Astronomy Origin and Fate of the Universe. Hubble’s Law Hubble’s law basically says that the...
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Transcript of Astronomy Origin and Fate of the Universe. Hubble’s Law Hubble’s law basically says that the...
![Page 1: Astronomy Origin and Fate of the Universe. Hubble’s Law Hubble’s law basically says that the universe is expanding. That is to say that the space between.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051316/56649ea95503460f94bacacb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Astronomy
Origin and Fate of the Universe
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Hubble’s LawHubble’s LawHubble’s law basically says that the
universe is expanding.That is to say that the space between
galaxies is increasing; with greater distance is greater speed.
Closer galaxies are moving apart slower than those galaxies farther away.
HOW DO WE KNOW?
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Hubble’s Evidence = Hubble’s Evidence = SSppeeccttrraa
SSppeeccttrraa are the colors produced when the wavelengths of light are separated.
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The Doppler EffectThe Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is a change of light or sound wavelengths as a source moves towardtoward or awayaway from the observer.
Red shiftRed shift = source is moving awayaway so wavelengths stretch into longer wavelengths
Blue shiftBlue shift = source is moving closercloser so wavelengths squeeze into shorter
wavelenghts. BLUE TO YOU.BLUE TO YOU.
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Deep Space Deep Space PhenomenaPhenomena
Based on the observed rates of expansion it is believed that about 15-20 billion years ago all matter was concentrated into one “primeval atom”.
This “atom” exploded and sent all matter
and space expanding = BIG BANGBIG BANG
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What are Stars?
•Star = a hot, glowing sphere of gas that produces energy by fusion (of hydrogen molecules).–Some stars produce more energy therefore they are hotter.
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How Do Stars Form?
•NebulaNebula = a cloud of dust and gas where stars are born. –Here gravity pulls particles together and nuclear fusionnuclear fusion starts at 10,000,000 oC and a star is born.
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The Horse Head Nebula
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More Horse Head Nebula Shots
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Types of StarsTypes of Stars
Depending on the conditions within a nebula, different types of stars can form:
Red Giants = big, “cool” starsWhite Dwarfs = “small”, hot stars
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How Are Stars How Are Stars Classified?Classified?
•Stars are classified by:–Temperature–Color–Luminosity / Brightness
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Stars are Classified by Temperature and Color.
• HOT COLD
BLUE WHITE YELLOW ORANGE RED BROWN
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What is a Main Sequence What is a Main Sequence Star?Star?
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What is a Main Sequence What is a Main Sequence Star?Star?
• The H-R diagram represents a pattern that was discovered that allows stars to be compared by brightness and color.
• The majority of stars are found in a band stretching diagonally across the diagram called the “Main SequenceMain Sequence”.
• Stars start out in the Main SequenceMain Sequence and as the core cools, they move onto the giant category. A few rare stars are bigger and brighter and become supergiantssupergiants.
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Stars are Classified by Stars are Classified by BrightnessBrightness
• Actual brightness is how bright a star really is.
• Actual brightness does not change, it is an absolute value.
• Example: a 40 watt light bulb is actually converting 40 watts of energy into light.
• Apparent brightness is how bright a star looks from earth.
• Apparent brightness changes depending on distance from earth and viewing conditions (atmosphere).
• Example: a 40 watt light bulb 10 feet away appears brighter than a 40 watt bulb 100 feet away.
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…And After Stars are Born?
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Life Cycle of a Star
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Neutron StarsNeutron Stars
A neutron starneutron star results when a white dwarf collapses and the pressure converts the electrons into atomic nuclei to produce neutrons.
The outer portion of a neutron starneutron star may explode with incredible force producing a supernovasupernova.
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What is a SupernovaSupernova?• SupernovaSupernova is when the core of a star
collapses and the outer portion explodes. This is the “death of a star”.
• What remains when a star dies out depends on the mass of the star.– Material from the explosion may form a
new star called a pulsarpulsar – a rapidly spinning neutron star.
– The most massive stars collapse into black holesblack holes.
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What is a Black Hole?
• Black Hole = the most dense thing known to exist in the universe. The gravity of a black hole is so great that even light can not escape the pull of a black hole.
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The massive density of Black Holes creates a gravitational force that pulls in anything that comes within reach: the reach of this force is called the event horizon.
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The fate of objects that enter a Black Hole is still uncertain.
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