of 1-1½ storeys.
Many of these have since been converted to
residential use.
The varying densities of pockets of open space
contribute to the open nature of area. This is
particularly evident along Upper Astrop Road
where the large properties on the south-east of
the highway are set back within their plots with
open land to west.
There is a tight grain towards the south of the
conservation area. Here the combination of
cottages, farmstead and outbuildings that run
parallel to the highway create a more intimate
space where the built form dominates parts of
the streetscape. This is echoed with the
limestone boundary wall running to the north
and east.
Figure 17: The small green at the crossroads of Upper
Astrop Road and Astrop Road before entering King’s
Sutton village.
Figure 18: Traditional stone vernacular cottage at the
entrance to the historic footpath that connects the two
Astrop Roads.
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4. Spatial Analysis
4.7 Key Views and Vistas
Due to the varying alignment of the road, views
within the conservation area change
incorporating different elements of the built and
natural form. Trees feature prominently in all
views, particularly in the south of Astrop (Fig.
20). Views of larger properties are mostly
screened by vegetation and limestone walls, but
glimpses can be seen through access gates.
The short channelled changeable views are
important in promoting the enclosed rural feel of
the settlement.
Views out to the surrounding countryside are
visible to the north of the conservation area
(Fig. 19). The landscape has been integral to
the development of the settlement from St
Rumbold’s Well to the surrounding fields used
for agriculture.
Modern intervention such as telegraph poles
and cables are evident in views within the
conservation area which can detract from the
rural setting and environment (Fig. 21).
Figure 19: View looking north along Upper Astrop Road to the surrounding countryside; the setting helps places the village
within an agrarian landscape.
Figure 20: Short channelled vistas are an important feature
of the conservation area.
Figure 21: Telegraph poles can detract from the views
within the conservation area.
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4. Spatial Analysis
Figure 22: Important spatial features in the proposed Astrop Conservation Area
© Crown Copyright and database right 2016. Ordnance Survey 100022487
Proposed Conservation Area
Listed Building/Wall
Other Significant Building
Important Wall
Tree Preservation Order- Single/Group
Important Tree or Tree Group
Scheduled Ancient Monument
Important Open Space
Important View
Public Right of Way
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5. Architectural Analysis
5.1 Building Age, type and style
The age and style of the built form varies across
the conservation area. Structures associated
with Astrop House are formal in style exhibiting
classical proportions and detailing. As
mentioned, the House was built by Sir John
Willes, with the later addition of Soane wings
however it has been subsequently altered
throughout the centuries.
Most of the traditional domestic vernacular
buildings in Astrop date from between the 17th
to 19th centuries. As former farmsteads these
are mostly cottages and houses of 2 storeys
with associated barns and outbuildings of 1-1 ½
storeys, some of which have been converted for
residential use.
Along Upper Astrop Road there is a mix of
smaller vernacular dwellings as well as a
presence of more formal, planned residences
assumed to have belonged either to the Astrop
House or wealthier farmers of the settlement.
This more formal set of residences is echoed in
the south of Astrop with the presence of
nineteenth century Grey Court and associated
outbuildings.
Figure 23: Vernacular cottages and former farmsteads
are typical of Astrop settlement.
Figure 24: Outbuildings and barns within the settlement
have predominantly converted for residential use.
Figure 25: A former farmstead to the south of Astrop;
the outbuildings and large yard suggest its former
agricultural function.
Figure 26: The Gatehouse along Upper Astrop Road,
one of the more uniquely designed properties within the
area with its varying roof pitch and projecting bay.
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5. Architectural Analysis
5.2 Materials
The building material is a mixture of local stone,
marlstone and limestone. The vernacular
properties tend to be laid as coursed rubble,
whilst Astrop House is laid in squared courses.
The stone is locally sourced, most likely from
quarries in the surrounding area. Limestone is
used in the formal listed gate piers to Astrop
House, this is rusticated in detail whilst the gate
piers to Grey Court are ironstone ashlar with
pineapple finials. Boundary walls are
predominantly built of local limestone providing
visual homogeneity across the streetscape.
There is an absence of brick dwellings in the
conservation area with the material only evident
as extensions. The northern façade of Grey
Court, fronting Astrop Road, is constructed of
brick on limestone foundations, suggesting a
later alteration (Fig. 28). Curiously brick can
also be seen across the window detailing of an
unnamed outbuilding in Lower Astrop (Fig. 29).
The readily available local source of building
material at the stone quarries might have made
it more cost effective than transporting brick by
either road or rail.
Figure 27: Limestone is the predominant building material
in Astrop.
Figure 28: The brick northern façade of Grey Court is one
of the few examples of this material being used within the
area.
Figure 29: A limestone outbuilding with curious “gothick”
windows framed by brick offers interest to the streetscape.
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5. Architectural Analysis
5.3 Roofscape
There is a variety of roofing materials found
across the conservation area. The vernacular
houses would have originally been thatched,
however these have since been replaced with
slate and other materials; a common occurrence
with the advent of improved transport
infrastructure and longevity of the material.
Stone slate is a distinctive roofing material found
on a number of properties within the
conservation area. This gives an interesting and
organic appearance to the roofscape in
comparison to the smooth regular finish
provided by slate.
Red clay tiles can also be found within the
conservation area, particularly on converted
outbuildings. Whilst not a common feature they
add an element of interest to the streetscape
(Fig. 30).
The vernacular properties tend to have
uncluttered roofs with the addition of simple
brick chimney stacks located on the gable ends.
Where stacks interrupt the ridgeline this is
usually evidence of a later extension.
More complex and distinguishable roofs are
found at Grey Court and College Farm. Where
stone stacks are visible this can be an indicator
the wealth of the historic occupant (Fig. 31). The
larger properties tend to have the addition of
dormer windows, which are not a common
feature within the conservation area.
Ridgelines tent to run parallel to the road. These
vary in height due to different building phases
and functions, with adjacent and rear barns and
outbuildings tending to be of single of 1 1/2
storeys.
Figure 30: Red clay tiles can be found within the
conservation area, predominantly on converted outbuildings.
Figure 31: The various chimneys of Grey Court suggesting
a prosperous history.
Figure 32: Note the change of pitch on the end gable
suggesting the replacement of thatch to slate.
Figure 33: Brick chimneys are common within the
conservation area.
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5. Architectural Analysis
5.4 Windows
Window style varies according to the building
type. For the larger properties timber sash
windows are prevalent. These are regularly
spaced with Astrop House having a significant
number of windows on both east and west
façades and the decorative bay windows at The
Gatehouse.
For the vernacular properties casement
windows are the most common made of either
timber or metal. The retention of traditional
windows and the use of traditional materials for
replacement windows would be strongly
encouraged. Lintels are made of timber, with
some blocked openings retaining their lintels to
indicate former openings. Cills vary from stone,
dressed lead or sometimes tile.
Windows on the vernacular properties tend to be
smaller in size and less regimented in their
placement across the façade. Such dwellings
favoured function over form and so architectural
elements and design had little consideration.
Some properties have had their original
windows removed and replaced with modern
PVCu alternatives. These greatly affect not only
the character of the building, but also have a
negative impact on the conservation area as a
whole.
5.5 Doors and Porches
Doors tend to be of traditional timber in either
plank or panel design. These are visible on the
cottage dwellings that face the highway, but not
those orientated gable end on or the larger
properties. Porches are not a common feature of
the conservation area, although recent slate
additions can be found (Fig. 38). These are not
traditional, but do not detract from the historic
nature of the conservation area.
The outbuildings and barns in Astrop have been
converted to residential use, whilst this can
sometimes be detrimental, the majority of
conversions have been sympathetic and
retained characteristic openings and access
points visible as doors and lintels.
Figure 34: Casement windows and wooden plank doors are
found on the vernacular properties where visible.
Figure 35: Former agricultural openings have been left
exposed on a converted outbuilding within the area.
Figure 36: A glimpse of porch within the area; as stated they
are not a common feature however they do not detract from
the character of the area if concealed by a high boundary.
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5. Positive Buildings
5.6 Positive buildings
Fig. 37 identifies buildings which make a
positive contribution to the character of the
conservation area. This contribution may be in
one or more of the following ways:
Buildings which provide evidence of the
area’s history and development
Buildings of architectural merit
Buildings which exemplify local vernacular
styles
Groups of buildings which together make
a positive contribution to the streetscape
There should be a presumption in favour of their
retention in all but exceptional circumstances.
A number of these important buildings are listed
as they are of national importance due to their
historic and/or architectural interest. It is an
offence to undertake alterations to a listed
building without first gaining permission to do so
from the Local Planning Authority.
Figure 37: Significant buildings in Astrop including those listed buildings of architectural or historic interest.© Crown copyright
and database right 2016. Ordnance Survey 100022487.
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6. Character Areas
6.1 Character Areas
Whilst sharing many common characteristics
and features, the character and special interest
of the Astrop Conservation Area varies as you
travel throughout the settlement
Areas display different characteristics and their
significance is derived from a combination of
differing factors. As such the Astrop
Conservation Area has been divided into two
sub-areas known as character areas.
Each area has a different character and distinct
building forms generated by the function, age
and positioning of the buildings and spaces. A
shared palette of construction materials and
landscaping features unifies the character areas
with one another.
Character Area Key
1 Astrop House and
Grounds
2 Astrop
Figure 38: Character areas of the proposed Astrop Conservation Area. © Bluesky World international Ltd 2016
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6. Character Area One
Figure 39: Astrop House, built Sir John Willes in the 1740s.
6.2 Astrop House and Grounds
This character area is focused around Astrop
House– incorporating the various buildings on
the grounds.
Astrop House is separated from the rest of
conservation area by an established, historic
tree belt. The north-south road that runs to the
west of Astrop House separates the grounds
from King’s Sutton village. This split only serves
to accentuate the separation from the
neighbouring settlement.
This character area is mostly defined by the
House. As part of an early eighteenth century
plan the House, later accompanied by the
stables to north, was kept separate from the
agricultural buildings of the settlement. The
purpose of this was to possibly reinforce a social
hierarchy, with those of a higher status kept
separate from village practises.
The House is surrounded by large gardens with
a picturesque lake to the east. This illustrates
the planned nature of the grounds in the
eighteenth century with a long driveway and
various other means of entry across the grounds
separating the house from the rest of the
settlement.
Key Characteristics:
Concentration of Astrop House and related
outbuildings.
Expansive grounds with ornamental lake.
Use of traditional materials.
Self contained complex separate from
surrounding agricultural buildings and
King’s Sutton.
Distinctive architectural style.
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6. Character Area Two
6.3 Lower Astrop
Little modern development has intruded upon
Astrop, with the dispersed former farmsteads
and cottages retaining some of their original
features. Unlike Astrop House, a sense of
enclosure is felt in Astrop through the use of
limestone boundary walls and mature
vegetation.
There appear to be small copses and a number
of mature trees which create an almost semi-
wooded area to this particular part of Astrop. A
public footpath runs to the south of the area
continuing into the open countryside beyond.
Key Characteristics:
Use of traditional materials.
Self contained complex.
Some dwellings enclosed privately within
driveways.
Expanse of wooded areas.
Prominent use of ironstone and limestone.
Use of boundary walls.
Dispersed building pattern to reflect former
agricultural nature.
Figure 40: College Farm, an example of the former farmsteads within the settlement.
Figure 41: Trees and hedges are key to the character of
Astrop, reinforcing the rural nature of the settlement.
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7. Boundary Justification
7.1 Boundary Justification
Astrop Conservation Area was initially part of
King’s Sutton Conservation Area which was
designated in October 1970, reviewed in June
1998 and has been reviewed once more in 2016
at which time it was decided to alter the
boundary. Astrop is now proposed to be an
independent conservation area. The changes
look to rationalise boundaries where these have
altered since initial designation. The following
changes have also been proposed:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,12a, and 55
Astrop Grange, 4,6,8 and 10 Upper Astrop
Road are proposed to be removed from
Astrop Conservation Area and King’s
Sutton Conservation Area.
Figure 42: The proposed Boundary of Astrop Conservation Area. © Crown copyright and database right 2016. Ordnance
Survey 100022487
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8. Management Plan
8.1 Policy Context
The Planning (Listed Buildings and
Conservation Areas) Act 1990 places a duty on
Local Planning Authorities to formulate and
publish proposals for the preservation and
enhancement of their conservation areas.
Conservation Area Management Plans should
be published as part of the process of area
designation and review. Their aim is to provide
guidance through policy statements to assist in
the preservation and enhancement of the
conservation area.
8.2 Threats
Astrop is an attractive rural settlement.
However, there are a number of threats and
issues arising which have the potential to
detract from its historic character. Addressing
these now offers the opportunity to enhance the
conservation area. Positive conservation
management will ensure the on-going protection
to preserve and enhance the village’s special
character.
King’s Sutton, which includes the settlement of
Astrop but not the House or grounds, was
designated as a Restricted Infill Village in the
South Northamptonshire Local Plan adopted in
1997. Policy H5 of that Plan (saved in part in
September 2007) restricts development within
such villages to the infilling of a small gap in an
otherwise built frontage; or a small group of
dwellings or the conversion of existing buildings.
Such development and the increasing
urbanisation and extension of existing properties
could, if not handled sensitively, pose a threat to
the character and appearance of Astrop
Conservation Area, which could lead to the
erosion of its special character.
The main threats to the built form are the
cumulative and often small-scale alterations that
occur to unlisted buildings within the village.
These changes may include the replacement of
traditional windows, doors, roofing materials,
inappropriate wall repairs and pointing with
unsympathetic modern alternatives, which can
cause the erosion of the character and
appearance of the conservation area.
Such alterations to unlisted residential
properties are often classed as permitted
development and out of the Local Planning
Authority’s control with planning permission not
being required.
Figure 43 shows how altering the windows in a
property and replacing them with modern PVCu
alternatives can change the character of a
property. It is often small elements such as the
increase in the thickness of the frame, the
changing of opening mechanism and the lack of
functioning glazing bars that alter the character
of the property substantially. The character of
the area can therefore be quickly eroded
through the use of unsympathetic materials,
design and the loss of original features.
A further threat to the village is the traffic
disturbance from commuters accessing the
railway. Historic villages were not designed for
modern traffic needs, and therefore the
management of this traffic can be a difficult task.
Whilst a necessary attraction, the parking and
volume of traffic is having a detrimental effect on
the character of the area. Appropriate measures
could be considered to monitor the availability of
parking.
Figure 43: Illustrating how a small incremental change such
as PVCu windows can affect the character of a building.
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8. Management Plan
It is not just inappropriate alterations to
dwellings that pose a threat. Ill-considered
alterations and poor maintenance within the
public realm can also result in the loss of an
area’s special character and appearance.
Signage, street furniture and public utilities can
have a cumulative effect on the quality of the
streetscape.
The aim of the management plan is not to
prevent changes, but to ensure that such
changes are sympathetic to and enhance the
character of the conservation area.
8.3 Management proposals
1. Sensitive new development in the
conservation area
To be successful any future development within
the conservation area needs to be mindful of the
local character as appraised in the above
document, whilst at the same time being
distinctly of the 21st century and addressing
contemporary issues such as sustainability.
Successful new development in historic areas
should:
Relate well to the geography and history of
the place and the lie of the land.
Sit happily in the pattern of existing
development and routes through, in and
around it.
Respect important views.
Respect the scale of the neighbouring
buildings.
Use material and building methods which are
as high in quality as those on existing
buildings.
Create new views and juxtapositions which
add to the variety and texture of their setting.
Action 1:
New development must respond sensitively
and creatively to the historic environment.
2. Protect surviving historic architectural
forms
As a result of the quality of buildings within the
village and the number of buildings without
statutory protection, there has been some
incremental loss of traditional architectural
detailing and features in the conservation area.
The replacement of traditional windows, doors
and roofing with inappropriate materials and
designs is a negative feature that affects both
the individual buildings and the wider area.
Owners of significant properties, not just those
that are listed, should be encouraged to
maintain traditional materials and features that
are found in Astrop. Owners are also
encouraged to replace inappropriate features
with traditional materials.
Establishing a list of locally significant buildings
and policies for their protection would be
encouraged as part of the forthcoming Local
Plan.
Action 2:
Consider the imposition of Article 4
Directions on buildings of significance
across the conservation area to ensure that
positive architectural details and features
are retained and any alterations do not harm
the character of the conservation area.
Action 3:
Establish a list of locally significant
buildings and policies for their preservation
as part of the forthcoming Local Plan.
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8. Management Plan
3. Boundary walls
Boundary walls and strong boundary lines are a
significant feature of Astrop Conservation Area.
Any new boundaries should be constructed of
suitable stone and be of an appropriate height
and coursing to fit well with the existing walls.
Any new boundaries should be clearly
delineated and be of an appropriate material
and height. Any new or existing development
that is set back from the highway should create
strong boundary treatments to maintain and
enhance the sense of enclosure and built form
as seen across the conservation area.
Action 4:
Boundary walls which make a positive
contribution to the character of the
conservation area will be retained. New
boundary treatments should fit with the
character of existing boundaries.
Action 5:
Any new or existing development that is set
back from the street should be encouraged
to create strong boundary treatments to
maintain a sense of enclosure.
4. Paving and surfacing
Opportunities should be taken to enhance areas
of paving and kerbing where appropriate.
Careful design and sensitive use of materials
will be expected in any future resurfacing works
of Astrop.
Action 6:
Encourage statutory undertakers to
rationalise and remove unnecessary clutter
within the conservation area and replace
with appropriate solutions. Highways
authorities should try to avoid the insertion
of inappropriate kerbing and footpaths,
which would have a harmful effect.
5. Open spaces
Open spaces play an important part in Astrop
Conservation Area contributing to its historic
and rural character. Opportunities should be
taken to preserve and where appropriate
enhance, the character and appearance of
these spaces.
Action 7:
Promote the sympathetic management of
open spaces, including verges and banks.
6. Renewable energy sources
Whilst the Council is supportive of the
sustainable energy agenda it also recognises
that many sources of renewable energy and
micro-generation have the potential to harm the
character and appearance of a conservation
area. Care therefore needs to be taken to
balance the needs of climate changes with the
preservation of the historic environment.
Action 8:
Encourage the sympathetic location of solar
panels, wind turbines etc to inconspicuous
roofslopes and building elevations where
they will not have a detrimental impact on
the character of the conservation area.
7. Satellite antennas
Satellite and radio antennas are non-traditional
features which have the potential to disfigure the
appearance of traditional buildings. Care must
be taken to ensure that they are located where
they will not have an impact on the significance
of heritage assets and the character and
appearance of the conservation area.
Action 9:
Require the location of satellite antennas in
inconspicuous sites to prevent harm to the
historic character and visual appearance of
the area.
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8. Management Plan
8. Telegraph poles, lamp standards and
overhead cables
The visual impact of overhead wires and
telegraph poles has the potential to dominate
and disfigure the character and appearance of
the conservation area.
Action 10:
Encourage the undergrounding of cables
and wires to reduce the visual impact caused
by these on the historic streetscape.
9. Tree management
Conservation area designation affords
protection to trees from unauthorised felling or
lopping. They contribute to the scale and form
across the village and promote the rural
character of the settlement.
Action 11:
Large mature trees should be retained
wherever possible in order to preserve the
character of the conservation area.
10. Development affecting the setting of a
conservation area
It is important that development around the
conservation area does not harm the setting.
Any development in or around Astrop which
affects the setting of the conservation area
should have regard to views in and out of it, the
setting of positive buildings and the character of
the landscape.
Action 12:
The impact of development on the character
and appearance of the conservation area
should be considered. This applies equally
to development outside the conservation
area if it is likely to affect the setting of the
conservation area.
11. Protect archaeological remains
Astrop has been inhabited for many centuries
and buried evidence of past occupation may
survive in the village. Development proposals
should take into account the potential for
remains of archaeological interest. Professional
advice should be sought and appropriate
assessment undertaken.
Action 13:
Development which involves below-ground
excavation must have regard to the potential
remains of archaeological interest.
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9. References and Sources of Further
Information
9.1 Sources
Baker, G (1822) The History and Antiquities of
the County of Northamptonshire, Volume 1.
London: JB Nichols and Son
Bridges, J (1791) The Histories and Antiquities
of Northamptonshire, Volume 1. Oxford: T
Payne.
Brown, J (2012) Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown:
The Omnipotent Magician 1716-1783 Random
House.
Department of Communities and Local
Government (2012) National Planning Policy
Framework
English Heritage (2001) Understanding Place:
Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and
Management.
Hembry, PM (1990) The English Spa, 1560-
1815: A Social History, Farleigh Dickinson
University Press.
Pevsner, N (1973) The Buildings of England,
Northamptonshire. London: Yale University
Press.
RCHM (1982) County of Northampton,
Archaeological sites, Volume 4, South West.
London: HMSO.
Stone, J (2014) River Cherwell. Amberley
Publishing Limited.
9.2 Internet sources
www.british-history.ac.uk
www.englishheritage.org.uk
9.3 Further information
Further information on the local history of
Northamptonshire can be found at:
Northamptonshire Records Office
Northamptonshire Libraries
South Northamptonshire Council have also
produced some guidance notes on conservation
areas which provides further information on
what designation means. This can be found at
the following address:
www.southnorthants.gov.uk/3891.htm
There are also a wide range of national societies
devoted to the study and conservation of historic
areas and buildings, a few of which are listed
below:
Society for the Protection of Ancient
Buildings (SPAB)
www.spab.org.uk
A good source of practical information about
looking after buildings of all periods.
Ancient Monuments Society
www.ams.org.uk
Devoted to the study and conservation of
ancient monuments, historic buildings and fine,
old craftsmanship with a particular interest in
church buildings.
Georgian Group
www.georgiangroup.org.uk
Interested in the study and conservation of 18th
and early 19th century buildings.
Victorian Society
www.victoriansociety.org.uk
Interested in the appreciation and conservation
of 19th and early 20th century buildings of all
types.
The following sites are a useful source of local
history information:
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk
Historic public records online.
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/
Digital library of local history resources
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9. References and Sources of Further
Information
9.4 Copyright
All Ordnance Survey maps are reproduced
under licence. Ordnance Survey maps may not
be copied or reproduced without the permission
of Ordnance Survey.
The text and photographs in this document may
not be used for profit and must be appropriately
referenced if reproduced.
9.5 Community involvement and
adoption
The appraisal is not intended to be
comprehensive and the omission of any
particular building, feature or space should not
be taken to imply that it is not of interest.
This Conservation Area Appraisal and
Management Plan will be subject to public
consultation. Once agreed and adopted by
South Northamptonshire Council it will become
a material consideration in the determination of
planning applications within the conservation
area and its setting and the making of other
decisions.
Please note that the information contained
within this appraisal is correct at the time of
publication. South Northamptonshire Council
cannot be held liable for any changes that may
have occurred since that time.
The views of residents of the village are
important and all comments should be directed
to:
Katherine Harrison
Assistant Conservation Officer
South Northamptonshire Council
The Forum
Moat Lane
Towcester
NN12 6AD
Email:
Telephone: 01327 322 381
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