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RESEARCH Open Access
Astonishing diversity—the medicinal plantmarkets of Bogotá, ColombiaRainer W. Bussmann1* , Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana2, Carolina Romero3 and Robbie E. Hart3
Abstract
Background: Despite the importance of local markets as a source of medicinal plants in Colombia, comparativelylittle comparative research reports on the pharmacopoeiae sold. This stands in contrast to wealth of availableinformation for other components of plant use in Colombia and other countries. The present provides a detailedinventory of the medicinal plant markets in the Bogotá metropolitan area, hypothesizing that the speciescomposition, and medicinal applications, would differ across markets of the city.
Methods: From December 2014 to February 2016, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 plantvendors in 24 markets in Bogotá in order to elucidate more details on plant usage and provenance.
Results: In this study, we encountered 409 plant species belonging to 319 genera and 122 families. These wereused for a total of 19 disease categories with 318 different applications. Both species composition and uses ofspecies did show considerable differences across the metropolitan area—much higher in fact than we expected.
Conclusions: The present study indicated a very large species and use diversity of medicinal plants in the marketsof Bogotá, with profound differences even between markets in close proximity. This might be explained by thegreat differences in the origin of populations in Bogotá, the floristic diversity in their regions of origin, and theirvery distinct plant use knowledge and preferences that are transferred to the markets through customer demand.Our study clearly indicated that studies in single markets cannot give an in-depth overview on the plant supply anduse in large metropolitan areas.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Markets, Colombia, Globalization
BackgroundLike in many tropical countries, traditional knowledge inColombia is still under-documented [1–3], despite the factthat the country could be called the “cradle of modernethnobotany”, due to the decade long research of RichardEvans Schultes [4]. General ethnobotanical studies inColombia have frequently focused on individual interestingspecies [5–13], specific medicinal applications (e.g., antiviraland antitumor activity) [14, 15], leishmaniasis [16], snakebites [17–21], crops and economically important plants [10,22–25], or specific plant families [26–33]. Individual ethnicgroups were recently treated by a variety of authors [34–38]. Columbian medicinal plant use has even been studiedoverseas [39].
However, in contrast to neighboring countries likePeru and Bolivia [31, 40–50], although Lima et al. [51]provided a comparison of markets in the wider Amazon.Thus, for Colombia there is very little comparative in-
formation available about which plants are sold inColombian markets, under which vernacular name atany given time, for which indication, which dosage infor-mation, and what kind of information about side effectsvendors provide to their clients. The present study at-tempts to remedy this situation by providing a detailedinventory of medicinal plant markets in the Bogotámetropolitan area. We hypothesized that, on the onehand, like in Peru and Bolivia [31, 40–50] the plant anduse composition of different markets would vary de-pending on their location and customer population, butthat, on the other hand, there would overall be a largeoverlap in plants between markets, and larger markets
* Correspondence: [email protected];[email protected] Nacional de Historia Natural, Calle Ovidio Suarez (26), Cota Cota, LaPaz, BoliviaFull list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0241-8
would comprise an almost complete inventory of all spe-cies available.
MethodsEthnobotanical inventoryFrom December 2014 to February 2016, semi-structuredinterviews were conducted with 38 plant vendors in 24markets in Bogotá in order to elucidate more details onplant usage and provenance. The markets were chosento cover as many neighborhoods of Bogotá as possible,thus trying to represent the complete geography of thecity and its ethnically diverse population. Plants were al-ways sold in the regular mercados de abasto—the regularfood supply markets. Within a neighborhood, we alwayschose the main market, in order to make data compar-able. Semi-structured interviews following [49] are underconsideration of the collection standards established by[52]. During the interviews, a complete sample of allplants sold in a respective market stall was bought andall available information for each species elucidated fromthe vendor. Vendor participants were self-selected: everyvendor in the studied markets was asked if they wantedto participate in the study, and the vendors who agreedwere then interviewed. Overall about one third of thevendors in the markets participated in the interviews. In-terviews were conducted only after explaining the studyto all participants and obtaining their oral priorinformed consent. No further ethics approval was required.All work was carried out following the International Societyfor Ethnobiology Code of Ethics [53] and under the frame-work provided by the Nagoya Protocol on Access toGenetic Resources and Fair and equitable sharing of bene-fits arising from their use of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity; the interviewed vendors retain the copyright oftheir traditional knowledge. Any commercial use of any ofthe information requires prior consensus with the infor-mants involved, and an agreement on the distribution ofbenefits.Twenty-six of the participants were women, and 12
men, with ages ranging from 25 to 70 years. The ethni-city of the vendors was not disclosed. All interviewswere conducted in Spanish.Vouchers of all species were collected, and all plant
material was identified at the National Herbarium ofColombia. No material whatsoever was exported fromColombia. The nomenclature of all species followswww.tropicos.org, under APG III [54].
Statistical analysisAmong markets we compared plant species reported asbeing used (unique Latin binomials, e.g., Aloe vera),plant uses (unique combinations of a species used foran ailment or illness, e.g., Aloe vera for eye irritation),and plant categories (unique combinations of a species
used for a category of ailments, e.g., Aloe vera sensorysystem).To compare the geographic/market structure of plants
and plant uses, we extracted lists of unique and sharedplants, plant uses, and plant categories in each market[55]. In addition to these raw counts, we also used Eu-clidian distance as a metric of the difference amongmarkets.To evaluate plant importance, we used the logarithmic
informant consensus (LIC) index of [56]. Here, we con-sidered markets as “occurrences,” so for a species:
LICs ¼ sum ðICu� ln FCusð Þ
where for each use of a species ICu= (FCu−NSu)/(FCu− 1),FCu is the total reports of that use and NSu is thenumber of species reported for the use.To evaluate the diversity of uses across markets, we
calculated, for each plant that occurs in at least two mar-kets, the percent of its uses that are unique to eachmarket.All analyses were performed using the R program
package [57].
ResultsIn this study, we encountered 409 plant species belongingto 319 genera and 122 families in all markets studied(Table 1). In all markets, the most common plant familiesused were Fabaceae (43 species, 10.5%), Asteraceae (34species, 8.3%), Lamiaceae (24 species, 5.8%), Malvaceae(16 species, 3.9%), Solanaceae (15 species, 3.7%), andEuphorbiaceae (13 species, 3.1%). Almost all of all specieswere known only by their Spanish names.Most remedies were taken orally as decoctions/infu-
sions, and a much smaller number was applied as cata-plasm. Applications involved preferentially leaves andaerial parts of the plant.Four hundred two species were used for medicinal
purposes. The most treated illness categories wereNon-specific symptoms and general illnesses (223 spe-cies, 55.4%), Digestive system (208, 52%), Skin and sub-cutaneous tissue (142, 35.3%), Respiratory system (131,32.6%), Urinary system (119, 29.6%), Blood and circula-tory system (107, 26.6%), and Infections and infestations(100, 24.8%). Among the individual illnesses, indigestion(167 species, 41.5%) stood out as the most common ill-ness, followed by diuretic uses (155, 38.5%), emmena-gogues (125, 32%), and flatulence (123, 30.5%) andrheumatism, diarrhea, and use as laxative (120, 119, and166 species, 30, 29.5, and 29%, respectively).In the present study, almost without exception, the
small markets contained much less species than themain markets. Markets in Bogotá had very large num-bers of unique plants, and the difference between the
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 2 of 47
Table
1
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Acanthaceae
Apheland
rapilosa
Leon
ard
Cajeto
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Highcholesterol,Obe
sity);Urin
ary
system
(Diuretic)
PlazaSantande
r
Hygroph
ilatyttha
Leon
ard
Amansagu
apos
/Dom
inio
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Anxiety,Tranq
uilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Seizures)
Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
deSanBenito
JusticiapectoralisJacq.
Amansatoros
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Cardiac
stim
ulant);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Anxiety)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Justiciaxantho
stachyaLeon
ard
Pulm
onaria
Den
talh
ealth
(Mou
thinfections);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Musclerelaxant);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,Fever,Inflammation);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Sexualp
oten
cy);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,Flu,H
elpbreathing);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent,H
ealing)
Plazade
LasFerias
Tricha
nthera
gigantea
(Bon
pl.)
Nees
Cajeto/Naced
ero/
Quieb
rabarrigo/Quieb
rabarriga/
Cafeto
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Hernia,Liverprob
lems);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Syphilis,Vermifuge
);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea,Emen
agog
ue);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Sores);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,U
rinary
infection);Veterinary(Herniain
cows)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
LasFerias;
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lRestrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Ado
xaceae
Sambucusperuvian
aKu
nth
Sauco
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Arteriosclerosis,Bloo
dcleansing);C
ulturalillnesses(Purifies
thebo
dy);Den
talh
ealth
(Mou
thdiseases);Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Diarrhe
a);
Infections
andinfestations
(Measles);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Neuralgia,Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Ape
na,Fever,H
eadache,Prom
otes
sweatin
g);O
thers(Sun
stroke,Ton
ic);Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,Bronchitis,C
ough
,Expectorant,Flu,
Respiratory
tract,Sinu
sitis,Throatinflamation);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns,Skin
diseases);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,U
rinaryinfection)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Algae Caulerpa
sp.
Caulerpa
Animalfood
(Animalfood
)*;H
uman
food
(Water
purifier)*
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
Gracilaria
sp.
Gelosa
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Amaranthaceae
Amaran
thus
spinosus
L.Bled
oNon
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Stomachache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Men
strualcolic);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds,Sores)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 3 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Beta
vulgarisL.
Acelga
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Liverprob
lems);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Arthritis);U
rinarysystem
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
Fontibón
Chenopodium
quinoa
Willd.
Quinu
a/Quinu
aroja
Infections
andinfestations
(Tub
erculosis);M
uscular-skelettal
system
(Fractures,Luxation,Sprain);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Stomachache
)Rep
rodu
ctive
system
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea)Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Dysph
aniaam
brosioides
(L.)
Mosyakin&Clemants
Flor
delP
aico
/Paico/Payco
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Tachycardia);Digestivesystem
(Cho
lera,C
olic,D
iarrhe
a,Digestiveprob
lems,Flatulen
ce,
Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Malaria,Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Inflammation,
Spasms);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Cou
gh,Flu)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
Cen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;
Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delQ
uirig
ua;Plaza
del
Restrepo
;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Gom
phrena
globosaL.
Siem
previva
Digestivesystem
(Dysen
tery);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Spasm
s);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Dysmen
orrhea)Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns,
Calluses,Skin
diseases,Skinspots,Warts)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Gom
phrena
serra
taL.
Abrojo
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,C
ough
,Lun
gdiseases,
Pneumon
ia)
Plazade
Fontibón
Iresin
ediffusa
Hum
b.&Bo
npl.
exWilld.
Penicilina
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Amaryllidaceae
Allium
sativum
L.Ajo
/Ajo
macho
/Flor
deajo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Circulatory
stim
ulant,Highbloo
dpressure);Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck,
Witchcraft);Digestivesystem
(Gastritis,Intestinalinfections,
Liverprob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Infections,Vermifuge
);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Highcholesterol);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,
Rheumatism)Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,C
ancer,Hem
orrhage)Others(Ton
ic);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,C
ough
)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSan
Carlos;Plazade
l12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lRestrep
o;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Hippeastrum
puniceum
(Lam
.)Ku
ntze
Duend
eCulturalillnesses(W
itchcraft)
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium
occidentaleL.
Cajú/Marañón
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia);Culturalillnesses
(Stren
gthe
n);D
entalh
ealth
(Mou
thinfections);Digestive
system
(Con
stipation);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Scurvy)Nervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Stim
ulant)Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Gen
eralmalaise);Others(M
emory,Tonic);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Infertility,Sexual
potency);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,Flu);Skin
and
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deMercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 4 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
subcutaneo
ustissue(Acne,Calluses,Healing,
Skin
diseases,
Warts);Urin
arysystem
(Prostate);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
Man
gifera
indica
L.Mango
Den
talh
ealth
(Afts,Mou
thinfections,Stren
gthe
nthegu
ms,
Toothache);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Malaria);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Inflammation)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Schinu
smolleL.
Pimiento
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Spon
dias
purpurea
L.Ciru
elade
lPaís
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Ann
onaceae
Anno
nacherimolaMill.
Chirim
oyo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Cancer)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Anno
namuricataL.
Guanábana
/Guanábano
Culturalillnesses("F
ríosen
cajado
s");Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery,Flatulence,Indige
stion,
Stom
achprob
lems,Vo
mitive);Infections
andinfestations
(Bot
fly);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Spasm
s,Stom
achache
);Respitarory
system
(Flu);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises);Urin
arysystem
(Urin
ary
infection);H
uman
food
(Beb
erage,Food
)*
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Anno
nasquamosaL.
Anó
nSkin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises);Toxic(Insecticide)*
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Xylopiaarom
atica(Lam
.)Mart.
Malagusta
Digestivesystem
(Stren
gthe
nsdige
stivesystem
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Lackof
appe
tite,Stom
ach
ache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
LasCruces
Apiaceae
Anethu
mgraveolens
L.Eneldo
Digestivesystem
(Flatulence,Indige
stion);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);Hum
anfood
(Con
dimen
t)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Angelicaarchan
gelicaL.
Ang
élica
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Cancer,Spasms)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Apium
graveolens
L.Apio
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Colic,D
iarrhe
a,Flatulen
ce,G
allbladd
er,Ind
igestio
n,Liverprob
lems);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves,Stim
ulant);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Inflammation,
Stom
achache
);Others(Sun
stroke);Reprod
uctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Men
strualcolic);Respitarory
system
(Aph
onia);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 5 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Arracaciaxantho
rrhiza
Bancr.
Arracacha
Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Eryngium
foetidum
L.Cilantrón/Cilantrón/Piuren
áDigestivesystem
(Flatulence,Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems);
Infections
andinfestations
(Smallpox,Vermifuge
);Respitarory
system
(Flu);H
uman
food
(Con
dimen
t)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plaza
deMercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Foeniculum
vulgareMill.
Hinojo
Digestivesystem
(Colic,Flatulence,Indige
stion,Stom
ach
prob
lems,Vo
mitive);Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Restorative);N
ervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Dizzine
ss,H
eadache,Hem
orrhage,Lack
ofappe
tite,Spasms);Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Galactogo
gue,Infected
breasts);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,
Expe
ctorant,Flu);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis);U
rinary
system
(Diuretic,Kidne
yston
es);Hum
anfood
(Con
dimen
t,Food
)*
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSan
Carlos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delQ
uirig
ua;Plaza
del
Restrepo
Nipho
getonternata(W
illd.
exSchltr.)Mathias
&Con
stance
Apiode
mon
teDigestivesystem
(Colitis,Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery)M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism)
Plazade
LasCruces
Petroselinum
crisp
um(M
ill.)
Nym
anex
A.W.H
illPerejil
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Digestive
system
(Flatulence);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea,Emen
agog
ue);H
uman
food
(Con
dimen
t)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Pimpine
llaanisum
L.Anís
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Cardiac
stim
ulant,Circulatory
stim
ulant);D
igestivesystem
(Flatulence,Indige
stion);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);O
thers(Sun
stroke);
Preg
nancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Galactogo
gue);
Respitarory
system
(Helpbreathing);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Apo
cynaceae
Allaman
dacatharticaL.
Capitana
/Cop
ade
Oro
/Capitana
/Cop
ade
Oro
/Jazm
ínAnti-ven
om(Antidote);D
igestivesystem
(Con
stipation);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Headache);Respitarory
system
(Flu)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l20de
Julio
Aspidospermapolyneuron
Müll.
Arg.
Quimulá/Cum
ulá
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Ape
na);
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Expe
ctorant)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Aspidospermaquebracho-blan
coSchltdl.
Quebracho
Blanco
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Expe
ctorant)
Plazade
SanCarlos
Coum
amacrocarpaBarb.Rod
r.Jansoco
Preg
nancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Careum
bilicalcord)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Rauvolfia
tetraphylla
L.Mirto
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);Blood
andcirculatorysystem
(High
bloo
dpressure)
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
SanBenito
Thevetiaperuvian
a(Pers.)
K.Schu
m.
Pepa
decabrito
/Caucho
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Digestive
system
(Con
stipation);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Fever)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 6 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Vincamajor
L.Amor
antio
queñ
oBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Digestive
system
(Con
stipation)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Araceae
Colocasia
esculenta(L.)Scho
ttPapachina/Pipachin
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(W
eaknessin
children);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Mon
steradeliciosa
Lieb
m.
Balazo
Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*;Cultural(Antithe
ft)*
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Philodend
rondyscarpium
R.E.
Schu
lt.Odo
káHum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Xantho
somasagittifolium
(L.)
Scho
ttMafafa
Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Arecaceae
Phoenixdactylifera
L.Datilera
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Sexualp
oten
cy);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochiagran
diflora
Sw.
Bejuco
deCarare
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);Blood
andcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Muscular
paralysis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,Infertility);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Stin
ging
)
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
AristolochiamaximaJacq.
Bejuco
deCarare/Carare/Guaco
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);Blood
andcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Stin
ging
)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
delLucero;
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Aristolochiaringens
Vahl
Guaco
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Stin
ging
)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Aristolochiatriang
ularisCham.
Bejuco
Carare
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Fever);Preg
nancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Abo
rtive);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Asclepiadaceae
AsclepiascurassavicaL.
Jalapa
Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Vom
itive);
Infections
andinfestations
(Gon
orrhea,Vermifuge
);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skindiseases)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 7 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Funa
strum
clausum
(Jacq.)
Schltr.
Bejuco
sapo
Digestivesystem
(Vom
itive);Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Asparagaceae
Cordylinefru
ticosa(L.)A.C
hev.
Palm
amorada/Palm
areal
Urin
arysystem
(DiureticUrin
aryinfection)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lRestrepo
Furcraea
cabuya
Trel.
Fiqu
e/Pencade
Fiqu
e/Pu
lque
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Hep
aticstim
ulant,Indige
stion,Liverprob
lems,
Stom
achprob
lems);Respitarory
system
(Flu);Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skinspots);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del
Restrepo
Furcraea
macroph
yllaBaker
Fiqu
eDigestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Dropsy);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Sansevieria
trifasciata
Prain
Culeb
rilla
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(M
enop
ause);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Herpe
s)Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deMercado
Trinidad-Galán
Asteraceae
Achilleamillefolium
L.Altamisa/Milenram
aBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Gallbladd
er,G
astritis,Indige
stion,Streng
then
sdige
stivesystem
);Infections
andinfestations
(Bot
fly);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,
Hem
orrhage,Inflammation,Lack
ofappe
tite,Noseb
leed
,Spasms);O
thers(Ton
ic);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Emen
agog
ue,M
enstrualcolic);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Acne,Bo
ils,Bruises,H
ealing,
Healingwou
nds,Skin
ulcers,Sores);Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
LasFerias
Achyroclinebogotensis(Kun
th)
DC.
Vira
Vira
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Ovariandiseases);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s,Skin
diseases);Urin
ary
system
(Prostate,Urethralinfectio
ns)
Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Achyroclinesatureioides
(Lam
.)DC.
Vira
Vira
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s,Skin
diseases)
Plazade
SanBenito
Ambrosiaperuvian
aWilld.
Altamisa/Artem
isa
Culturalillnesses(W
itchcraft);Digestivesystem
(Gallbladd
er,
Liverprob
lems);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,H
emorrhage,
Spasms,Tumors);O
thers(Ton
ic);Reprod
uctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,M
enstrualcolic);Veterin
ary
(Udd
erinflammation)
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deLasFerias;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanBenito;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza;Plaza
Santande
r
Arnica
mon
tana
L.Arnica
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant);D
ental
health
(Stren
gthe
nthegu
ms);D
igestivesystem
(Gallbladd
er);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Cramps,Fractures,
Luxatio
n,Sprain);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,D
izzine
ss,Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g,
Plazade
SanBenito;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 8 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Tumors);Respitarory
system
(Pharyng
itis,Respiratory
tract);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Acne,Astrin
gent,Bruises,
Fung
icide,Healing,
Healingwou
nds,Skin
diseases,Stretch
marks)
Artemisiaabsin
thium
L.Ajenjo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);C
ultural
illne
sses
(Affright);Den
talh
ealth
(Halito
sis,Toothache);
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Flatulen
ce,G
allbladd
er,G
allstone
s,Indige
stion,Liverprob
lems,Stom
achprob
lems,Vo
mitive);
Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Nervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic,H
eadache,Lack
ofappe
tite,
Stom
achache
);Others(Sun
stroke,Ton
ic);Preg
nancy,
childbirthandchild-bed
(Breastcare);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Lun
gdiseases,Throatinflamation);Sen
sory
system
(Deafness,Otitis);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Stin
ging
);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSantande
r
ArtemisiavulgarisL.
Artem
isa/Altamisa
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Epilepsy);Pregn
ancy,
childbirthandchild-bed
(Childbe
d);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Austroeupatorium
inulifolium
(Kun
th)R
.M.King&H.Rob
.SalviaAmarga
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Liver
prob
lems);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Cancer);
Respitarory
system
(Pharyng
itis)
Plazade
SanBenito;Plaza
delLucero;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Baccha
ristricun
eata
(L.f.)Pers.
Sanalotodo
Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Bidens
pilosa
L.Amor
Seco
/Chipaca
/Masiquia
Culturalillnesses(W
itchcraft);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Gallbladd
er,Ind
igestio
n,Liverprob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,U
rinaryinfection)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Las
Ferias;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;
Plazade
lRestrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Calend
ulaofficinalisL.
Calén
dula
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia,Blood
cleansing);
Digestivesystem
(Colon
inflammation,Con
stipation,
Duo
denu
mprob
lems,Gastritis,Gastrointestin
aldisorders,
Indige
stion);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,D
andruff,Hem
orrhage,Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g,Stom
achcancer);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Men
strualcolic);Sensorysystem
(Otitis);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue,Bruises,
Burns,Calluses,Healing,
Pustules,Skindiseases,Skinulcers,
Sores,Warts)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deElCarmen
;Plaza
deFontibón
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanCarlos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lRestrep
o;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza;Plaza
Santande
r
Chaptalia
nutans
(L.)Po
l.Lechug
uita
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);
Others(Sun
stroke)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Chromolaena
odorata(L.)R.M.
King
&H.Rob
.Ro
mpe
saragü
eyNon
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,
Inflammation,Tumors);O
thers(Ton
ic)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 9 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Chromolaena
scabra
(L.f.)R.M.
King
&H.Rob
.SalviaAmarga
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Den
tal
health
(Mou
thdiseases);Digestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems,
Stom
achprob
lems);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Cancer,Mosqu
itobites,Tumors);Respitarory
system
(Pharyng
itis)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Clibadium
sylvestre(Aub
l.)Baill.
Barbasco
Infections
andinfestations
(Bot
fly);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Muscularpain);Toxic(Insecticide)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Cyna
racardun
culusL.
Alcacho
faBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia,A
rteriosclerosis,Bloo
dcleansing);D
igestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Gallbladd
er,
Hep
aticstim
ulant,Indige
stion);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Goiter,Restorative);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(W
eaknessin
children);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic,Kidne
yinfection,Prostate)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20
deJulio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lRestrepo
Espeletia
aff.corymbosa
Bonp
l.Frailejón
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);C
ulturalillnesses
("Frío
sen
cajado
s");Preg
nancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Childbe
d)
Plazade
LasFerias
Espeletia
argentea
Bonp
l.Frailejón
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);Pregn
ancy,
childbirthandchild-bed
(Postpartum
care);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Lung
diseases);Sensorysystem
(Otitis)
Plazade
SanCarlos
Espeletiopsisgarciae(Cuatrec.)
Cuatrec.
Frailejón
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);C
ulturalillnesses
("Frío
sen
cajado
s",Incen
seforcleanising
);Muscular-skelettal
system
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Preg
nancy,childbirthand
child-bed
(Childbe
d);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea);Respitarory
system
(Lun
gdiseases);Sensory
system
(Otitis);Cultural(D
eterge
nt)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Galinsoga
parvifloraCav.
Guasca/Guascas
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Gastrointestin
aldisorders,Indige
stion,Liver
prob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
and
nutrition
(Hyperglycem
ia,Scurvy);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Inflammation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Bruises,H
ealing,
Sores);U
rinarysystem
(Kidne
yinfection)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del
Restrepo
Gam
ocha
etaam
erican
a(M
ill.)
Wed
d.Vira
Vira
Preg
nancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Postpartum
care);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,Lun
gdiseases);Urin
ary
system
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Gam
ocha
etapurpurea
(L.)
Cabrera
Vira
Vira
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Promotes
sweatin
g);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,Expectorant);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skindiseases)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Gna
phalium
elegan
sKu
nth
Vira
Vira
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer,
Hem
orrhage,Inflammation);Sinusitis(Prostate,Urin
ary
infection)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSan
Carlos;Plazade
lRestrep
o;PlazaSantande
r
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 10 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Gom
phrena
serra
taL.
Abrojo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);C
ultural
illne
sses
(Affright);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Digestive
prob
lems,Dysen
tery,G
astritis,Intestinalinfections);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Stomach
ache
);Others(Ton
ic);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Vaginaldischarge);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s);
Urin
arysystem
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
SanCarlos
Koan
ophyllonsolidaginoides
(Kun
th)R
.M.King&H.Rob
.Abrecam
inos
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Flatulence);
Respitarory
system
(Flu,Respiratory
tract);
Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s,Skin
diseases)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Matricariacham
omillaL.
Manzanilla
/Matricaria
Hum
anfood
(Beb
erage)*;Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Cardiac
stim
ulant);D
igestivesystem
(Colic,D
iarrhe
a,Flatulen
ce,Ind
igestio
n,Stom
achprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Infections);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves,Stress,
Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Tranq
uilizer,N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses,
Alope
cia,Analgesic,Fever,H
eadache,Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g,Spasms,Stom
achache
);Others(Ton
ic);Preg
nancy,
childbirthandchild-bed
(Breastcare);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,M
enstrualcolic);Sensory
system
(Con
junctivitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing,
Skin
allergies)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-
Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;
Plazade
lRestrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza;Plaza
deKenn
edy
Mikan
iaguacoBo
npl.
Guaco
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Restorative)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Pentacaliacorymbosa
(Ben
th.)
Cuatrec.
Guasquín
Respitarory
system
(Pharyng
itis,Throat
inflamation)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Senecioform
osus
Kunth
Arnica
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Fractures);Nervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Inflammation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Bruises)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanCarlos
Silybum
marianu
m(L.)Gaertn.
Cardo
Mariano
Digestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems)
Plazade
lQuirig
ua
Smallanthu
ssonchifolius
(Poe
pp.)H.Rob
.Yacón
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Gastrointestin
aldisorders,
Indige
stion,Intestinalinfections,Reg
enerateintestinalflora);
Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(High
cholesterol,Hyperglycem
ia,Low
ercholesterol,Obe
sity,
Streng
then
inum
osystem);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Osteo
porosis);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Colon
cancer);
Others(Ton
ic);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deMercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Spilanthesoppositifolia
(Lam
.)D'Arcy
Botónde
oro/Bo
toncillo/Guaca
/Chisaca
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Den
talh
ealth
(Mou
thdiseases,
Mou
thinfections,Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Gallbladd
er,
Liverprob
lems);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing,
Skin
spots)
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deLa
Con
cordia;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Estevia
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 11 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Steviarebaudiana
(Bertoni)
Berton
iBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Cardiac
stim
ulant,Circulatory
stim
ulant,Highbloo
dpressure);Den
talh
ealth
(Cavities);
Digestivesystem
(Gastritis,Indige
stion);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(App
etite
supp
ressant,
Gou
t,Highcholesterol,Hyperglycem
ia,O
besity);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Anxiety);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Respitarory
system
(Flu);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Fun
gicide
,Healing,
Skin
care);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Taraxacum
officinaleF.H.W
igg.
Dientede
León
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Con
stipation,Gallbladd
er,G
astritis,Indige
stion,Liver
prob
lems,Stom
achprob
lems);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Gou
t,Highcholesterol,O
besity);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Improvehe
alth,Stomachache
);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skinulcers);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,U
rinaryinfection);
Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plaza
deMercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del
20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lRestrep
o;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Basellaceae
Anredera
cordifolia
(Ten
.)Steenis
Insulina
Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Hyperglycem
ia);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Fractures);
Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh);Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
UllucustuberosusCaldas
Chu
gua/Ulluco
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Pregn
ancy,childbirthand
child-bed
(Childbe
d)Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Berberidaceae
Berberisglauca
DC.
Tachuelo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Fever,H
emorrhage,Prom
otes
sweatin
g);
Others(Ton
ic)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
BerberisgoudotiiTriana
&Planch.exWed
d.Espino
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Malaria);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,
Hem
orrhage);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(SkinTonic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Bign
oniaceae
Crescentiacujete
L.Totumo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Varicoseveins);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,
Headache,Hem
orrhage);O
thers(Sun
stroke);Preg
nancy,
childbirthandchild-bed
(Breastcare);Respitarory
system
(Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-bed
,Asthm
a,Bron
chial
dilator,Bron
chiald
iseases,Cou
gh,Expectorant,Respiratory
tract,Sinu
sitis);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skinulcers)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deLasCruces;Plazade
LasFerias;Plaza
deSanBenito;Plaza
deSanCarlos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Delostomaintegrifolium
D.D
onCajeto/Crecedo
rBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);U
rinary
system
(Diuretic)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Han
droanthu
sbarbatus
(E.M
ey.)
Mattos
Palo
deArco
Digestivesystem
(Gallbladd
er)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Jacaranda
caucanaPittier
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 12 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Jacarand
acaucan
aPittier
Gualand
ayBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
entalh
ealth
(Mou
thinfections);Digestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems);
Infections
andinfestations
(Anthe
lmintic,Syphilis,Ven
ereal
diseases);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Bon
epain);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Sensorysystem
(Mou
thulcers);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s,Skin
diseases)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Las
Cruces;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Jacarand
acopaia(Aub
l.)D.D
onGualand
ayBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Syphilis,Ven
ereald
iseases);M
uscular-skelettal
system
(Arthritis,Neuralgia,Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Burns,Skinallergies,Skin
ulcers);Urin
ary
system
(Urethralinfectio
ns)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Jacarand
amimosifolia
D.D
onGualand
ayInfections
andinfestations
(Syphilis)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Bixaceae
Bixa
orellana
L.Bija/Achiote
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Indige
stion,Liverprob
lems);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer,Mosqu
itobites);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Sexual
potency);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,Expectorant,
Tonsillitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns,Eczem
a,Healing,
Skin
diseases);Hum
anfood
(Con
dimen
t)*
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
deSan
Benito;Plaza
delQ
uirig
ua
Bombacaceae
Herranianitida(Poe
pp.)R.E.
Schu
lt.Otonasaré
Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Boraginaceae
Borago
officinalisL.
Borraja
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);C
ultural
illne
sses
("Frío
sen
cajado
s");Infections
andinfestations
(Measles);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,
Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea,Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,C
ough
,Expectorant,Flu);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
SanCarlos;Plazade
l12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Cordiaalliodora
(Ruiz&Pav.)
Oken
Laurel
Infections
andinfestations
(Infections);Nervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
CordiadentataPo
ir.Uvito
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Expectorant)
Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío)
Heliotropium
arborescensL.
Heliotrop
oDigestivesystem
(Vom
itive);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Cancer);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skin
ulcers)
Plazade
SanCarlos
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 13 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Symph
ytum
officinaleL.
Con
frey
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Arteriosclerosis,Circulatory
stim
ulant,Varicoseveins);D
igestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Gastritis);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Gou
t,Restorative);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Bon
epain,Rhe
umatism);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Others
(Health
yhair);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,D
econ
gestant,
Expe
ctorant,Respiratory
tract,Sinu
sitis);Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns);Urin
ary
system
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Brassicaceae
Brassicanigra(L.)W.D.J.Ko
chMostaza
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Indige
stion);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Restorative);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Lackof
appe
tite);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,Pne
umon
ia)
Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Brassicarapa
L.Nabo
Digestivesystem
(Intestinalinflammation);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Bot
fly);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Inflammation);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Cou
gh,
Respiratory
tract)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Draba
litam
oL.Urib
eLítamoreal
Culturalillnesses(Lon
gevity);Digestivesystem
(Gastrointestin
aldisorders);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Cancer)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Lepidium
bipinn
atifidum
Desv.
Mastuerzo
/Chisgo
Digestivesystem
(Flatulence,Indige
stion);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Others(Alcoh
olism);
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Throat
inflamation);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds,Skin
diseases);Urin
ary
system
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Nasturtium
officinaleW.T.A
iton
Berros
/Mastuerzo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia);Digestivesystem
(Indige
stion,Liverprob
lems);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Raph
anus
sativus
L.Rábano
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity)
PlazaBo
yacá
Brom
eliaceae
Tilland
siausneoides(L.)L.
Melen
a/Barbade
Viejo
Digestivesystem
(Hernia);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Burseraceae
Burseragraveolens
(Kun
th)
Triana
&Planch.
Palo
Santo/Sasafrás/Tatamaco
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Circulatory
stim
ulant);C
ulturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Hernia);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Muscularpain,
Sprain);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stress);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Dizzine
ss,H
eadache,
Prom
otes
sweatin
g);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Cou
gh,Flu);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rem
ovethorns,Skinallergies);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 14 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Burserasim
aruba(L.)Sarg.
IndioDesnu
do/Caratero
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);D
igestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems);
Infections
andinfestations
(Gangren
e);M
etabolism
and
nutrition
(Obe
sity,Thyroid);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Rem
ovethorns)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Cactaceae
Opuntiaficus-indica
(L.)Mill.
Nop
al/Tuna
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Highcholesterol,Lower
cholesterol,Obe
sity);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Inflammation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Spu
rson
feet);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic);H
uman
food
(Foo
d,Water
purifier)*
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Pereskiaguam
acho
F.A.C.W
eber
Cactus
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Cardiac
stim
ulant);D
igestive
system
(Liver
decong
estio
n);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Teph
rocactus
molinensis
(Spe
g.)
Backeb
.Tuna
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic);Hum
anfood
(Foo
dcolorin
g,Water
purifier)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Calop
hyllaceae
Mam
mea
american
aL.
Mam
eyInfections
andinfestations
(Bot
fly);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Alope
cia)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Cannabaceae
Cann
abissativaL.
Marihuana
Culturalillnesses(Hallucino
gen);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Stomachcram
p);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Infertility)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Caprifoliaceae
Valeriana
officinalisL.
Valeriana
Culturalillnesses(Hypocho
ndria,Vertig
o);D
entalh
ealth
(Mou
thinfections,Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Indige
stion);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Anxiety,Epilepsy,
Sedative,Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Headache,Men
opause,Seizures,Spasms);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,C
ough
,Throat
inflamation)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deFontibón
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;
Plazade
lRestrep
o;PlazaSantande
r
Caricaceae
Vascon
celleapubescensA.D
C.
Papayuela
Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Ton
sillitis);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Acne,Warts)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
lQuirig
ua
Celastraceae
Maytenu
slaevisReissek
Chu
chug
uaza
/Chu
chuh
uaza
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Restorative);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Inflammation,Spasms,
Tumors);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Sexual
potency);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;
Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lRestrepo
;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 15 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Chrysob
alanaceae
Chrysobalanu
sicacoL.
Icaco
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
SanBenito
Clusiaceae
ClusiaalataPlanch.&
Triana
Gaque
/Venced
ora
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Nervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Headache);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Flu);Hum
anfood
(Water
purifier)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
deSanBenito
Clusiamultiflora
Kunth
Chagu
alo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Skindiseases)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Com
melinaceae
Callisia
repens
(Jacq.)L.
Sueldo
/Suelda
consuelda
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Inflammation)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Commelinaerecta
L.Suelda
conSuelda
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Dislocatio
n,Fractures,
Luxatio
n,Rh
eumatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Inflammation)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deElCarmen
;Plaza
deLa
Con
cordia;
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Con
volvulaceae
Cuscutapartita
Cho
isy
Hilo
deoro
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Liverprob
lems)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Ipom
oeacarnea
Jacq.
Batatilla/Kasisé
/Ojo
desapo
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);D
igestivesystem
(Con
stipation)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
l20de
Julio
Ipom
oeahederifoliaL.
Jalapa
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Coriariaceae
Coriaria
ruscifolia
L.Reventadera/Sansú
Culturalillnesses(Hallucino
gen);D
igestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a)Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Costaceae
Costus
villosissim
usJacq.
Insulina
Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chitis,Lung
diseases)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Las
Cruces;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Crassulaceae
Kalancho
edaigremon
tiana
Raym
.-Ham
et&H.Perrier
Aranto
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Kalancho
egaston
is-bonn
ieri
Raym
.-Ham
et&H.Perrier
Leng
uade
Sueg
raBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Diarrhe
a);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Abscesses);
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Stren
gthe
ninum
osystem);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Relaxant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,C
ancer,Hem
orrhage,
Inflammation,Tumors);Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Red
uces
uterinecontractions);Sensorysystem
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 16 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
(Con
junctivitis);A
strin
gent
(Healing,
Skin
care);Urin
arysystem
(Kidne
yinfection)
Kalancho
epinn
ata(Lam
.)Pers.
HojaSanta
Digestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Musclerelaxant);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,C
ancer,
Inflammation,Mosqu
itobites);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises,Burns,H
ealingwou
nds,
Skin
diseases,Skinulcers)
Plazade
lQuirig
ua
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita
maximaDuche
sne
Ahu
yama
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Livercleaning
);Infections
and
infestations
(Anthe
lmintic);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis)
Plazade
ElCarmen
Mom
ordica
charan
tiaL.
Balsam
ina/Bo
cado
deCuleb
ra/
Subicogé
/Balsam
ina
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck,W
itchcraft);Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Indige
stion,Vo
mitive);Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Malaria,Ven
ereal
diseases,Vermifuge
);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Hyperglycem
ia);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Fever,H
emorrhage);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Sechium
edule(Jacq.)Sw
.Cidra
/Guatila
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant);D
igestive
system
(Stomachprob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Inflammation);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Diuretic);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
SanBenito;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Cun
oniaceae
Weinm
anniatomentosa
L.f.
Encenillo
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Cyclanthaceae
Carludovica
palmataRu
iz&Pav.
Iraca
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Cyperaceae
Rhynchospora
nervosa(Vahl)
Boeckeler
Tote
Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Flu);Animalfood
(Bait)*
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deMercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao
Dillen
iaceae
Curatella
american
aL.
Chaparro
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Gallstone
s);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Hyperglycem
ia);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Inflammation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Astrin
gent,H
ealingwou
nds,Rashes)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea
alataL.
Ñam
eMuscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 17 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Dryop
terid
aceae
Dryopteris
wallichian
a(Spren
g.)
Hyl.
Helecho
macho
Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Metabolism
and
nutrition
(Rickets,Scurvy);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
Cen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delLucero
Equisetaceae
Equisetum
bogotenseKu
nth
Colade
caballo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Arteriosclerosis,Bloo
dcleansing,
Circulatorystim
ulant,Varicoseveins);D
entalh
ealth
(Halito
sis);D
igestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery,Ind
igestio
n,Liverprob
lems);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Rickets);Muscular-
skelettalsystem
(Muscularpain);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Alope
cia,Analgesic,H
emorrhage,
Inflammation);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Vaginalinfections);Respitarory
system
(Flu,Laryngitis,Lun
gdiseases,Throatinflamation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Healing,
Sores,Sw
eatin
g);U
rinarysystem
(Cystitis,D
iuretic,
Kidn
eyinfection,Urin
aryinfection)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delLucero;Plazade
lRestrepo
Equisetum
giganteum
L.Colade
caballo
Digestivesystem
(Dysen
tery);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Alope
cia,Hem
orrhage);Respitarory
system
(Lun
gdiseases);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Ericaceae
Bejaria
resin
osaMutisex
L.f.
Pegape
gaRespitarory
system
(Expectorant)
Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Cavend
ishiabracteata(Ruiz&
Pav.ex
J.St.-H
il.)Hoe
rold
Quereme/Uva
deAnís/Uvito
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deLa
Con
cordia
Cavend
ishiaquerem
e(Kun
th)
Benth.&Hoo
k.f.
Quereme
Culturalillnesses(W
itchcraft);Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum
coca
Lam.
Kaji/Coca
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative,Stim
ulant,
Tranqu
ilizer);
Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Euph
orbiaceae
Croton
funckian
usMüll.Arg..
Drago
Digestivesystem
(Duo
denu
mprob
lems,Gallbladd
er);
Infections
andinfestations
(Anthe
lmintic,M
alaria);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del
Restrepo
;Plaza
Santande
r
Croton
lechleriMüll.Arg.
Sang
rede
Drago
Digestivesystem
(Heartbu
rn);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);O
thers(Ton
ic);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Fun
gicide
,Healing,
Skin
ulcers)
Plazade
ElCarmen
Croton
malam
boH.Karst.
Malam
boDigestivesystem
(Colitis,Diarrhe
a,Stom
achprob
lems);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 18 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Croton
schiedeanu
sSchltdl.
Alm
izclillo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Arteriosclerosis,Bloo
dcleansing);D
igestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems);U
rinarysystem
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Euph
orbiahypericifolia
L.Pimpine
laInfections
andinfestations
(Gangren
e)Plazade
l20de
Julio
Euph
orbiatithymaloidesL.
Ipecacuana
/Itamorreal
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Liver
prob
lems,Vo
mitive);Infections
andinfestations
(Syphilis);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Infertility);
Respitarory
system
(Expectorant)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Huracrepitans
L.Ceibo
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Pustules,Sores);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic);A
nimalfood
(Bait)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Jatrop
hacurcas
L.Piñó
n/Pu
rga/Pu
rgade
Fraile
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Vo
mitive);Infections
and
infestations
(Ven
ereald
iseases);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns,Rashe
s,Skin
diseases)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deMercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Jatropha
gossypiifolia
L.Higuerillo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Pregn
ancy,childbirthand
child-bed
(Breastcare);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skin
Tonic);Foo
d(Food
)*;C
osmetic(Shampo
o)*
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Man
ihot
esculentaCrantz
Yuca
Culturalillnesses(Againstof
Pedroh
ernánd
ez);Digestive
system
(Diarrhe
a);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skin
diseases)
Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío)
Phyllanthu
sniruriL.
Vierne
sSanto
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);
Infections
andinfestations
(Bot
fly,Lice);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic);Toxic(Insecticide)*
Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío)
Ricinu
scommun
isL.
Higuerilla/Higuerillo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Diarrhe
a,Gastritis);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g);
Sensorysystem
(Stye);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Dry
skin,
Stinging
);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
Santande
r
Fagaceae
Quercus
humboldtiiBo
npl.
Encina
/Ro
ble
Culturalillnesses(Bed
-wettin
g);D
entalh
ealth
(Inflammation
ofthegu
ms,Mou
thinfections,Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Flatulen
ce,G
astritis,Liverprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Bot
fly);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Headache,Hem
orrhage,Noseb
leed
,Stomachache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Vaginaldischarge);
Respitarory
system
(Pharyng
itis,Throat
inflamation);Sen
sory
system
(Mou
thulcers);Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Flacou
rtiaceae
CaseariasylvestrisSw
.Ratón
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Pustules,Skin
diseases,Skin
ulcers,Sores)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 19 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Gen
tianaceae
Gentiana
sedifolia
Kunth
Teresita
/Alegríade
Páramo
Digestivesystem
(Stren
gthe
nsdige
stivesystem
)PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Gentianella
corymbosa
(Kun
th)
Weaver&Ru
eden
berg
Gen
ciana
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia);Digestivesystem
(Colic,Flatulence,Indige
stion);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Cramps);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Lackof
appe
tite,Sickne
ss)
Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Geraniaceae
Pelargon
ium
peltatum
(L.)L'Hér.
Geranio
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Infertility);Respitarory
system
(Throatinflamation);U
rinarysystem
(Kidne
yinfection)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Gesne
riaceae
Columneakalbreyeriana
Mast.
Sang
uinaria
/Sang
rede
Cristo
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);D
igestivesystem
(Colon
);Endo
crine
system
(Diabe
tes);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,
Rheumatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Hem
orrhage);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Hum
anfood
(Foo
dcolorin
g)*
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Drymon
iaserrulata(Jacq.)Mart.
Destrancade
raCulturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Gastrointestin
alwashe
s);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Analgesic,Breastcancer,Inflammation,Lung
cancer,
Prostate
cancer,U
terin
ecancer);Reprod
uctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Uterin
ecysts);U
rinarysystem
(Prostate)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del
Restrepo
;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Kohleriaspicata(Kun
th)O
erst.
Tusilla
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,U
rinaryinfection)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Ham
amelidaceae
Ham
amelisvirginiana
L.Ham
amelis
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Sprain);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Alope
cia);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises);
Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Helicon
iaceae
Helicon
iahirsutaL.f.
Bijao
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,
Rheumatism)
Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
Helicon
iapsittacorum
L.f.
Gallito
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Muscularparalysis,
Rheumatism)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Hep
aticae-M
archantiaceae
Marchan
tiapolymorph
aL.
Hep
áticade
lasFuen
tes
Digestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems);U
rinarysystem
(Kidne
yston
es)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 20 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Hypericaceae
Hypericum
androsaemum
L.Hypérico
Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Healing);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
ElCarmen
Hypericum
licopodioides
Triana
&Planch.
Escobo
Culturalillnesses(Againstshyness,Bed-wettin
g);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Cramps);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Dep
ression);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,M
enop
ause);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Emen
agog
ue);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Acne,
Burns,Eczema,Healing,
Skin
care,Skindiseases,Sores)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Iridaceae
Sisyrinchium
tinctorium
Kunth
Espadilla
/Ispagu
illa
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Con
stipation,Flatulen
ce,Ind
igestio
n);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Syphilis);Respitarory
system
(Flu,Pne
umon
ia)
Plazade
SanBenito;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Juglandaceae
Juglan
sneotropica
Diels.
Nog
alBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia,Blood
cleansing);
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,
Indige
stion,Liverprob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Highcholesterol,Lower
cholesterol);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Alope
cia,Analgesic,A
nti-agin,Dandruff,Prom
otes
sweatin
g);
Others(Health
yhair);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea,Vaginaldischarge,Vaginalinfectio
ns);Sensory
system
(Mou
thulcers);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Astrin
gent,Fun
gicide
,SkinTonic);U
rinarysystem
(Urethral
infections,U
rinaryinfection)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
Cen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Lamiaceae
Cantinoa
colombian
a(Epling)
Harley&J.F.B.Pastore
Cardo
Santo
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,
Hem
orrhage);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Hyptis
capitata
Jacq.
BotónNeg
roNon
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,
Hem
orrhage);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing)
Plazade
LasFerias
Lavand
ulaan
gustifolia
Mill.
Alhucem
a/Lavánd
ulaEspliego
Digestivesystem
(Indige
stion);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Headache);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant)
Plazade
LasCruces
Marrubium
vulgareL.
Marrubio/Marrubioblanco
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Gangren
e,Tube
rculosis);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Stomach
ache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,C
ough
,Expectorant)
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza;
Melissa
officinalisL.
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 21 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
MelissaofficinalisL.
Melissa
/Toronjil
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Digestive
system
(Digestiveprob
lems,Flatulen
ce,Ind
igestio
n);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves,Sedative,Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Spasm
s)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deLasFerias;Plazade
San
Benito;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
MenthaspicataL.
Sígu
eme-Sígu
eme/Querend
ona/
Yerbabuena
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Flatulence,Gallbladd
er,Ind
igestio
n,Liver,
Stom
achprob
lems);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Cramps,M
usclerelaxant);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant,Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,D
izzine
ss,
Inflammation,Spasms);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns);
Hum
anfood
(Beb
erage)*
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deMercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delQ
uirig
ua;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza;Plaza
Santande
r
MenthaxpiperitaL.
Hierbabuena
/Men
ta/
Yerbabuena
Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Digestiveprob
lems,Flatulen
ce,Ind
igestio
n,Streng
then
sdige
stivesystem
);Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves,Sedative,
Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,H
emorrhage,Stom
achache
,Vom
it);Rep
rodu
ctive
system
andsexualhe
alth
(Men
strualcolic);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Minthostachys
mollis
(Kun
th)
Griseb
.Tusilago
/Po
leogrande
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Headache);
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Cou
gh,Expectorant,Throat
inflamation)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Ocimum
american
umL.
Albahaca
Digestivesystem
(Colon
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Stomachache
);Urin
arysystem
(Kidne
yston
es)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Ocimum
basilicum
L.Albahaca/Albahacamorada
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Arteriosclerosis,Heartdiseases);
Culturalillnesses(Bed
-wettin
g,Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Colitis,Flatulen
ce,H
epaticstim
ulant,Indige
stion,Intestinal
infections);Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Highcholesterol);Muscular-
skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Nervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Nerves,Stim
ulant,Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,H
eadache);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,Bronchitis,Flu,
Respiratory
tract,Throat
inflamation);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis,Earinflammation,Otitis,Stren
gthe
nsvision
);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,U
rethralinfectio
ns,U
rinaryinfection)
Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanBenito;Plaza
deSan
Carlos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delQ
uirig
ua;Plaza
del
Restrepo
;Plaza
Santande
r
Ocimum
campechianu
mMill.
Albahaca
Culturalillnesses(Bed
-wettin
g);D
igestivesystem
(Flatulence,
Gastrointestin
aldisorders,Intestinalinfections);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,Respiratory
tract);
Sensorysystem
(Otitis,
Streng
then
svision
);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 22 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Origan
ummajoran
aL.
Mejorana
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant);D
igestive
system
(Flatulence,Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems,
Streng
then
sdige
stivesystem
);Nervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Migraine,Nerves,Stim
ulant,Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Spasm
s,Sw
ollenglands);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,Expectorant);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Pustules,Sores)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Origan
umvulgareL.
Orégano
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Inflammation)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Phyladulcis(Trevir.)
Molde
nke
Orozú
/Orozul
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Gastrointestin
aldisorders,Liverprob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Fever,Inflammation);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,
Respiratory
tract)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao
Rosm
arinus
officinalisL.
Romero
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia,H
eartdiseases);
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck,H
ypocho
ndria,Vertig
o);
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Gastritis);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves,Stim
ulant,Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Alope
cia,Headache,Spasms,Stomachache
);Others(M
emory);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chitis,
Cou
gh);Sensorysystem
(Stren
gthe
nsvision
);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds);H
uman
food
(Con
dimen
t)*
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re
Salvia
cf.carneaKu
nth
Salvia
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Salvia
hispan
icaL.
Semillade
Chía
Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(App
etite
supp
ressant,Obe
sity)
Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Salvia
officinalisL.
Salvia
Den
talh
ealth
(Mou
thdiseases);Digestivesystem
(Stomach
prob
lems);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);
Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,Pharyng
itis,Throat
inflamation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Salvia
palifoliaKu
nth
Mastranto
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Arteriosclerosis,Highbloo
dpressure);Digestivesystem
(Indige
stion);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Headache)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Salvia
scutellarioides
Kunth
Mastranto
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Arteriosclerosis);D
entalh
ealth
(Inflammationof
thegu
ms);D
igestivesystem
(Flatulence,
Gastritis,Indige
stion);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Lum
bago
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Altitude
sickne
ss,A
nalgesic,M
enop
ause,
Mosqu
itobites);O
thers(Sun
stroke);Reprod
uctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,Vaginalinfections);Respitarory
system
(Pharyng
itis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 23 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
(Astrin
gent,Burns,H
ealing,
Healingwou
nds,Skin
ulcers,Sores,
Stinging
,Sweatin
g);U
rinarysystem
(Cystitis,D
iuretic)
Saturejabrow
nei(Sw
.)Briq.
Poleo
Culturalillnesses(Bed
-wettin
g);D
igestivesystem
(Flatulence,
Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems);Respitarory
system
(Flu);
Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids);H
uman
food
(Con
dimen
t)*
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del
Lucero;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Saturejamon
tana
L.Hierbade
SanJuan
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Flatulen
ce,Ind
igestio
n);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic,Spasm
s)
Plazade
lQuirig
ua
Scutellaria
incarnataVent.
Alegría
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Dep
ression)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Thym
usvulgarisL.
Tomillo
Den
talh
ealth
(Gum
pain,H
alito
sis,Toothache);D
igestive
system
(Con
stipation,Flatulen
ce,G
astritis,Indige
stion,
Streng
then
sdige
stivesystem
);Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Alope
cia,Analgesic,
Fatig
ue,Lackof
appe
tite,Spasms,Stom
achcram
p);O
thers
(Ton
ic);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,
Sexualpo
tency,Vaginald
ischarge
);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Flu,Sinusitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Cultural
illne
sses,Fun
gicide
,Skindiseases);Hum
anfood
(Con
dimen
t)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
delQ
uirig
ua;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Lauraceae
Persea
american
aMill.
Agu
acate/Hojade
aguacate
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant,Heart
diseases);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery,Flatulence,
Indige
stion);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Abscesses,
Verm
ifuge
);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity);Muscular-
skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Nervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Alope
cia,Analgesic,H
eadache);O
thers
(Health
yhair);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Mou
thinfections,Sexualp
oten
cy,Sterilize,Vaginald
ischarge
,Vaginal
infections);Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,Flu);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent,Boils,Fun
gicide
,Skin
diseases);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,H
emorrhoids,U
rethral
infections);Animalfood
(Animalfood
)*;H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*;
Toxic(Rat
poison
)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lRestrep
o;Plaza
Santande
r
Legu
minosae-Caesalpinioideae
Bauh
iniatarapotensisBenth.
Casco
devaca
Digestivesystem
(Reg
enerateintestinalflora)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Bauh
iniaun
gulata
L.Casco
devaca
Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Headache)
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Brow
neaarizaBenth.
Palo
decruz
Culturalillnesses(W
itchcraft);Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 24 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Brow
nearosa-de-mon
teP.J.
Bergius
Palo
decruz
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
CassiafistulaL.
Cañafístula
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Cassiagran
disL.f.
Casia
Digestivesystem
(Digestiveprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Syphilis);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Fever);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,M
enstrualcolic);Urin
arysystem
(Kidne
yston
es)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Cham
aecristadesvauxii(Collad.)
Killip
Cargarrocío
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation)
PlazaSantande
r
Copaifera
pubiflora
Benth.
Cop
aiba
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Ven
ereald
iseases);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Fever);Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,
Bron
chitis);U
rinarysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Myroxylon
balsa
mum
(L.)Harms
Bálsam
ode
Tolú
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Myroxylon
peruiferum
L.f.
Bálsam
ode
lPerú
Infections
andinfestations
(Tub
erculosis);N
ervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,
Laryng
itis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Parkinsoniaaculeata
L.Retamo
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Hum
anfood
(Meadpreservatio
n)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Phan
eravariegata
(L.)Benth.
Casco
deVaca
/Pata
deBu
eyDigestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Dysen
tery);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Headache)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Senn
aalata(L.)Ro
xb.
Mon
teyoco
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Bot
fly)
Plazade
SanCarlos
Senn
aalexan
drinaMill.
Sen
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation)
Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Senn
ahirsuta(L.)H.S.Irw
in&
Barneb
yBichode
café
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Gallstone
s,Indige
stion);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Others(Ton
ic);Urin
arysystem
(Kidne
yston
es)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Senn
aoccidentalis(L.)Link
Bicho/Chilinchile
/Brusca
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Diarrhe
a,Stom
achprob
lems);
Infections
andinfestations
(Malaria);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a);
Urin
arysystem
(Prostate);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deKenn
edy
Senn
apallida
(Vahl)H.S.Irw
in&
Barneb
yEscobito
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Syphilis)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Senn
areticulata(W
illd.)H.S.
Irwin
&Barneb
yMartín
Galvis
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 25 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Tamarindusindica
L.Tamarindo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Flatulen
ce,G
allbladd
er,
Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Malaria);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Inflammation);Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Abo
rtive);
Respitarory
system
(Throatinflamation);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Skinulcers);Urin
arysystem
(Urin
ary
infection);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Tara
spinosa(Feuillée
exMolina)
Britton
&Ro
seDividivi
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);
Respitarory
system
(Sinusitis,Tonsillitis)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
SanBenito
Legu
minosae-M
imosoide
ae
Acaciadealbata
Link
Acaciade
laIndia
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity)
Plazade
Fontibón
Anadenan
theraperegrina(L.)
Speg
.Niopo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer,Hem
orrhage,
Tumors);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Herpe
s)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Entada
polystachya(L.)DC.
Ojo
debu
eyBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Inga
densifloraBenth.
Guamo
Digestivesystem
(Dysen
tery)
Plazade
Fontibón
Inga
ynga
(Vell.)J.W
.Moo
reGuaba
/GuamoBejuco
/Guamo
Santafereñ
oDigestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery,Intestin
alinflammation);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Dropsy);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
lLucero
Mimosapudica
L.Dormidera
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Epilepsy,Tranqu
ilizer)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Piptadeniaflava
(Spren
g.ex
DC.)
Benth.
Zarza
Culturalillnesses(Hallucino
gen)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Saman
easaman
(Jacq.)Merr.
Samán
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);N
ervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Tranq
uilizer);A
nimalfood
(Animalfood
)*;H
uman
food
(Beb
erage)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy
Vachellia
farnesiana
(L.)Wight
&Arn.
Acaciade
laIndia
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Indige
stion);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Typhu
s);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Fever);Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,
Laryng
itis);U
rinarysystem
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
ElCarmen
Vachellia
nilotica(L.)P.J.H
.Hurter&Mabb.
Acaciade
laIndia
Digestivesystem
(Gastrointestin
aldisorders);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Scabies);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Respitarory
system
(Laryngitis,Respiratory
tract);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Pustules,Sores)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Legu
minosae-Papilion
oide
ae
AbrusprecatoriusL.
Cho
chito
deIndio/Bejuco
Pron
ia/Pion
ía/Cho
chos
Digestivesystem
(App
endicitis);Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,
Expe
ctorant);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis,Stye);Toxic
(Insecticide)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del
12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;Plaza
Santande
r
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 26 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Cajanu
scajan(L.)Huth
Guand
ul/Fríjolq
uincho
ncho
Digestivesystem
(Gastritis,Indige
stion);N
ervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Spasm
s);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skin
ulcers);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
lQuirig
ua
Desmodium
triflorum
(L.)DC.
Pega-Peg
aDesmod
ium
triflorum
(L.)DC.(Reprod
uctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
ErythrinaedulisTriana
exMiche
liChachafruto
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
Erythrinapoeppigian
a(W
alp.)
O.F.C
ook
Búcaro
/Cám
bulo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Cultural
illne
sses
(Hallucino
gen);D
igestivesystem
(Con
stipation);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative);O
thers
(Sun
stroke);Respitarory
system
(Flu);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deMercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
ErythrinarubrinerviaKu
nth
Eritrina/Sirig
uay
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Gliricidiasepium
(Jacq.)Ku
nthex
Walp.
Mataratón
Others(Sun
stroke);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skin
diseases);Toxic(Insecticide)*
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Glycine
max
(L.)Merr.
Soya
Animalfood
(Animalfood
)*;H
uman
food
(food
)*PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Indigofera
suffruticosaMill.
Curí
Den
talh
ealth
(Salivationcontrol);Infections
andinfestations
(Gon
orrhea);H
uman
food
(Foo
dcolorin
g)*
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
MedicagosativaL.
Alfalfa
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Highbloo
dpressure);Den
talh
ealth
(Cavities,D
entalh
ealth
,Gum
pain);
Digestivesystem
(Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity,Restorative,Rickets);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);U
rinarysystem
(Urin
aryinfection);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
l12de
Octub
re;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Mucun
amutisian
a(Kun
th)D
C.
Ojo
devenado
/Pica
pica
Digestivesystem
(Cho
lera,C
onstipation);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Vermifuge
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Dropsy);U
rinarysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy
Spartium
junceum
L.Retama
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes)
Plazade
SanBenito
Viciafaba
L.Habas
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns,H
ealingwou
nds)
PlazaSantande
r
Liliaceae
Lilium
cand
idum
L.Azucena
Infections
andinfestations
(Abscesses);Preg
nancy,childbirth
andchild-bed
(Cracked
breasts);Sen
sory
system
(Otitis);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises,C
alluses,Skin
spots)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Linaceae
Linu
musitatissim
umL.
Linaza
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Intestinalinflammation);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Gen
eralmalaise);
Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh);Urin
arysystem
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Loganiaceae
Spigeliaan
thelmiaL.
Lombricera
Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
)Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 27 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Loranthaceae
Oryctan
thus
alveolatus
(Kun
th)
Kuijt
Pajarito
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Muscular-
skelettalsystem
(Fractures,Luxation);Pregn
ancy,childbirth
andchild-bed
(Childbe
d);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,
Lung
diseases,Ton
sillitis)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
Cen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Psittacan
thus
calyculatus(DC.)G.
Don
Muérdago/Visco
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Cultural
illne
sses
(Vertig
o);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Gou
t,High
cholesterol,Lower
cholesterol);Nervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Epilepsy,Sedative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic,H
emorrhage,Inflammation);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Lycope
rdaceae
Calvatiacyathiform
is(Bosc)
Morgan
Pedo
deBruja
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds)
PlazaSantande
r
Lycopo
diaceae
Lycopodium
clavatum
L.Cacho
deVenado
Culturalillnesses(Tomakechildrenwalk(1-3
years));Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Skincare,SkinTonic)
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
Lythraceae
Cuph
eacartha
genensis(Jacq.)
J.F.M
acbr.
SanAnton
ioBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Cuph
eadipetala(L.f.)Ko
ehne
Moradita
Den
talh
ealth
(Mou
thdiseases);Infections
andinfestations
(Syphilis);Respitarory
system
(Throatinflamation);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho
(Cun
dinamarca)
Malpigh
iaceae
Byrson
imacrassifolia
(L.)Ku
nth
Peralejo
/Barbasco
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);D
igestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
HeteropterysripariaCuatrec.
Saca-sal/Sígalo
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Infections
andinfestations
(Gon
orrhea);Urin
arysystem
(Cystitis)
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Malpigh
iaglabra
L.Ciru
elode
perro
Infections
andinfestations
(Gon
orrhea);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent);Urin
arysystem
(Urethral
infections)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Malvaceae
AlcearoseaL.
Malva
real
Den
talh
ealth
(Tohe
lpteething
,Too
thache
);Respitarory
system
(Bronchialdiseases,Lun
gdiseases,Throatinflamation);
Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Gossypium
hirsutum
L.Algod
onero/Algod
ónmorado
Digestivesystem
(Dysen
tery);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Fever);Respitarory
system
(Lun
gdiseases);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 28 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Guazumaulmifolia
Lam.
Guacimo/Guásimo
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Inflammation);O
thers(Health
yhair);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Burns,H
ealingwou
nds,Skin
diseases);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
SanCarlos
Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis
L.Té
deIbisco
/Cayen
oDigestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Indige
stion);M
etabolism
and
nutrition
(Scurvy);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Alope
cia,Analgesic,Spasm
s);O
thers(Ton
ic);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Respitarory
system
(Expectorant);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent,Skinallergies)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Hibiscus
sabdariffaL.
Abu
tilón
Digestivesystem
(Gallbladd
er);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Scurvy);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic);H
uman
food
(Beb
erage)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
MalachrarudisBenth.
Malvavisco
Digestivesystem
(Gastritis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,C
ough
,Expectorant,Flu)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Malva
parvifloraL.
Malva
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Malva
sylvestrisL.
Malva
/Malva
común
Digestivesystem
(Colic,C
onstipation,Diarrhe
a,Intestinal
inflammation);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Flu,Lun
gdiseases)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Malvaviscus
pend
uliflorus
DC.
Resucitado
Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaSantande
r
MatisiacordataBo
npl.
Zapo
te/Chu
pachup
aHum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Modiolacaroliniana
(L.)G.D
onPatechulo
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deMercado
Trinidad-Galán
Ochromapyramidale(Cav.ex
Lam.)Urb.
Balso
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Headache);
Respitarory
system
(Flu)
Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Sida
cordifolia
L.YerbaAmarga
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,
Inflammation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing
wou
nds)
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deMercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío)
Sida
glom
erataCav.
Escoba
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);
Respitarory
system
(Expectorant)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Sparrm
anniaafrican
aL.f.
Tilo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Feetpain,Rhe
umatism);Nervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Nerves,Sedative,Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fatigue,H
eadache,Prom
otes
sweatin
g,Spasms,Stom
achcram
p);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,D
econ
gestant,Flu);U
rinarysystem
(Urin
ary
infection)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del
Restrepo
Sterculia
apetala(Jacq.)H.Karst.
Majao
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Cardiac
stim
ulant);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Ton
ic);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
LasCruces
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 29 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Melastomataceae
Arthrostem
maciliatum
Pav.ex
D.D
onCañaAgria
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever)
Plazade
SanBenito
Men
ispe
rmaceae
Abutagran
difolia
(Mart.)
Sand
w.
Vibu
ajeiria
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Mon
imiaceae
Peum
usboldus
Molina
Boldo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
entalh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Flatulen
ce,
Gallbladd
er,Ind
igestio
n,Livercleaning
,Liver
prob
lems);
Infections
andinfestations
(Syphilis);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Migraine,
Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Dropsy,Headache,Lack
ofappe
tite);Sen
sory
system
(Stren
gthe
nsvision
);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,Kidne
yinfection)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Moraceae
Artocarpus
altilis(Parkinson
)Fosberg
Hojade
lPan
/Frutapán
Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Rashe
s,Warts);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Brosimum
utile
(Kun
th)O
ken
Avichurí
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chitis,Lung
diseases);
Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
Cecropiapeltata
L.Guarumo/Yarumo
Respitarory
system
(Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chitis,
Lung
diseases)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
FicuscaricaL.
Brevo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Cultural
illne
sses
(Meann
ess);D
igestivesystem
(Con
stipation);
Preg
nancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Breastcare);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,C
ough
,Throatinflamation);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s,Skin
care,W
arts)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
l20
deJulio;Plaza
delQ
uirig
ua
Ficusinsip
idaWilld.
Higuerón
Infections
andinfestations
(Infections
andinfestations
(Anthe
lmintic,Vermifuge
)Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
delLucero
FicusmaximaMill.
Higuerón
Infections
andinfestations
(Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
)PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l20de
Julio
Maclura
tinctoria(L.)D.D
onex
Steud.
Dinde
/Mora
Den
talh
ealth
(Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thextractio
n)PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Moringaceae
Moringa
oleifera
Lam.
Moringa
/Hierbade
laVida
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia,Heartdiseases,H
igh
bloo
dpressure);Den
talh
ealth
(Inflammationof
thegu
ms);
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Diarrhe
a,Gastritis);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,
Rheumatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Epilepsy);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 30 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Cancer,Dandruff,Dropsy,Gen
eralmalaise,H
eadache,
Inflammation,Stom
achache
);Others(Ton
ic);Preg
nancy,
childbirthandchild-bed
(Galactogo
gue);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds);
Urin
arysystem
(Kidne
yston
es);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Mun
tingiaceae
Mun
tingiacalabura
L.Chitato
Den
talh
ealth
(Mou
thinfections);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery,Vom
itive);Infections
andinfestations
(Measles);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Stomach
ache
);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,C
ough
);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Skindiseases)
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Musaceae
Musaxparadisia
caL.
Colicero/Plátanohartón
/Topo
cho
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems);
Infections
andinfestations
(Tub
erculosis);M
etabolism
and
nutrition
(Lactose
intolerance,Restorative);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
Cen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca)
Myricaceae
Morellaparvifolia
(Ben
th.)Parra-
Os.
LaurelCruz
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);N
ervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Stim
ulant);Respitarory
system
(Flu);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Myristicaceae
Otoba
novogran
atensis
Molde
nke
Otoba
Digestivesystem
(Flatulence,Liverprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Lep
rosy,Scabies,Tub
erculosis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Alope
cia);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Dermatitis,Skin
diseases)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Fontibón
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus
globulus
Labill.
Ocal/
Eucalipto
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);C
ulturalillnesses
(Sahum
erio);Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Malaria);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Promotes
sweatin
g);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chitis,Cou
gh,
Decon
gestant,Expe
ctorant,Flu,Laryng
itis,Lung
diseases,
Respiratory
tract,Sinu
sitis,Throatinflamation);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Sores);Toxic(Insecticide)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plaza
deMercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
SanCarlos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Eugeniaun
ifloraL.
Nuezmoscada
Digestivesystem
(Stomachprob
lems);U
rinarysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Myrcian
thes
leucoxyla(Orteg
a)McVaugh
Arrayán
/Palo
dearrayán
Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Digestiveprob
lems,Dysen
tery,Ind
igestio
n,Stom
ach
prob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
and
nutrition
(Restorative);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,
Rheumatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative,
Stim
ulant);O
thers(Ton
ic);Sensorysystem
(Deafness);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del
Quirig
ua
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 31 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Myrtuscommun
isL.
Mirto
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,Lun
gdiseases)
PlazaSantande
r
Psidium
guajavaL.
Guayaba
/Guayaba
Biche
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia);Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery,
Indige
stion);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Alope
cia,Dropsy,Spasms);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds,Skin
ulcers,Sores)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Psidium
guineenseSw
.Guayabo
cimarrón
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Skinulcers)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Syzygium
jambos(L.)Alston
Pomarroso
Digestivesystem
(Flatulence,Indige
stion)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
lLucero
Onagraceae
Ludw
igiaperuvian
a(L.)H.H
ara
Clavito
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chiald
iseases,Lung
diseases,
Pneumon
ia)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Oenothera
multicaulis
Ruiz&
Pav.
Flor
demuerto/Yerbade
las3
flores/Injerta
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Fractures);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,Inflammation);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
SanBenito;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Orchidaceae
Vanilla
plan
ifolia
And
rews
Vainilla
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Ane
mia);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Sexualp
oten
cy);Urin
arysystem
(Urin
ary
infection);Hum
anfood
(Con
dimen
t,Food
)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis
corniculataL.
Acede
raInfections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever)
PlazaBo
yacá
Oxalis
tuberosa
Molina
IbiasuOcas
Digestivesystem
(Gallbladd
er,G
astritis);M
uscular-skelettal
system
(Rhe
umatism);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Papaveraceae
FumariaofficinalisL.
Fumaria
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Scurvy);N
ervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Emen
agog
ue);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s)
Plazade
l12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Papaversomniferum
L.Flor
deam
apola/Ado
rmidera
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);N
ervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Sed
ative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Analgesic,Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g,Spasms,Stom
achache
);Others(Sun
stroke);Reprod
uctive
system
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,Respiratory
tract);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 32 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Passifloraceae
PassifloraligularisJuss.
Granadilla
Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettal
system
(Backpain);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Epilepsy);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Fever);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Bruises)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Turneraulmifolia
L.Dam
iana
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Infertility,Sexual
potency);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthu
sniruri
L.Vierne
sSanto
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Bot
fly,Lice)
Plazade
Kenn
edy
Phytolaccaceae
PetiveriaalliaceaL.
Anamú
Den
talh
ealth
(Cavities,G
umpain,Too
thache
);Infections
and
infestations
(Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,
Rheumatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,C
ancer,Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g,Seizures,
Spasms,Tumors);Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Childbe
d);Respitarory
system
(Respiratory
tract);
Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Pustules,Sores);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deLa
Perseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanBenito;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;
Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Phytolacca
bogotensisKu
nth
Cargamanta
/Guaba
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);D
igestive
system
(Con
stipation);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Scabies,
Verm
ifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer,
Inflammation,Tumors);Respitarory
system
(Decon
gestant);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deMercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
l20de
Julio
Pinaceae
Pinu
spatulaSchltdl.&Cham.
Pino
/Pino
silvestre
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Expectorant,Respiratory
tract);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,Prostate)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Pipe
raceae
Peperomiagarcia-barrigan
aTrel.
&Yu
nck.
Siem
previva
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Indige
stion);
Respitarory
system
(Flu)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deMercado
Trinidad-Galán
Piperadun
cum
L.Cordo
ncillo
Digestivesystem
(Dysen
tery,Ind
igestio
n);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent,Sores)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Piperarboreum
Aub
l.Cordo
ncillo
Digestivesystem
(Dysen
tery,Ind
igestio
n);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Pustules,Sores)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Piperobtusilimbum
C.D
C.
Desvane
cedo
raBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer,Inflammation,
Tumors)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 33 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Plantaginaceae
Digitalis
purpurea
L.Digital
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Cardiac
stim
ulant);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Epilepsyin
children,Tranqu
ilizer);
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia
Plan
tago
australis
Lam.
Llantén
Den
talh
ealth
(Mou
thinflammations);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Livercleaning
);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,
Throat
inflamation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Plan
tago
major
L.Llantén
Den
talh
ealth
(Inflammationof
thegu
ms,Mou
thinflammations);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Dysen
tery,
Gastritis,Indige
stion,Liverprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Bot
fly,Erysipe
las,Gangren
e);M
uscular-skelettal
system
(Arthritis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Analgesic,Fever,Hem
orrhage,Inflammation);O
thers
(Ton
ic);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,Respiratory
tract,
Throat
inflamation);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent,
Healing,
Skin
ulcers);Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids,Kidne
yinfection)
Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
ScopariadulcisL.
Escobilla
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Poaceae
Axon
opus
scoparius(Flügg
é)Ku
hlm.
Micay
/PastoMicay
/Pimckay
/Yerbamicay
Preg
nancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Galactogo
gue);U
rinary
system
(Diuretic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Las
Cruces;Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Cymbopogoncitratus
(DC.)Stapf
Limon
cillo
/Limon
aria
Culturalillnesses("F
ríosen
cajado
s");Den
talh
ealth
(Cavities,
Toothcleaning
);Digestivesystem
(Flatulence);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Vermifuge
);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Fever,Promotes
sweatin
g);Respitarory
system
(Flu);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(SkinTonic);H
uman
food
(Beb
erage)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plaza
deMercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;Plaza
Santande
r
Cyno
dondactylon
(L.)Pers.
Grama
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);N
ervous
system
andmen
tal
health
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Promotes
sweatin
g);Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-
bed(Anti-abo
rtive);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic,U
rinaryinfection)
Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Imperata
contracta(Kun
th)
Hitchc.
Vend
eagujas
Urin
arysystem
(Cystitis,U
rinaryinfection)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán
Oryza
sativaL.
Arroz
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Intestinalinflammation);N
on-
specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(SkinTonic);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Sporobolus
indicus(L.)R.Br.
Grama
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);D
igestive
system
(Liver
prob
lems);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic,Kidne
yinfection,Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
LasCruces
Polygalaceae
Mon
nina
salicifolia
Ruiz&Pav.
Tinto
Culturalillnesses("F
ríosen
cajado
s",G
oodluck);Respitarory
system
(Sinusitis)
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 34 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Polygalapaniculata
L.Sarpoleta/Yerbade
laVirgen
Infections
andinfestations
(Malaria)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Polygo
naceae
Rheum
officinaleBaill.
Ruibarbo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Diarrhe
a,Flatulen
ce,
Gallbladd
er,Stomachprob
lems);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Lackof
appe
tite,Stom
achache
)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Rheum
palmatum
L.Ru
ibarbo
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Digestiveprob
lems,
Flatulen
ce,G
allbladd
er,Ind
igestio
n,Stom
achprob
lems);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Headache;Reprod
uctive
system
andsexualhe
alth
(Infertility))
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deSan
Carlos
Rumex
crisp
usL.
Leng
uade
Vaca
/Ro
maza/
Leng
üevaca
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Gallbladd
er,Liver
prob
lems,
Stom
achprob
lems);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Scurvy);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Infertility);Skin
andsub-cutane
oustissue
(Adstringe
nt);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
del
Restrepo
Rumex
obtusifoliusL.
Leng
uade
Vaca
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Digestiveprob
lems,
Gallbladd
er,Stomachprob
lems);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Infertility)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanBenito;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Ruprechtiaramiflora(Jacq.)C.A.
Mey.
Cargamuchacho/Higuerón
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Restorative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Im
provehe
alth)
PlazaBo
yacá
Polypo
diaceae
Phlebodium
aureum
(L.)J.Sm
.Calaguala
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Highbloo
dpressure);Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Indige
stion);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer)
Plazade
Fontibón
Polypodium
fimbriatum
Maxon
Helecho
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing)
Plazade
LasFerias
Serpocaulontriseriale(Sw.)A.R.
Sm.
Helecho
común
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation)
Plazade
lLucero
Portulacaceae
Portulacaoleracea
L.Verdolaga
Infections
andinfestations
(Vermifuge
);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Burns);Urin
arysystem
(Urin
ary
infection);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deLasFerias;Plazade
lLucero;
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Prim
ulaceae
Myrsin
ecoriacea(Sw.)R.Br.ex
Roem
.&Schu
lt.Espade
ro/Cucharo
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skinallergies)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Pteridaceae
Adiantum
capillus-veneris
L.Culantrillo
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Respitarory
system
(Expectorant);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Ranu
nculaceae
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 35 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Ranu
nculus
nubigenu
sKu
nthex
DC.
Orejade
ratón
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(W
arts)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Rham
naceae
Rham
nuspurshian
aDC.
Cáscara
Sagrada
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant);D
igestive
system
(Con
stipation,Indige
stion);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Lackof
appe
tite);U
rinarysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
lLucero
Rosaceae
Cydoniaoblong
aMill.
Mem
brillo
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Streng
then
sdige
stivesystem
);Respitarory
system
(Lun
gdiseases);Sensorysystem
(Con
junctivitis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Cracked
lips);
Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Malus
pumila
Mill.
Manzana
verde
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Headache)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Rubiaceae
Alibertia
patinoi(Cuatrec.)
Delprete&C.H.Perss.
Borojó
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Sexualp
oten
cy);
Urin
arysystem
(Urin
aryinfection)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Carapichea
ipecacuanh
a(Brot.)
L.And
ersson
Ipecacuana
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Cou
gh,Expectorant,Lun
gdiseases)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Cincho
napubescensVahl
Cascarilla/Quina
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a,Indige
stion);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Malaria);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Analgesic,Fever)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
SanCarlos
Morinda
citrifolia
L.Non
iBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Colon
,Duo
denu
mprob
lems,Gastritis);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Vermifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,
Bone
pain,M
uscularpain,Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Cancer,Fever,Gen
eral
malaise,Stomachache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Emen
agog
ue,Infertility);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,
Decon
gestant,Respiratory
tract);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skindiseases);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Uncariatomentosa
(Willd.)DC.
Uña
deGato
Digestivesystem
(Duo
denu
mprob
lems,Gastritis,
Gastrointestin
aldisorders,Intestinalinflammation,Liver
prob
lems,Stom
achprob
lems);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(HIV);Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Stren
gthe
ninum
osystem);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,C
ancer,
Inflammation,Stom
achache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Con
tracep
tives);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Fun
gicide
,Healingwou
nds,Herpe
s);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic,
Kidn
eyston
es)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
SanCarlos;Plazade
l12
deOctub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;Plaza
Santande
r
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 36 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Rutaceae
Citrus
aurantiifolia(ig
uala
C.
maxim
a)(Christm
.)Sw
ingle
Hojade
llim
ón/Limón
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Cirrho
sis,Flatulen
ce,G
allbladd
er,H
eartbu
rn,
Indige
stion);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic,G
eneralmalaise,
Headache);Respitarory
system
(Pleurainflamation,Throat
inflamation);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis,Stye);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Pustules,Sores)
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Citrus
aurantium
(iguala
C.
maxim
a)L.
Naranjaácida/Naranjaagria
Digestivesystem
(Gallbladd
er,Liver
prob
lems);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
l20de
Julio
Citrus
limetta
(iguala
C.
maxim
a)Risso
Lima
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Urin
ary
system
(Cystitis,Kidne
yston
es,U
rinaryinfection)
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Citrus
sinensis
(iguala
C.
maxim
a)(L.)Osbeck
Azahar/Naranjo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Digestive
system
(Indige
stion);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Headache,Spasms,Stom
achache
);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Coleon
emaalbum
(Thu
nb.)Bartl.
&H.L.W
endl.
Diosm
eCulturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Toxic(Insecticide)*
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Ruta
graveolens
L.Ru
daCulturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,
Flatulen
ce,Ind
igestio
n,Stom
achprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Erysipe
las,Verm
ifuge
);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Neuralgia);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Epilepsy);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g,Stom
achache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Emen
agog
ue,M
enstrualcolic,Stren
gthe
nuterus,
Uterin
ediseases);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Rashe
s)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deFontibón
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plaza
deLasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanBenito;Plaza
deSanCarlos;Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lLucero;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza;Plaza
Santande
r
Zantho
xylum
rigidum
Hum
b.&
Bonp
l.ex
Willd.
Uña
deGato
Digestivesystem
(Liver
prob
lems)
Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deMercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
lRestrep
o
Salicaceae
Salix
humboldtiana
Willd.
Sauce
Den
talh
ealth
(Cavities);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Bon
epain,
Rheumatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Sed
ative);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Alope
cia,
Analgesic,Fever)
Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
SanBenito;
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Sapind
aceae
Aesculus
hippocastanu
mL.
Castaño
deIndias
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Obe
sity);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Inflammation)
Plazade
SanBenito
Paulliniayoco
R.E.Schu
lt.&Killip
Yocó
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(App
etite
supp
ressant);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 37 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Sapind
ussapona
riaL.
Chu
mbimba
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skin
Tonic);U
rinarysystem
(Cystitis);Cultural(Deterge
nt)*;C
osmetic
(Shampo
o)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Sapo
taceae
Chrysoph
yllum
cainito
L.Caimito
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,H
emorrhage);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent,SkinTonic);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l20de
Julio
Man
ilkarazapota
(L.)P.Ro
yen
Níspe
roBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,Kidne
yinfection)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Pouteriasapota
(Jacq.)H.E.
Moo
re&Stearn
Zapo
teRespitarory
system
(Flu);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío)
Scroph
ulariaceae
Alon
soameridiona
lis(L.f.)
Kuntze
Cascabe
lito
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a)Plazade
lRestrep
o
Verbascum
virgatum
Stokes
Verbasco
/Gordo
lobo
Digestivesystem
(Diarrhe
a);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Cramps);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Tranq
uilizer);
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chitis,Cou
gh,Expectorant,
Flu,Throat
inflamation)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Simarou
baceae
Quassiaam
araL.
Agu
asio
/CuasiaAmarga
/Cuasia
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant);C
ultural
illne
sses
(Stren
gthe
n);D
igestivesystem
(Hep
aticstim
ulant,
Indige
stion);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Malaria);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever,Lackof
appe
tite);
Urin
arysystem
(Kidne
yinfection);Toxic(Insecticide)*
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Simarouba
amaraAub
l.Simarruba
/Tara
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,Diarrhe
a);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);Others(Alcoh
olism);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Sensorysystem
(Ear)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Smilacaceae
SmilaxofficinalisKu
nth
Zarzaparrila
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);Blood
andcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Circulatorystim
ulant);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Syphilis);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Ape
na,Lackof
appe
tite,Men
opause,
Prom
otes
sweatin
g);Rep
rodu
ctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Virility);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chiald
iseases,
Cou
gh,Lun
gdiseases);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Boils);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
Cen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 38 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Smilaxsip
hiliticaHum
b.&Bo
npl.
exWilld.
Zarcilla
Anti-ven
om(Antidote);Blood
andcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Syphilis);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(M
enop
ause);Reprod
uctivesystem
and
sexualhe
alth
(Virility)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Solanaceae
Brugman
siacand
idaPers.
Borrache
roCulturalillnesses(Togo
crazy);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Rh
eumatism);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);U
rinarysystem
(Hem
orrhoids);Toxic(Intoxicant)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Capsicum
annuum
L.Ají
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);D
igestive
system
(Con
stipation,Flatulen
ce,Ind
igestio
n);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Lumbago
,Neuralgia,Rhe
umatism,
Sprain);Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Dep
ression,
Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,H
eatsup
,Promotes
sweatin
g);Rep
rodu
ctive
system
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Flu,Laryngitis,Ton
sillitis);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Boils,
Bruises)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Capsicum
rhom
boideum
(Dun
al)
Kuntze
Ají
Infections
andinfestations
(Abscesses);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Lackof
appe
tite)
Plazade
SanCarlos
Cestrum
buxifolium
Kunth
Tinto
Infections
andinfestations
(Typhu
s);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skindiseases)
Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Cestrum
mutisiiW
illd.
exRo
em.
&Schu
lt.Tinto
Infections
andinfestations
(Typhu
s)PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Daturasang
uineaRu
iz&Pav.
Borrache
roNon
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Dropsy)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Daturastramon
ium
L.Chamicoestram
onio
Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Cou
gh)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Man
dragoraofficinarum
Bertol.
Mandrágora
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);C
ultural
illne
sses
(Goo
dluck);Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation,
Vomitive);Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Analgesic);Scabies
(Tetanus);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Infertility,
Sexualpo
tency)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
l12de
Octub
re;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;PlazaSantande
r
Nicotiana
tabacum
L.Tabaco
Infections
andinfestations
(Bot
fly,Scabies,Tetanus);Non
-specificsymptom
sandge
neralillnesses(M
osqu
itobites);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Fun
gicide
);Toxic(Insecticide)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Physalisperuvian
aL.
Uchuva/Capulí
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Vermifuge
);Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh,Throat
inflamation);Sen
sory
system
(Con
junctivitis);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Solanu
mmelon
gena
L.Berenjen
aMetabolism
andnu
trition
(Highcholesterol,Obe
sity)
PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 39 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Solanu
mnigrum
L.Pepamora/Yerbam
ora
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Restorative);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g);O
thers(Ton
ic);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Burns,H
erpe
s,Skin
ulcers)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Solanu
mnigrum
L.Yerbam
ora
Digestivesystem
(Duo
denu
mprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Gangren
e);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Analgesic,Stomachcancer);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Eczem
a,Pu
stules,Rash,Rashes,Skindiseases,Stin
ging
);Urin
arysystem
(Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Solanu
mpseudocapsicum
L.Mirto
Culturalillnesses(Goo
dluck);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
l20de
Julio
Solanu
mquitoense
Lam.
Lulo
deCastilla
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves);O
thers
(Sun
stroke);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skindiseases,
Stinging
)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Sterculiaceae
Guazumaulmifolia
Lam.
Naced
ero,Guásimo/Ñee
auBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Gen
eralmalaise);H
uman
food
(Foo
d)*
Plazade
Mercado
delM
unicipio
dePacho(Cun
dinamarca)
Symplocaceae
Symplocos
theiform
is(L.f.)Oken
Frutade
pava
/Té
deBo
gotá
Metabolism
andnu
trition
(Restorative);H
uman
food
(Beb
erage)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Trop
aeolaceae
Tropaeolum
tuberosum
Ruiz&
Pav.
Cub
ios
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Eczem
a,Herpe
s);U
rinary
system
(Diuretic,U
rinaryinfection);Hum
anfood
(Foo
d)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Paloqu
emao
Urticaceae
Cecropiapeltata
L.Guarumo/Yarumo
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Heartdiseases);Digestive
system
(Gallbladd
er);Others(Sun
stroke);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chiald
iseases,Bron
chitis,Lung
diseases,
Respiratory
tract);
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o
Parietaria
debilis
G.Forst.
Palitaria
Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,U
rinaryinfection)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Fontibón
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio
Parietaria
officinalisL.
Parietaria
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds);U
rinarysystem
(Cystitis,U
rinary
infection)
Plazade
lQuirig
ua
Urera
baccifera
(L.)Gaudich.ex
Wed
d.Pringamosa
Infections
andinfestations
(Erysipe
las);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,U
rinarysystem
(Urethralinfectio
ns)
Plazade
SanCarlos;Plazade
lRestrep
o
Urera
caracasana
(Jacq.)
Gaudich.exGriseb
.Pringamozane
gra
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Hem
orrhage)
Plazade
LaCon
cordia
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 40 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Urticadioica
L.Ortiga/Ortigamayor
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Circulatory
stim
ulant);D
igestivesystem
(Stomachprob
lems);M
uscular-
skelettalsystem
(Arthritis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Heatsup
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexual
health
(Emen
agog
ue,U
terusinflammation);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Skinallergies);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Urticasp.
Poleosilvestre
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Skinallergies,Skin
diseases)
Plazade
lRestrep
o
UrticaurensL.
Ortiga/Ortigablanca
/Ortiga
men
orBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Varicoseveins);D
igestive
system
(Diarrhe
a,Gastritis);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(Bod
dycleansing);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Alope
cia,Dandruff,Inflammation,Noseb
leed
);Reprod
uctive
system
andsexualhe
alth
(Uterusinflammation);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Expe
ctorant);Skinandsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Rashe
s,Skin
allergies,Skin
diseases);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic,
Kidn
eyinfection);H
uman
food
(Con
dimen
t)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
Kenn
edy;Plazade
LaCon
cordia;Plaza
deLasFerias;Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del
12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Verben
aceae
Aloysia
citriodora
Paláu
Cidrón
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant,Heart
diseases);Den
talh
ealth
(Too
thache
);Digestivesystem
(Digestiveprob
lems,Flatulen
ce,G
astrointestin
aldisorders,
Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Rabies);N
ervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Dep
ression,
Nerves,Sedative,Stress,Tranq
uilizer);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Seizures,Spasms);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deLas
Ferias;Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);Plazade
Mercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
deSanBenito;
Plazade
l20de
Julio;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto;Plazade
lRestrepo
;Plaza
Santande
r
Boucheaprism
atica(L.)Ku
ntze
Arrocillo
Digestivesystem
(Rectalp
roblem
s);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Malaria,Typhu
s);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Analgesic);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(SkinTonic)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
Lantan
acamaraL.
Sang
uinaria
/Venturosa/
Sang
uinaria
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Blood
cleansing,
Highbloo
dpressure,Varicoseveins);D
igestivesystem
(Indige
stion,Liver
prob
lems,Stom
achprob
lems);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic,Fever,Promotes
sweatin
g,Spasms);Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Breastcare);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);
Respitarory
system
(Expectorant,Flu);Urin
arysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
del20de
Julio;Plaza
delR
estrep
o;Plaza
Sampe
rMen
doza
Lantan
acanescensKu
nth
Zorrillo
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,U
terin
ediseases);Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis)
Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío)
Lantan
atrifolia
L.Venturosa
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Promotes
sweatin
g);
Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue)
Plazade
l12de
Octub
re
Lippiaalba
(Mill.)N.E.Br.ex
Britton
&P.Wilson
Curalotod
o/Pron
toalivio
/Pron
toalivio
Digestivesystem
(Colic,D
igestiveprob
lems,Flatulen
ce,
Indige
stion,Stom
achprob
lems);End
ocrin
esystem
(Diabe
tes);
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Arthritis,Bo
nepain,Rhe
umatism);
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Nerves,Sedative,
Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deFontibón
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;
Plazade
LaPerseverancia;Plazade
LasCruces;Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re;Plaza
del
Lucero;Plaza
Santande
r
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 41 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Tranqu
ilizer);
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses
(Analgesic,Fever,H
eadache,Prom
otes
sweatin
g,Spasms,
Stom
achache
);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue,M
enstrualcolic);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chiald
iseases,Cou
gh,Flu,Sinusitis)
LippiahirsutaL.f.
Bunq
uín
Infections
andinfestations
(Tub
erculosis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Spasm
s);Rep
rodu
ctive
system
andsexualhe
alth
(Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Asthm
a,Bron
chitis,Expe
ctorant,Lung
diseases)
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos
VerbenaofficinalisL.
Verben
aBloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Highbloo
dpressure);Digestive
system
(Diarrhe
a,Gallbladd
er,Stomachache
);Infections
and
infestations
(Typhu
s);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neral
illne
sses
(Analgesic,H
eadache,Tumors);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(Healingwou
nds)
Plazade
SanCarlos;Plazade
lRestrep
o;PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Violaceae
ViolaodorataL.
Violeta
Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sandge
neralillnesses(Fever);
Respitarory
system
(Cou
gh)
Plazade
LasCruces
Vitaceae
Cissus
verticillata(L.)Nicolson&
C.E.Jarvis
Bejuco
deAgu
aCulturalillnesses(Tomakechildrenwalk(1-3
years));Digestive
system
(Con
stipation,Digestiveprob
lems);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Ven
ereald
iseases);M
uscular-skelettalsystem
(Muscularpain,Rhe
umatism);Non
-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Analgesic,Inflammation,Prom
otes
sweatin
g);Pregn
ancy,childbirthandchild-bed
(Breastcare);
Respitarory
system
(Flu,Respiratory
tract);
Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Healing);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic,
Hem
orrhoids)
Plazade
Mercado
deArm
enia(Quind
ío);PlazaSampe
rMen
doza
Winteraceae
Drim
ysgran
adensis
L.f.
Canelón
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);Skinand
subcutaneo
ustissue(SkinTonic);Hum
anfood
(Beb
erage)*
Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
deSanCarlos
Drim
yswinteriJ.R
.Forst.&
G.
Forst.
Canelo
Nervous
system
andmen
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);O
thers(Ton
ic)
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto
Xantho
rrho
eaceae
Aloe
vera
(L.)Bu
rm.f.
Sábila
Digestivesystem
(Con
stipation);Infectio
nsandinfestations
(Lep
rosy);Reprod
uctivesystem
andsexualhe
alth
(Dysmen
orrhea,Emen
agog
ue);Respitarory
system
(Bronchial
diseases,Bronchitis,C
ough
,Expectorant,Pne
umon
ia);Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue(Healing,
Healingwou
nds,Skin
diseases,Sweatin
g);Toxic(Insecticide)*
PlazaCen
tralde
Corabastos;Plazade
ElCarmen
;Plaza
deKenn
edy;Plazade
LasFerias;Plazade
SanBenito;Plaza
del7
deAgo
sto
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 42 of 47
Table
1(Con
tinued)
Family
/Scientificname
Vernacular
name
Med
icinalUse
catego
ries(Ailm
ent/Illne
ss)*=
nonmed
icinal
uses
Market
Zing
iberaceae
Curcum
along
aL.
Azafránde
raíz/Cúrcuma
Bloo
dandcirculatorysystem
(Circulatorystim
ulant,
Thrombo
sis);D
igestivesystem
(Indige
stion,Livercleaning
);Endo
crinesystem
(Diabe
tes);M
etabolism
andnu
trition
(High
cholesterol,Obe
sity,Stren
gthe
ninum
osystem);Muscular-
skelettalsystem
(Arthritis);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Cancer);
Skin
andsubcutaneo
ustissue
(Healingwou
nds);U
rinarysystem
(Kidne
yinfection);H
uman
food
(Con
dimen
t)*
Plazade
lRestrep
o
Elettaria
cardam
omum
(L.)
Maton
Cardamom
oDigestivesystem
(Digestiveprob
lems);N
ervous
system
and
men
talh
ealth
(Stim
ulant);N
on-spe
cific
symptom
sand
gene
ralillnesses(Lackof
appe
tite);Respitarory
system
(Expectorant)
Plazade
Paloqu
emao;Plaza
del12de
Octub
re
Zygo
phyllaceae
Bulnesiaarborea
(Jacq.)E
ngl.
Guayacán
Muscular-skelettalsystem
(Rhe
umatism)
Plazade
lQuirig
ua
Kallstroemiamaxima(L.)Hoo
k.&Arn.
Abrojode
patio
/Verdolaga/
Abrojo
Digestivesystem
(Colon
,Ind
igestio
n);Infectio
nsand
infestations
(Abscesses,Vermifuge
);Others(Ceassm
oke);
Respitarory
system
(Bronchitis,C
ough
);Skin
and
subcutaneo
ustissue(Astrin
gent,Pustules);U
rinarysystem
(Diuretic)
PlazaBo
yacá;Plaza
deElCarmen
;Plaza
deLasCruces;Plaza
deMercado
deGirardot
(Cun
dinamarca);Plazade
Mercado
Trinidad-Galán;Plaza
dePaloqu
emao;Plaza
del20de
Julio;
Plazade
l7de
Ago
sto;Plazade
lQuirig
ua;Plaza
Santande
r
Bussmann et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:43 Page 43 of 47
plants they report is not explained by geographicalfactors (the main origin of a human population withindifferent districts in Bogotá) (by 9 geographical zones:p = 0.37; by 15 localities: p = 0.41) or size (by numberof species reported: p = 0.22) (Fig. 1). The proportionof unique plants in the markets of Bogotá was gener-ally high and did not show relations to geography ormarket size (Fig. 2). Even the 11 plant species thatwere most widespread among all markets did in fact
occurred only in relatively few markets (Fig. 3). Notsurprisingly, while generally low informant consensus(IC) was highest for introduced species (Table 2).
DiscussionOverall, species richness encountered in Bogotá wasconsiderably higher than reported in studies inBolivia [50] but similar to what we encountered inPeru [40–49]. The numbers of species used for each
Fig. 1 Ordination of Colombian markets in plant-space (plant species and their respective uses). The difference between the plants vendersreport is not explained by geographical factors (by 9 geographical zones: p = 0.37; by 15 localities: p = 0.41) or size (by number of speciesreported: p = 0.22)
Fig. 2 Proportion of unique plants in Colombian markets
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illness was astonishingly high in comparison to the studiesin Bolivia and Peru cited above. In contrast to studies inPeru [42, 43, 49], or even Bolivia [50], the species compos-ition and plant use divergence in the markets of Bogotáwere also very high. This was in contrast to both our ini-tial hypotheses: While we had expected some discrepancyin plant composition and use in different markets, verymuch like in Peru [42, 43, 49] and Bolivia [50], the differ-ences between the markets in Bogotá were much larger.Similarly, in contrast to the expectation that larger mar-kets would contain all plant species found in smaller mar-kets, essentially every market in Bogotá was unique.
Rather than reflecting shared colonial heritage in plantuse, the markets in Bogotá reflected much more the originof the surrounding population, and each market focusedmore on the plant resources from the populations’ originarea. This might reflect that the human population ofBogotá, with migrants from all over Colombia, is muchmore diverse than the populations in the comparisonareas (Trujillo-Chiclayo in Peru with mostly coastal popu-lation and Andean migrants; La Paz with a mixed popula-tion of Quechua and Mestizo origin).
ConclusionsThe present study indicated a very large species and usediversity of medicinal plants in the markets of Bogotá,with profound differences existing even between marketsin close proximity. This might be explained by the greatdifferences in the origin of populations in Bogotá, thefloristic diversity in their regions of origin, and their verydistinct plant use knowledge and preferences that aretransferred to the markets through customer demand.Our study clearly indicates that studies in single marketscannot give an in-depth overview on the plant supplyand use in large metropolitan areas.
AbbreviationsFCu: Use reports for a specific use; IC: Informant consensus; ICu: Informantconsensus for a specific use; LIC: Logarithmic informant consensus;NSu: Species for a specific use
AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge the participation of the market vendors inBogotá, and the Herbario Nacional de Colombia for access to comparativeplant material.
FundingThis study was funded endowment funds of the William L. Brown Center atMissouri Botanical Garden, for which we are grateful.
Availability of data and materialsThe raw data without names of participants are available from the authors.
Authors’ contributionsRWB and NYPZ designed the study; CR conducted the fieldwork; RHEconducted the main statistical analysis; RBU, NYPZ, CM, and RHE analyzedthe data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read, corrected, andapproved the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participateBefore conducting interviews, the individual prior informed consent wasobtained from all participants. No further ethics approval was required. Allwork conducted was carried out under the stipulations of the NagoyaProtocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharingof Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on BiologicalDiversity. The right to use and authorship of any traditional knowledge of allparticipants is maintained, and any use of this information, other than forscientific publication, does require additional prior consent of the traditionalowners, as well as a consensus on access to benefits resulting fromsubsequent use.
Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Fig. 3 The 11 most widespread species among Colombian markets(black squares)
Table 2 Logarithmic informant consensus of Colombia speciesexceeding the 95%ile (3.0)
Species LIC
Sambucus nigra L. 6.5
Matricaria chamomilla L. 6.3
Ocimum basilicum L. 5.7
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson 5.2
Calendula officinalis L. 5.1
Ruta graveolens L. 5.0
Aloysia citriodora Paláu 4.9
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 4.4
Trichanthera gigantea (Bonpl.) Nees 4.2
Juglans neotropica Diels 4.2
Persea americana Mill. 4.0
Allium sativum L. 4.0
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. 3.9
Valeriana officinalis L. 3.5
Ambrosia peruviana Willd. 3.5
Equisetum bogotense Kunth 3.5
Columnea kalbreyeriana Mast. 3.4
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. 3.3
Petiveria alliacea L. 3.2
Lantana camara L. 3.2
Introduced species in bold
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Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.
Author details1Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Calle Ovidio Suarez (26), Cota Cota, LaPaz, Bolivia. 2Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología-UMSA,Campus Universitario, Cota Cota Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia. 3William L. BrownCenter, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299,USA.
Received: 12 February 2018 Accepted: 31 May 2018
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