1

ASTP Site Visit – Leuven 11/10/2008

Case study and testimony

Bart De MoorESAT-SCD Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenBart.DeMoor@esat.kuleuven.be www.esat.kuleuven/be/~demoor

2

Contents

Where are we ?

From research to spinoff

Environment and networks

Afterthoughts

3

• Founded 1425

• 3 groups (Humanities, S&T, Biomedical), 12 Faculties

• People• Academic staff: 1400 professors, 4000 researchers• Administrative and technical staff: 2750 • Students: 33.000 (3.700 international students)

• Total budget: 1.3 billion euro

• University Hospital, Personnel: 8100

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

4

1985 :38 European long-estbablishedmultidisciplinary universities

2002:12 European

research-intensive

universities

5

H u m a nit ies

F a cu lty o f A gr icu ltu ra l a nd A pp lied

B io lo g ica l S c ie nces

C h em ica lE ng in ee ring

C o m p uterS c ien ce

C iv ilE ng in ee ring

M eta llu rgy andM ate ria ls E n g.

M echa n ica lE ng in ee ring

A rch itec tu re , U rba n a ndR eg ion a l P lan n ing

E L E C T A M IC A S P S I S C D

T E L E M IC

E lec tr ica lE ng in ee ring

F a cu ltyo f E ng in ee ring

F a cu ltyo f S c ie nces

P o sit ive S c ie nces B iom ed ica l S cie nces

K .U .Leu ven

6

Andre BarbeComplex Systems,Fractals

Bart De MoorIdentification, Control,Datamining, bioi, QIT

Marc MoonenDSP forTelecommunications

Jan EngelenDocumentArchitectures

Bart PreneelCryptologyInformation Security

Sabine Van HuffelLinear Algebra, BiomedicalData Processing

Johan SuykensSVM, Neural Nets

Ingrid VerbauwhedeArchitectures/DesignMethods

Yves MoreauBioinformatics

Vincent RijmenCryptography

Moritz DiehlOptimisation

Joos VandewalleNeural Nets, Circuits

& Systems, Cryptography

Lieven De Lathauwer(KULAK)Multilinear Algebra

Kathleen Marchal(BIW)Bioinformatics

Bart MotmansProject Coordinator

Ida Tassens, Pela Noe, Jacqueline DebruynSecretary

Ilse Pardon, Elvira Wouters, Veerle DuchateauAccountant

7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jan

-90

Jan

-91

Jan

-92

Jan

-93

Jan

-94

Jan

-95

Jan

-96

Jan

-97

Jan

-98

Jan

-99

Jan

-00

Jan

-01

Jan

-02

Jan

-03

Jan

-04

Jan

-05

Jan

-06

Jan

-07

SP phdSP postdocSC phd

SC postdocQIT phdQIT postdocBiomed phdBiomed postdocBioi phd

Bioi postdocZAP

8

9

Funding

Basic

Research

Strategic

Valorisation

BOF

IOF FP6/7

SME

Hercules

10

Valorisation/Industrial/Services

Strategical research

Basic Research

GOA-MEFISTOGOA-AMBioRICSIDO-Gen.Netw.EF-SymBioSysEF-OPTEC

Soft4SMcKnow-EBioScopeIT

K.U.Leuven Flanders Belgium Europe

VitaminD,Clin. ProteomicsEndometriosisFun. GenomicsRob. StatisticsSwine-AgingSubfunctSVMGlycemia I, IINetw. InferenceMicro-arrays I,II,IIIOntologiesId.Nonlinear/HighFreqKernel Based MethodsQuantumAlgo’sSysId/CryptoQuantumInformEnergy IslandsAdv. Num.MethodsMultilin SVD

PROMETASpin Offs:IPCOS (ISMC), TMLeuven, Norkom (DATA4S), SILICOS, Dsquare, Cartagenia, ICMS (spin-in)Contract research:Monsanto, Electrabel, ELIA, Mastercard, Bauknecht

GBOU-McKnowGBOU-SQUADSTWW-GenPromSBO-MOKASBO-BioFrameTBM-EndometriosisITEA-FliteITEA-Flite+

PODO-Traffic Mgmt I, IIIAP-P4-Mod, Id, ControlIAP-P5-Dyn.SystemsIAP-P6-DyscoIAP-P6-BioMAGNet

EC-FP6, FP7:Quantum Info SystemsCAGEStrokemapBioPatternBioptrain

All bdm projects

IOF-Scores4Chem

11

0

1.000.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

4.000.000

5.000.000

6.000.000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Omzet 2005-2009

DIVERSENEU

IWT

DWTC

FWO

12

5.270

3.2415.587

4.594123

K.U.LeuvenFWOIWTBELSPOIndustrial

Projects BDM: SCD funding (2002-2008) (k€)

All bdm projects; only project budgets are shown;no person-related grants, no income from spin-offs

13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Journal Paper (with IF)Conference Proc.

Publish or perish

14

15

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20072,698 2,257 2,257 2,401 2,15 29,6 7,323 18.316 10,382 22,355 22,672 13,5971,402 2,257 2,257 2,196 2,081 13,251 7,323 12.016 7,26 14,742 13,598 12,6291,402 1,545 1,545 2,196 1,873 13,251 7,051 8.160 7,172 7,26 7,172 6,3171,402 1,402 1,368 2,196 1,851 6,668 4,615 7.035 6,318 7,172 5,634 6,1771,368 1,402 1,178 2,106 1,566 6,373 4,615 6.701 5,959 5,881 5,634 4,8940,874 1,402 0,816 2,106 1,203 3,688 3,561 6.701 5,742 5,881 5,087 3,9930,856 1,402 0,816 1,643 1,182 3,437 3,456 6.701 5,742 5,808 4,967 3,7690,816 1,017 0,773 1,643 1,182 3,421 2,986 6.575 5,742 5,742 4,894 3,7690,816 0,874 0,773 1,475 1,182 2,81 2,986 6.575 5,742 5,742 4,894 3,7690,816 0,856 0,773 1,405 1,096 2,81 2,986 6.495 5,436 5,623 4,693 3,6260,816 0,773 0,742 0,877 0,996 2,81 2,986 6.225 3,843 5,423 3,993 3,6170,773 0,773 0,739 0,877 0,866 2,81 2,784 5.634 3,843 4,824 3,769 3,2770,773 0,773 0,588 0,877 0,845 2,43 2,387 4.825 3,742 4,335 3,769 2,8250,739 0,773 0,482 0,729 0,805 2,43 2,387 3.333 3,57 3,468 3,626 2,7720,508 0,773 0,412 0,729 0,685 2,332 2,387 2.589 3,468 3,365 3,617 2,620,508 0,773 0,412 0,729 0,685 1,479 2,313 2.589 3,365 3,365 3,617 2,450,482 0,741 0,286 0,702 0,685 1,466 2,222 2.589 3,302 3,365 3,047 2,3020,482 0,739 0,663 0,675 1,453 2,211 2.589 3,258 2,902 3,047 2,2880,482 0,739 0,658 0,654 1,449 2,095 2.589 3,25 2,902 3,047 2,2880,482 0,508 0,597 0,595 1,431 1,806 2.518 3,034 2,902 2,772 2,2880,466 0,508 0,597 0,595 1,268 1,806 2.448 2,902 2,902 2,772 2,2730,448 0,482 0,405 0,531 1,268 1,806 2.448 2,902 2,751 2,654 2,2730,286 0,444 0,295 0,5 1,222 1,806 2.245 2,902 2,588 2,319 2,076

0,392 0,209 0,491 0,97 1,717 2.084 2,511 2,538 2,315 2,0760,392 0,209 0,491 0,838 1,553 1.973 2,461 2,461 2,302 2

0,25 0,455 0,838 1,553 1.973 2,461 2,449 2,288 1,9380,084 0,367 0,756 1,441 1.967 2,385 2,368 2,288 1,8580,042 0,339 0,627 1,404 1.896 2,302 2,288 2,288 1,634

0,305 0,533 1,274 1.774 2,245 2,288 2,288 1,570,275 0,514 1,203 1.665 2,167 2,288 2,243 1,57

0,488 1,203 1.665 2,052 2,288 2,126 1,570,488 1,159 1.458 2,029 2,167 2,126 1,570,488 1,159 1.458 1,815 2,167 2,068 1,570,488 1,144 1.458 1,803 2,167 1,798 1,570,484 1,144 1.458 1,803 2,126 1,758 1,570,484 0,861 1.417 1,755 1,894 1,683 1,4690,468 0,681 1.206 1,651 1,815 1,683 1,3660,438 0,62 1.014 1,649 1,815 1,57 1,3120,415 0,62 1.014 1,504 1,755 1,57 1,2080,398 0,458 0,946 1,504 1,755 1,57 1,108

0,417 0,946 1,455 1,755 1,57 0,8660,415 0,93 1,455 1,755 1,57 0,7630,317 0,885 1,455 1,755 1,57 0,7220,282 0,829 1,32 1,755 1,57 0,6840,282 0,725 1,24 1,736 1,57 0,6780,176 0,656 1,143 1,649 1,546 0,669

0,634 1,124 1,649 1,469 0,669biomed QIT 0,569 1,078 1,649 1,469 0,669

0,569 1,07 1,545 1,438 0,669SP bio-i 0,569 1,024 1,545 1,208 0,624

0,569 1,022 1,545 1,16 0,585S&C 0,569 1,022 1,504 0,97 0,463

0,426 1,011 1,419 0,928 0,4630,426 0,995 1,419 0,866 0,4630,416 0,933 1,419 0,86 0,3110,276 0,933 1,419 0,843 0,293

0,754 1,295 0,797 0,2930,727 1,022 0,7590,727 0,995 0,6860,727 0,96 0,6780,727 0,933 0,6690,676 0,866 0,6690,592 0,821 0,6690,592 0,782 0,6080,592 0,782 0,4790,592 0,727 0,4630,583 0,727 0,4630,583 0,727 0,4630,583 0,657 0,4630,583 0,657 0,4630,583 0,657 0,3620,562 0,641 0,3120,557 0,6410,539 0,6410,501 0,6050,501 0,5920,501 0,5920,486 0,592

0,39 0,5920,36 0,583

0,236 0,5830,5150,5110,4860,4460,143

Impact factors : pushing for quality

16

Contents

Where are we ?

From research to spinoff

Environment and networks

Afterthoughts

17

Systems and control

Research and spinoffs

Datamining

Systems BiologyBioinformatics

18

Systems and control

19

20

SMC

Traffic modelling andcontrol

Model Predictive ControlSatellite controlPAST FUTURE

Y(t)

Controlhorizon

Y(t)^

Yd(t)

^

MODEL

Y(t)U(t)

MV CV

U(t)

Identification and prediction of time series (stock exchange, physicalphenomena, …)

21

Optimized Grade Change Trajectory

GRADE B

GRADE AOff-spec

GRADE B

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Histograms

No control

Quasi steady

controlFast dynam

iccontrol

900

901

902

903

900

901

902

903

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

900

901902

903

No control, Quasi steady state and fast control100

22

Datamining

23

Short Duration

Long Duration

High Frequency

International Same Destination

Off Peak

Call Forwarding

Behaviour Change

Direct call selling X X X X PABX fraud X X X X X Freephone fraud X X X X Premium rate fraud X X X X Subscription fraud X Handset theft X X X X X

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00

Voer

tuig

en p

er m

inuu

t

Zaterdag Zondag Maandag Dinsdag Woensdag Donderdag Vrijdag

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0 50 100 150 200 250

dichtheid [voertuigen/km weg]d

eb

iet

[vo

ert

uig

en

/uu

r]

Call frequency

Average call durationTime Team Action Player Position

0:00:00 1 Kick Off 9 (50,30)0:00:01 1 Has Ball 10 (49,29)0:00:04 1 Has Ball 8 (45,31)

,,,

,,,

,,,

,,,

,,,

0:12:25 1 Ball Out 6 (0,57)0:12:46 2 Corner 3 (0,60)0:12:47 2 Has Ball 4 (4,29)0:12:49 2 Goal 4 (0,29)0:13:38 1 Kick Off 10 (50,30)

,,,

,,,

,,,

,,,

,,,

24

24

Systems BiologyBioinformatics

25

• Human genome project– Initial draft: June 2000– Final draft: April 2003– 13 year project– $300 million value

with 2002 technology• Personal genome

– June 1, 2007– Genome of James Watson, co-

discoverer of DNA double helix, is sequenced

• $1.000.000• Two months

• €1000-genome– Expected 2012-2020

1,00E-07

1,00E-061,00E-05

1,00E-04

1,00E-03

1,00E-021,00E-01

1,00E+00

1,00E+01

1,00E+021,00E+03

1,00E+04

1,00E+051,00E+06

1,00E+07

1,00E+08

1,00E+091,00E+10

1,00E+11

1990 1995 2000 2002 2005 2007 2010 2015

Cost per base pair

Genome cost

Year Cost per base pair Genome cost

1990 10 3E+10

1995 1 3.000.000.000

2000 0.2 600.000.000

2002 0.09 270.000.000

2005 0.03 90.000.000

2007 0.000333333 1.000.000

2010 3.33333E-06 10000

2015 0.0000001 300

Making Sense of the 1000$ Genome

26

Test

Ref.

High

Low

Low High

High

High

Low Low

27

Data matrix

Hidden pattern

Find the pattern

Pattern validation

28

© Armstrong SA et al. Nat Genet. 2002 Jan;30(1):41-7.

PCA

12 600 genes 72 patients:

- 28 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)- 24 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)- 20 Mixed Linkage Leukemia (MLL)

3 patients for each class used as test set

29

Context: biomedical/biological research: 4M

Biological question& model

High-throughputtechnology

Computers& databases

Mathematicalmodels

Biological problem

Experiment design

Biological data

Data analysis

Biological validation

Improved method

New biology

Models: used to formulate hypotheses; Manipulate: experiment design to generate data; wet lab; clinical; Measure: technology boosts number of data; Mine: (in-)validate biological hypotheses;

30

Trends in bio

# Genetic data

Complexity

Price pbp

Interpretability

Analysis bottleneck

31

Context: Dynamics in bio-science fields

32

Context: integration of heterogeneous data sources

Candidategenes

?Information sources

Candidate prioritization

Validation

• Bayesian inference• Kernel methods

• Component models• Simultaneous optim.

Wetlab data validation

-omics data generation

33

Context: A wealth of potential applications

- Areas: food, health, farma, agro, environment, sustainability

- Examples:

- Science: biological systems understanding - Health: disease management - Farma: in silico drugs discovery – customized medicine - Food/health: nutraceuticals – functional food - Safety: biofilms, infectious disease management (bird flu, malaria,..)- Environment: microbial ecology - Energy: biofuels - Ecology: protected area conservation, integrated forest management- Agro: novel crop design- ….

34

Systems and control

Research and spinoffs

Datamining

Systems BiologyBioinformatics

35

(previously ISMC - Intelligent System Modeling and Control) is an engineering company that offers products and engineering services in advanced process control for the chemical, glass, power and oil industry. The company offers complete solutions for an optimal plant performance. www.ipcos.be

In November 2004, Norkom Technologies acquired all Data4s shares. Norkom Technologies is a European leader in Risk Management and Compliance software to detect and combat different types of financial crime for the Retail Banking, Insurance and Investment Banking sector. Based on Norkom's award winning technology platform, Alchemist(tm), application areas include anti money laundering, cheque and debit/credit card fraud, identity theft, and the illegal transfer of funds to named individuals and organisations. www.norkom.com

Silicos is a chemo-informatics-based biotechnology company empowering proprietary multi-target virtual screening technologies for the discovery of novel and high-quality lead compounds for the treatment of a large variety of diseases, such as cancer, infectious diseases, central nervous system and immunodeficiency diseases. www.silicos.com

Transport and Mobility Leuven develops advanced models and offers advice in the areas of transport economy, traffic analysis and management, strategic transport policies, new transport technologies, freight models and spatial development issues.www.tmleuven.be

36

Dsquare offers datamining solutions for the process and manufacturing industry with software products and services. Our mission:” Exploiting all availabledata sources to gain process insight, using top of class technology and people”. www.dsquare.be

Cartagenia will offer a collaborative lab web tool set, supporting genetic diagnostics in clinical practice & research, storage of patient and experiment data, search, reporting, data mining, visualization, intelligent diagnosis support, Genome Annotation and significantly increase lab workflow speed; Services and support will include Distributed Hosting, Secure Storage, Data Protection, Backup and Recovery Expertise and support in genetic analysis pipeline setup and management. www.cartagenia.com

Spin-in company: TT (text-mining technology) for shares. ICMS is a text-mining and information management, processing and retrieval company. www.icms.be

37

IPCOS (Belgium, Netherlands) 50

NORKOM (Belgium) 40

TML 10

SILICOS 5

DSQUARE 5

Total 2008 110

Direct employment

38

How to start up a start-up ?

Private partnersCash

Professor(s)PhDs/PostdocExternal people

Friends, family

UniversityCashIP - Inventors

Professor(s)Inventors

LRD Research division

VC/Seed MoneyCash

Gemma Frisius

Other Equity Funds

Start-up process and ingredients different for every start-up !

39

Contents

Where are we ?

From research to spinoff

Environment and networks

Afterthoughts

40

Environment Research climate @ university

- Major funding sources: IAP, GOA, CoE, Methusalem (?) - IOF- Networks: BioSCENTer

LRD- TTO- Spinoff tradition (I was part of the learning process) - Gemma Frisius - Entrepreneurial: University wide master course: ‘Initiatie tot ondernemen’

Leuven High-Tech Valley - Local networks: L.inc, DSP Valley, L-SEC, … - Interregional: ELAT,…

Flanders - Science policy: Budget growing since 1995 - Strategic Research Institutes: IMEC (nano), VIB (biotech), IBBT (broadband)- Competence poles: FMTC (Mechatronics), Flanders Drive, Flanders-Bio,…- role of IWT: spinoff kick-off projects (up to 65 % funding) - government seed-money/VC incentives

Belgium - ‘defiscalisation’-measures for R&D in companies

41

development of business plan protection and exploitation of intellectual property finding investors negotiation & legal support finding infrastructure management of growth of the spin-off company stimulating networking & clustering

IOF Industrial Research Fund A bridge between university and industry

Project types:- leverage platforms- knowledge building platforms

People:- industrial research fellows - evaluated every 5 years

42

Geography/logisticsPeople and talents

Innovation as a culture

governments

Flanders in action (VIA)

43

44

 (groen=1°kwartiel groep 125 regio’s)

EU-25Gemidd.

Vlaanderen Baden-Würt positie t.o.v. 125

BBP/inw 21.738 25.405 26.691 32

werkgelegenheidsgraad (in %)64,90 60,1 75,2 85

werkloosheidsgraad(in %)9,00 5,4 7,1 32

arbeidsproductiviteit (in euro)49.896 64.202 52.984 10

arbeidseenheidkost (in euro)29.655 40.541 35.280 119

loonkost per eenheid product0,56 0,57 0,6 75

aandeel werkenden in (M)HT industrie en KI diensten

10 11,9 21,5 25

aandeel werkenden met hoger opleidingsniveau (in%)

29,2 35,5 26,6 10

aandeel levenslang leren (in %)8,6  9,8 8,5 26

aantal patentaanvragen per milj inwoners131 161 600 23

totale O&O uitgaven in %BBP1,8  2,08   3,88  21

aandeel werkenden in creatieve beroepen (in %)38 42,1 40,6 21

afhankelijkheidsratio64 66,3    63,3 78

45

Lissabon norm: R&D / GRP

0,69

0,56

0,57

0,77

0,80

1,03

0,81

0,40

0,75

0,68

0,86

0,89

0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,20

EU25

BE

FL

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

1,26

1,33

1,52

1,75

1,84

2,45

1,34

0,77

1,01

1,30

1,91

2,65

0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00

EU25

BE

FL

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

Public O&O spending in % GNP

1% 2%

Industry O&O spending in % GNP

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

jaar

miljo

en e

uro

Flanders O&O budget 1995-2006

46

Human potential

5,4

7,9

6,3

8,6

16,2

6,8

5,0

5,1

5,5

9,0

10,1

0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0

EU25

BE

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

12,2

11,0

8,4

12,5

22,2

24,2

7,3

21,0

10,9

13,2

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0

EU25

BE

DE

DK

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

21,3

29,0

24,0

31,9

33,2

23,2

26,3

27,5

29,2

38,4

37,4

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0

EU25

BE

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

Researchers per 1000 employed (2003) Higher education / 100 25-64 year old (2003)

S&T masters / 1000 20-29 year old (2003)

47

Benchmarking entrepreneurship

7,6

14,0

6,7

15,6

11,0

8,2

1,7

14,7

7,4

11,2

12,7

0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0

EU25

BE

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

0,025

0,028

0,021

0,063

0,065

0,029

0,023

0,027

0,038

0,071

0,000 0,010 0,020 0,030 0,040 0,050 0,060 0,070 0,080

EU25

BE

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

Broadband penetration (bb-lines / 100 people) (2003)

‘Early stage’ venture capital (% GNP) (2003)

22,3

35,1

70,3

47,6

94,5

36,1

11,9

53,8

30,0

53,6

92,6

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

EU25

BE

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

17,8

7,4

14,7

13,4

20,6

20,4

29,9

18,8

21,0

26,9

22,7

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0

EU25

BE

DE

DK

FI

FR

IE

NL

UK

US

J P

Patents per mio people (2000) High-tech share in export (2003)

48

Benchmarking entrepreneurship

European paradox:

Research excellentS&T transfer insufficient

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

2001 2002 2004 2005

VL

BE

DU

FR

NL

UK

USA

Total Entrepreneurial Activity (GEM)

49

Financing entrepreneurship

EXPANSIEEARLY-STAGE

Laag risico

BUSINESS ANGEL

NETWORK

50.000- 100.000 Euro

VLAAMS INNOVATIEFONDS

100.000-500.000 Euro

ARKIMEDES

> 250.000 Euro

Hoog risico

WINWIN-LENING< 75.000

Euro

PRE-SEED SEED START-UP

MARKT

Seed money uniefs + research-instellingen

Gemma-Frisius (KUL) Baekelandt (UG) E-capital (IMEC)

50

Contents

Where are we ?

From research to spinoff

Environment and networks

Afterthoughts

51

Afterthoughts- Research group size matters in creating research driven start-up

- Law of large numbers (# entrepreneurs / # PhDs)- Critical mass for research impact and support

- Declining number of engineering students is a serious problem

- Underrepresentation of women in engineering is a brain waste worse than brain drain

- Correlation between / reinforcement of scientific quality (‘push’) and industrial oriented research (‘pull’)

- Entrepreneurial climate: we still have to do much better !! - Professors- Bachelor/masters- PhDs

-The start-up process is different for every start-up

-Slow growth of engineering companies not a problem per se

-Environment and networks important: university, local, regional, government