ASTM D747 Overview.pdf

8/11/2019 ASTM D747 Overview.pdf

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TESTING METHODS AN OVERVIEW

MECHANICAL

Apparent Bending Modulus - ASTM D747

Used for materials too flexible to be tested according to ASTM D790 to determine relativeflexibility. Test specimens are supported as a cantilevered beam and are deflected through anangle. The apparent bending modulus is calculated using the deflection angle, moment, and testspecimen geometry. The calculation of the apparent bending modulus is made assuming smalldeflections and purely elastic specimen behavior.

Due to the nature of the test, factors influencing the apparent bending modulus (including spanlength, width, and specimen depth) vary during testing. Data for specimens of different thicknessmay not be comparable as a result.

Coefficient of Friction - ASTM D1894

The ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the total force applied normal tothose surfaces. Coefficient of friction values are related to the slip properties of films.

Static Coefficient of Friction (s)

Coefficient of friction at the instant motion between surfaces starts.

Kinetic Coefficient of Friction (k)

Coefficient of friction after motion between surfaces is established.

Friction Test


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Testing is performed by sliding a plane beneath a block. The film specimen is attached to the base of theblock. The block is connected to a stationary gage which measures the frictional force between the planeand the block.

The static coefficient of friction is calculated by:

s= As/ Bwhere Asis the reading on the gage at the instant the block slips on the planeand B is the weight of the block.

The kinetic coefficient of friction is calculated by:k= Ak/ Bwhere Akis the reading on the gage after motion between the block and plane is establishedand B is the weight of the block.

Compressive Properties - ASTM D695

Compressive Modulus

The ratio of compressive stress to compressive strain. The slope of the linear region of the stress-strain curve.

Compressive Strength

The maximum compressive stress carried by a test specimen during a compression test.

Testing is performed on either rectangular or cylindrical specimens. The specimen is placedbetween the platens of a universal testing machine and compressed at a constant rate of 1.3mm/min (0.50 in/min). A stress-strain plot is used to extract the compressive strength and the

compressive modulus.

Deformation Under Load - ASTM D621

The percent change in thickness of a material after the application of a specified compressiveload for 24 hours under specified conditions. Deformation values should not exceed 25%because the data has no useful significance.

Test Specimen

The test specimen used in this test is a 12.7 mm (0.5 in) cube.


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Fatigue Limit - ASTM D671

The cyclic flexural stress a material can withstand for the specified number of cycles. This testmeasures the ability of a material to withstand cyclic stresses.

Test specimen is supported as a cantilevered beam and is subjected to an alternating force atone end. The alternating applied stress and the cycles to failure are recorded.

The triangular shape of the test specimen is intended to produce a constant stress along thelength of the test section of the specimen.

Specimen Types

Type Diagram

A

B


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Creep - ASTM D2990

Creep is the permanent deformation resulting from prolonged application of stress below theelastic limit. Creep is influenced by the magnitude of the load, the time the load is applied, and

the temperature.

Testing consists of applying a load to a test specimen and measuring the strain after a specifiedtime.

Tensile Creep

The strain produced by a specified tensile load after a specified time of application.

Tensile Creep Test

Flexural Creep

The outer fiber strain produced by a specified flexural load after a specified time of application.

Flexural Creep Test

Flexural Creep Modulus - ISO 6602

The ratio of initial stress to creep strain after a specified time


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under specified conditions.

A test specimen is subjected to three-point bending under aconstant force. The resulting deflection at mid-span is measuredafter a specified time.

The tensile creep modulus, E t, is calculated using the formula:Et= /t= L

3F/4bh

3st

where L is the distance between the supports (span),F is the applied force,b is the specimen width,h is the specimen thickness,and stis the specimen deflection at mid-span at a specified time.

Flexural Creep Test

ISO 6602 has been discontinued and was replaced by ISO 899-2.

Flexural Properties - ASTM D790

A test specimen is held as a simply supported beam and is subjected to three-point bending. The

specimen is deflected until it either breaks or the outer fiber strain reaches 5%.

Two procedures are used for flexural testing.

Procedure Description Strain Rate

A For materials that break at relatively small deflections. 0.01 mm/mm/min

B For materials that undergo large deflections during testing. 0.10 mm/mm/min


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Flexural Test Configuration

Location of Maximum Fiber Stress/Strain

Term Definition

Flexural Modulus The ratio of outer fiber stress to outer fiber strain.

Flexural Stress at Yield The outer fiber stress corresponding to test specimen yield.

Flexural Stress at Break The outer fiber stress corresponding to test specimen failure.

Flexural Strength The maximum outer fiber stress sustained by a specimen during testing.

Similar Test Standards

ISO 178

Tensile Properties - ISO 527-1,-2

Tensile testing is performed by elongating a specimen and measuring the load carried by thespecimen. From a knowledge of the specimen dimensions, the load and deflection data can betranslated into a stress-strain curve. A variety of tensile properties can be extracted from thestress-strain curve.

Tensile Test

Property Definition

Tensile Strain at Tensile strain corresponding to the point of rupture.
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Break

Nominal TensileStrain at Break

Tensile strain at the tensile stress at break.

Tensile Strain atYield

Tensile strain corresponding to the yield (an increase in strain does not result inan increase in stress).

Tensile Stressat Break Tensile stress corresponding to the point of rupture.

Tensile Stressat 50% Strain

Tensile stress recorded at 50% strain.

Tensile Stresssat Yield

Tensile stress corresponding to the yield point (an increase in strain does notresult in an increase in stress).

Tensile Modulus

Often referred to as Young's modulus, or the modulus of elasticity, tensilemodulus is the slope of a secant line between 0.05% and 0.25% strain on astress-strain plot. Tensile modulus is calculated using the formula:Et=(2-1)/(2-1)where 1is a strain of 0.0005,2is a strain of 0.0025,1is the stress at 1,

and 2is the stress at 2.

Illustration of Tensile Modulus

Test Specimen Summary

Specimen NotePreferred Thickness

(mm)

Type 1A Preferred for directly molded multi-purpose test specimens. 4Type 1B Preferred for machined test specimens. 4

Type 1BAScaled down version of 1B. All dimensions except thicknessscaled by 1.2.

>2

Type 1BBScaled down version of 1B. All dimensions except thicknessscaled by 1.5.

>2

Type 5A Small specimen. >2

Type 5B Small specimen >1


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Type 1A, 1B, 1BA, and 1BB Specimen

Type 5A and 5B Specimen

Similar Standards

ASTM D638

Poisson's Ratio - ASTM E132

The negative ratio of lateral strain to axial strain.

= -y/ x

Poisson Effect

Testing is performed by running a tensile test on a specimen equipped with two extensometers.One extensometer is aligned parallel to the applied tensile stress while the second extensometeris aligned perpendicular to the tensile stress.

Shear Properties - ASTM D732

Shear Strength

The maximum load required to completely shear a specimen (such that the moving portion has clearedthe stationary portion) divided by the sheared area.
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Shear Modulus

The ratio of shear stress to shear strain.

Test specimens are either 50 mm diameter disks, or 50 mm squares with an 11 mm (7/16 in) hole drilledthrough the center. Specimen thickness should be between 0.127 and 12.7 mm (0.005 in and 0.5 in).

Shear Test Setup

The test specimen is placed in a clamp such that its upper and lower surfaces are supported. A punchtype shear tool with a 25.4 mm (1 in) diameter is bolted to the specimen and a load is applied to thepunch. The shear strength is calculated as the maximum force encountered during the test divided bythe area of the sheared edge (circumference of the punched circle multiplied by the specimenthickness).

Test Concept

Taber Abrasion Resistance - ASTM D1044

A measure of the abrasion resistance of plastic materials.


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Test specimens disks are spun on a turntable and are abraded by a pair of abrading wheels for aspecified number of cycles under a specified load. The test method specifies that the change in haze ofthe test specimen be determined as a measure of abrasion resistance. It is more common, however, tosee abrasion resistance reported as the change in mass of the test specimen or change in mass pernumber of cycles. Mass change is due to material loss from abrasion.

Tensile Properties - ISO 527-1,-2


Tensile Test

Property Definition

Tensile Strain atBreak

Tensile strain corresponding to the point of rupture.

Nominal TensileStrain at Break

Tensile strain at the tensile stress at break.

Tensile Strain atYield

Tensile strain corresponding to the yield (an increase in strain does not result inan increase in stress).

Tensile Stress Tensile stress corresponding to the point of rupture.


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at Break

Tensile Stressat 50% Strain

Tensile stress recorded at 50% strain.

Tensile Stresssat Yield


Tensile Modulus

Often referred to as Young's modulus, or the modulus of elasticity, tensilemodulus is the slope of a secant line between 0.05% and 0.25% strain on astress-strain plot. Tensile modulus is calculated using the formula:Et=(2-1)/(2-1)where 1is a strain of 0.0005,2is a strain of 0.0025,1is the stress at 1,and 2is the stress at 2.

Illustration of Tensile Modulus


Specimen NotePreferred Thickness

(mm)

Type 1A Preferred for directly molded multi-purpose test specimens. 4

Type 1B Preferred for machined test specimens. 4

Type 1BAScaled down version of 1B. All dimensions except thicknessscaled by 1.2.

>2

Type 1BBScaled down version of 1B. All dimensions except thicknessscaled by 1.5.

>2

Type 5A Small specimen. >2

Type 5B Small specimen >1

Type 1A, 1B, 1BA, and 1BB Specimen


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Type 5A and 5B Specimen

Similar Standards

ASTM D638

Tensile Properties - ASTM D638


Tensile Test

Property Definition

TensileElongation atBreak

Tensile elongation corresponding to the point of rupture.

TensileElongation atYield

Tensile elongation corresponding to the yield (an increase in strain does not resultin an increase in stress).

TensileStrength at

Break

Tensile stress corresponding to the point of rupture.

TensileStrength atYield


TensileStrength

Tensile stress at a specified elongation.

TensileStrength,Ultimate

The highest tensile stress a material can support before failing.


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TensileModulus

The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain of a material in the elastic region of astress-strain curve. A "Tangent" tensile modulus value is the slope of the elasticregion of the stress-strain curve and is also known as Young's Modulus, or theModulus of Elasticity. A "Secant" tensile modulus value is the slope of a lineconnecting the point of zero strain to a point on the stress-strain curve at aspecified strain. This is used for materials that exhibit little or no linear behavior.

Illustration of Tangent and Secant Tensile Moduli


SpecimenRigidity

CaseNote Thickness

Type I Rigid Preferred specimen.


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ISO 527-1,-2

Gloss - ASTM D2457

Gloss is a measure of how shiny, or reflective a material is at a specified angle based onrefractive index.

Gloss Measurement

An incandescent light source is directed at the test specimen at a specified incidence angle. Areceptor is located at the mirror reflection of the incident beam. Polished black glass with arefractive index of 1.567 is used as a standard and is assigned a gloss of 100 at all geometries.Measurements are made using a glossmeter.

Gloss Geometries

Angle Use Note

20 high-gloss films Equivalent to ASTM D523 at 20.

45 intermediate and low gloss films

60 Intermediate-gloss films Equivalent to ASTM D523 at 60.

Comparison of gloss data can only be made between similar materials and test procedures.Gloss values for transparent and opaque materials are not comparable. Gloss varies withsmoothness and flatness and is sometimes used to compare these attributes.

Similar Standards

ASTM D523

Haze and Transmittance - ASTM D1003

Transmittance

The percent of incident light that is able to pass through a material. The higher the transmittancevalue, the more transparent a material is.

Haze
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The percent of transmitted light that is scattered more than 2.5 from the direction of the incidentbeam. Materials with haze values greater than 30% are considered diffusing.

Testing is performed in either a Hazemeter (Procedure A) or a Spectrophotometer (Procedure B).In both cases, light passes through the test specimen on its way to a photo detector. WhenHazemeter and Spectrophotometer values do not agree, the Hazemeter values take precedence.

Yellowness - ASTM D1925

A measure of the yellowing of a plastic, such as might occur after long-term exposure to light. Thedeviation in chroma from whiteness or water-whiteness in the dominant wavelength range from570 to 580 nm as compared to a magnesium oxide standard.

Yellowness is calculated using the three tristimulus values of a specimen as follows:Yellowness = [100(1.28XCIE- 1.06ZCIE)]/YCIEwhere XCIEis the tristimulus value for Red,YCIEis the tristimulus value for Green,and ZCIEis the tristimulus value for Blue. (CIE stands for the Commission International del'Eclairage).

Positive yellowness values indicates presence and magnitude of yellowness, while a negativeyellowness value indicates that a material appears bluish.

Yellowness is a function of thickness, so comparison between data should be betweenspecimens of comparable thickness.

PHYSICAL ----

Apparent Density and Bulk Factor - ASTM D1895

Apparent Density

The weight per unit volume of a material, including voids that exist in the tested material. Alsocalled Bulk Density. Provides a measure of the "fluffiness" of a material in its supplied form.

Bulk Factor

The ratio of the density of a material after molding to the density of the raw material. Provides ameasure of the volume change that can be expected during processing.

Method Use Test

AFor fine granules and powdersthat can be poured through asmall funnel.

Test is performed by pouring the material through afunnel into a cylinder of known volume. The apparentdensity is calculated by dividing the weight of thematerial in the cylinder by the volume of the cylinder.


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B

For coarse, granular materialsthat either can't be poured orthat pour with difficulty throughthe funnel from Method A.

Test is performed by pouring the material through afunnel into a cylinder of known volume. The apparentdensity is calculated by dividing the weight of thematerial in the cylinder by the volume of the cylinder.

C

For coarse flakes, chips, cut

fibers or strands that can't betested with Methods A or B.

Test is performed by pouring the material into agraduated cylinder and allowing a 2300g plunger to

pack the material for one minute. The apparent densityis taken as the mass of the material divided by thesettled volume.

Similar Standards

ISO 60

Apparent Density - ISO 60

The mass per unit volume of loose material. Also called Bulk Density. Provides a measure of the"fluffiness" of a material in its supplied form.

Material is poured through a specified funnel into a cylinder of known volume. Excess material isscraped off the top of the cylinder with a straightedge and the cylinder is weighed. Apparentdensity is calculated as the mass of material divided by the volume of the cylinder.

Apparent Density Funnel

Similar Standards

ASTM D1895

Density - ASTM D1505

Density is the mass of a material per unit volume.

In this method the density of a material is determined by the density-gradient technique. Amaterial is placed in a liquid column of variable density with standard floats (glass beads of
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known density). The material must float between a pair of the floats. The density of the material isthen calculated based on its position in the column and the densities of the glass beads.

Density Gradient Column

The formula used to calculate density is:Density = Da+ [(h - ha)(Db- Da)/(hb- ha)]where Daand Dbare the densities of floats a and b,h is the vertical position of the material (measured from an arbitrary datum),and haand hbare the vertical position of floats a and b.

Density can be converted to specific gravity by dividing the density (in g/cm3) by 0.9975.

Similar Standards

ASTM D792

ISO 1183

Density - ISO 1183

The mass per unit volume of material.

Density Methods

Method Name Description

AImmersionMethod

Specimen is weighed both in and out of an immersion liquid. Forplastics in a finished conditioin.

B

Pyknometer

Method

A pyknometer is filled with immersion liquid and weighed. The

specimen is weighed and then placed in the pyknometer. Thepyknometer is again filled with immersion liquid and weighed.

C Titration Method

Test specimen is placed in an immersion liquid of lower density. Amore dense immersion fluid that is miscible with the lower densityfluid is added using a burette. Testing stops when the specimen isneutrally buoyant in the solution.

DDensity GradientColumn Method

Specimen is placed in a density gradient column. The columncontains liquid that increases in density from top to bottom. Density ofthe specimen is determined by the vertical location of the specimen in
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the column.

Similar Standards

ASTM D792

ASTM D1505

Environmental Stress-Cracking Resistance (ESCR) - ASTM D1693

Environmental stress cracking is the formation of cracks in a material caused by relatively lowtensile stress and environmental conditions. Environmental Stress-Cracking Resistance (ESCR)is the number of hours that 50% of the specimens tested exhibit stress cracks.

ESCR Specimen

ESCR testing is performed by slowly bending the test specimens and placing them in a holdingclamp. The clamp and specimens are then placed in a test tube and immersed in a specifiedreagent. The test tube is sealed and placed in a constant-temperature bath. Multiple testspecimens are tested at one time.

ESCR Specimens in Holder

Specimens are inspected periodically for failure. Cracks generally develop at the notch,perpendicular to the notch, and run to the edge of the specimen. Any cracks constitute failure, notjust cracks that reach the edge of the specimen. Cracks sometimes appear beneath the surfaceand are visible as surface depressions. If a depression develops into a surface crack the time atwhich the depression was noted is taken as the time of failure.
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ESCR Test

Three test conditions are specified. Condition A is generally used for polyethylene with densitiesbetween 0.910 and 0.925 g/cm. Condition B is used for polyethylene with densities greater than0.925 g/cm. Condition C is used for accelerated testing of materials with extremely high ESCRvalues.

A summary of the differences in the different test conditions is l isted below.

ESCR Test Conditions

Condition Thickness (mm) Notch Depth (mm) Bath Temperature (C)

Amin 3 0.5

50max 3.3 0.65

B min 1.84 0.3 50max 1.97 0.4

Cmin 1.84 0.3

100max 1.97 0.4

Melt Mass-Flow and Melt Volume-Flow Rate - ASTM D1238


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Material Condition

Acetals (copolymer and homopolymer)190/2.16190/1.05

Acrylics230/1.2230/3.8

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene200/5.0230/3.8220/10

Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene/polycarbonate

230/3.8250/1.2265/3.8265/5.0

Cellulose esters

190/0.325190/2.16190/21.60210/2.16

Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer 271.5/2.16

Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer 297/5.0

Nylon

275/0.325235/1.0235/2.16235/5.0275/5.0

Perfluoro(ethylene-propylene) copolymer 372/2.16

Perfluoroalkoxyalkane 372/5.0

Polycaprolactone125/2.1680/2.16

Polychlorotrifluorethylene 265/12.5

Polyethylene

125/0.325125/2.16250/1.2190/0.325190/2.16190/21.60190/10310/12.5

Polycarbonate 300/1.2

Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene265/21.6265/31.6

Polypropylene 230/2.16

Polystyrene

200/5.0230/1.2

230/3.8190/5.0

Polyterephthalate250/2.16210/2.16285/2.16

Poly(vinyl acetal) 150/21.6

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)230/21.6230/5.0


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Poly(phenylene sulfide) 315/5.0

Styrene acrylonitrile220/10230/10230/3.8

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer190/2.16200/5.0

Thermoplastic Elastomer-Ether-Ester

190/2.16220/2.16230/2.16240/2.16250/2.16

Thermoplastic elastomers (TEO) 230/2.16

Vinylidene fluoride copolymers230/21.6230/5.0

Similar Standards

ISO 1133

Melt Mass-Flow (MFR) and Melt Volume-Flow (MVR) Rate - ISO 1133

Extrusion rate of a resin through an orifice of defined dimensions at a specified temperature andload. Flow rates can be used to differentiate grades or provide a measure of degradation of amaterial as a result of molding.

Melt Flow Rate Procedures

Procedure Description

A Manual TestingB Automated Testing

The testing conditions are most commonly reported as temperature/load (i.e. 190C/2.16 kg).Occasionally test conditions are represented by a letter code. These letter codes are describedbelow.

Flow Rate Condition Letter Codes

Letter Code Temperature (C) Load (kg)

A 250 2.16

B 150 2.16

D 190 2.16E 190 0.325

F 190 10.00

G 190 21.60

H 200 5.00

M 230 2.16

N 230 3.80

S 280 2.16


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T 190 5.00

U 220 10.00

W 300 1.20

Z 125 0.325

The term Melt Index is commonly used in place of the Melt-Mass Flow Rate for polyethylene at190C/2.16 kg.

Common Melt Flow Rate Conditions by Material

Material Condition

PS 200/5.00

PE

190/2.16

190/0.325

190/21.60

190/5.00

PP 23/2.16

ABS 220/10.00PS-I 200/5.00

E/VAC

150/2.16

190/2.16

125/0.325

SAN 220/10.00

ASA, ACS, AES 220/10.00

PC 300/1.20

PMMA 230/3.80

PB 190/2.16

PB 190/10.00

POM 190/2.16

MABS 220/10.00

Similar Standards

ASTM D1238

Melt Mass-Flow and Melt Volume-Flow Rate - ASTM D1238




A Manual Operation

B Automatically Timed Flow Rate Measurement


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CAutomatically Timed Flow Rate Measurement for High Flow Rate Polyolefins UsingHalf-Height, Half Diameter Die

The testing conditions are most commonly reported as temperature/load (i.e. 190C/2.16 kg). Inthe past several test conditions were given alphabetical designations, these designations aredescribed below.

Historical Melt Flow Rate Conditions

Condition Temperature (C) Load (kg)

A 125 0.325

B 125 2.16

C 150 2.16

D 190 0.325

E 190 2.16

F 190 21.6

G 200 5

H 230 1.2I 230 3.8

J 265 12.5

K 275 0.325

L 230 2.16

M 190 1.05

N 190 10

O 300 1.2

P 190 5

Q 235 1

R 235 2.16

S 235 5

T 250 2.16

U 310 12.5

V 310 2.16

W 285 2.16

X 315 5

The term Melt Index is commonly used in place of the Melt Flow Rate for polyethylene at190C/2.16 kg.


Material Condition

Acetals (copolymer and homopolymer)190/2.16190/1.05

Acrylics230/1.2230/3.8

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene200/5.0230/3.8220/10


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Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene/polycarbonate

230/3.8250/1.2265/3.8265/5.0

Cellulose esters

190/0.325190/2.16

190/21.60210/2.16

Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer 271.5/2.16

Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer 297/5.0

Nylon

275/0.325235/1.0235/2.16235/5.0275/5.0

Perfluoro(ethylene-propylene) copolymer 372/2.16

Perfluoroalkoxyalkane 372/5.0

Polycaprolactone

125/2.16

80/2.16

Polychlorotrifluorethylene 265/12.5

Polyethylene

125/0.325125/2.16250/1.2190/0.325190/2.16190/21.60190/10310/12.5

Polycarbonate 300/1.2

Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene265/21.6

265/31.6Polypropylene 230/2.16

Polystyrene

200/5.0230/1.2230/3.8190/5.0

Polyterephthalate250/2.16210/2.16285/2.16

Poly(vinyl acetal) 150/21.6

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)230/21.6230/5.0

Poly(phenylene sulfide) 315/5.0

Styrene acrylonitrile220/10230/10230/3.8

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer190/2.16200/5.0

Thermoplastic Elastomer-Ether-Ester190/2.16220/2.16


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230/2.16240/2.16250/2.16

Thermoplastic elastomers (TEO) 230/2.16

Vinylidene fluoride copolymers230/21.6230/5.0

Similar Standards

ISO 1133

Melt Mass-Flow (MFR) and Melt Volume-Flow (MVR) Rate - ISO 1133




A Manual Testing

B Automated Testing

The testing conditions are most commonly reported as temperature/load (i.e. 190C/2.16 kg).Occasionally test conditions are represented by a letter code. These letter codes are describedbelow.

Flow Rate Condition Letter Codes

Letter Code Temperature (C) Load (kg)

A 250 2.16

B 150 2.16

D 190 2.16

E 190 0.325

F 190 10.00

G 190 21.60

H 200 5.00

M 230 2.16

N 230 3.80

S 280 2.16T 190 5.00

U 220 10.00

W 300 1.20

Z 125 0.325

The term Melt Index is commonly used in place of the Melt-Mass Flow Rate for polyethylene at190C/2.16 kg.


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Material Condition

PS 200/5.00

PE

190/2.16

190/0.325

190/21.60190/5.00

PP 23/2.16

ABS 220/10.00

PS-I 200/5.00

E/VAC

150/2.16

190/2.16

125/0.325

SAN 220/10.00

ASA, ACS, AES 220/10.00

PC 300/1.20

PMMA 230/3.80

PB 190/2.16

PB 190/10.00

POM 190/2.16

MABS 220/10.00

Similar Standards

ASTM D1238

Mold Shrinkage - ASTM D955

This standard covers the measurement of specimen shrinkage for injection and compressionmolding. Data for mold shrinkage should be used for material comparison. Actual mold shrinkagevalues are highly dependant on part geometry, mold configuration, and processing conditions.

Mold shrinkage for many materials differs for flow and transverse (or across flow) directions. Flowdirection is taken as the direction the molten material is traveling when it exits the gate and entersthe mold.


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Measurement Orientation

Three specimen types may be used to determine mold shrinkage, Type A, Type B, and Type D2.Mold shrinkage is expressed as a percent change in dimension of a specimen in relation to molddimensions.

Specimen Type Shape Dimensions Shrinkage Measured

D2 Square Plaque

60x60x2 mm

Flow & Transverse

A Bar12.7x127x3.2 mm

Flow

B Circular Disk

100 mm diameter, 3.2 mm thick

Flow & Transverse

Mold shrinkage in the flow direction is calculated by:SFlow= 100 * (LM- LS) / LMwhere LMis the length of the test section of the mold cavity and L Sis the corresponding length ofthe test specimen after it has cooled.

Mold shrinkage in the transverse direction is calculated by:STransverse= 100 * (WM- WS) / WMMis the width of the test section of the mold cavity and W Sis thecorresponding width of the test specimen after it has cooled.

Similar Standards:

ISO 294-4

Mold Shrinkage - ISO 294-4

This standard covers the measurement of specimen shrinkage for injection and compressionmolding. Data for mold shrinkage should be used for material comparison. Actual mold shrinkagevalues are highly dependant on part geometry, mold configuration, and processing conditions.


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Mold Shrinkage Specimen

Mold shrinkage for many materials differs for flow and transverse (or across flow) directions. Flowdirection is taken as the direction the molten material is traveling when it exits the gate and entersthe mold. Mold shrinkage is expressed as a percent change in dimension of a specimen in

relation to mold dimensions.

Measurement Orientation

Mold shrinkage in the flow direction is calculated by:

SFlow= 100 * (LM- LS) / LMwhere LMis the length of the test section of the mold cavity and L Sis the corresponding length ofthe test specimen after it has cooled.

Mold shrinkage in the transverse direction is calculated by:STransverse= 100 * (WM- WS) / WMMis the width of the test section of the mold cavity and W Sis thecorresponding width of the test specimen after it has cooled.

Similar Standards:

ASTM D955

Viscosity Number - ISO 307

The viscosity number provides a measure of the molecular mass of a polymer. ISO 307 dealswith the determination of viscosity number for polyamide materials.

The polyamide material is dissolved in a solvent and the solution is poured into a viscometer. Theviscometer is immersed in a constant temperature bath at 25C. The time for the solution to flow


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between the two graduation lines is recorded. The test is repeated with the solvent and the time isrecorded.

Solvents

Name Chemical Symbol Concentration

Formic Acid HCOOH 90%

m-Cresol C7H8O 99%

Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 96%

Viscosity number is calculated using:VN = (t/to- 1)/cwhere t is the flow time of the solution in seconds,tois the flow time of the solvent in seconds,and c is the concentration of the polymer in g/ml of solution.


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Ubbelohde Viscometer

Water Absorption - ASTM D570

The percent increase in weight of a material after exposure to water under specified conditions.Water absorption can influence mechanical and electrical properties. Factors such as the type ofmaterial, additives, temperature, and length of exposure can affect the amount of water absorbed.

For testing, the specimens are dried and cooled. Three testing procedures are commonlyemployed. Only data from the same testing procedures are readily comparable.

Procedure Test Description

Water Absorption@ 24 hrs

Test specimens are immersed in distilled water at a specified temperature for24 hours. Testing is most commonly done at 23C (73.4F)

Water Absorption@ Saturation

Test specimens are immersed in distilled water at a specified temperatureuntil the water absorption essentially ceases.

Water Absorption@ Equilibrium.

Test specimens are exposed to a humid environment at a specifiedtemperature for 24 hours. Testing is most commonly performed at 50%relative humidity (RH) and 23C (73.4F).

Similar Standards

ISO 62

Water Absorption - ISO 62

The percent increase in weight of a material after exposure to water under specified conditions.Water absorption can influence mechanical and electrical properties. Factors such as the type ofmaterial, additives, temperature, and length of exposure can affect the amount of water absorbed.

For testing, the specimens are dried and cooled. Three testing procedures are commonlyemployed. Only data from the same testing procedures are readily comparable.

Procedure Test Description

Water Absorption24h/23C

Test specimens are immersed in distilled water at room temperature for 24hours.

Water Absorption

Sat/23C

Test specimens are immersed in distilled water at a room temperature until

the water absorption essentially ceases.Water Absorption23C/50RH

Test specimens are exposed to 50% RH room temperature air for 24hours.

CAMPUS Note

The CAMPUS Humidity absorption is a saturation value tested at 23C and 50% relative humidity,while the CAMPUS Water absorption is saturation value tested in water at 23C.


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Similar Standards

ASTM D570

THERMAL

Accelerated Oven Aging - ISO 4577

The time to failure at elevated temperature. A measure of the thermal oxidative stability ofpolypropylene and polypropylene copolymers in air.

Specimens are placed in a rotating assembly in an oven and are brought to an elevatedtemperature until the specimens fail. Failure is determined by visual inspection and is defined aslocalized discoloration, crumbling, or crazing. Oxidation of polypropylene generally takes place on

the surface before moving inward.

Brittle Temperature - ASTM D746

Temperature at which 50% of material specimens exhibit brittle failure under specified impactconditions.

Test specimen is held by a clamp as a cantilevered beam and is impacted at 2000 mm/sec.

Apparatus A Apparatus B

Clamps are constructed such that multiple specimens can be tested at one time.

Similar Standards

ISO 812

ISO 974
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Brittleness Temperature - ISO 812

The lowest temperature at which a rubber material specimen does not exhibit brittle failure underspecified impact conditions.

Test specimen is held by a clamp as a cantilevered beam and is impacted at 2.0 m/sec.

Impact Configuration

Clamps are constructed such that multiple specimens can be tested at one time.

Two specimen types may be used for testing: Type A or Type B.

Type A Type B

Similar Standards

ASTM D746

ISO 974

Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) - ASTM D696

The change in length per unit length of a material per degree of temperature change.

CLTE is measured using a silica dilatometer. A specimen is placed inside a silica tube and silicarod is inserted into the tube. A dial gage or similar device is attached to the rod.
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Dilatometer Setup

The end of the tube containing the test specimen is placed in a -30C (-22F) constanttemperature bath. After the specimen has reached a temperature of -30C (as indicated by nomovement in the dial gage), the constant temperature bath is replaced by a 30C (86F) constanttemperature bath. After the specimen has reached a temperature of 30C, the 30C bath isreplaced by the -30C bath. After the specimen has reached a temperature of -30C, thespecimen is removed and measured at room temperature. ASTM D696 covers temperaturesbetween -30C and 30C.

CLTE Test

CLTE () is calculated using the formula: = L / (Lo* T)where L is the change in length of the specimen,Lois the original length of the specimen,and T is the temperature change during the test.

Similar Standards

ASTM E228 ASTM E831

ISO 11359-1,-2

Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE) - ISO 11359-1,-2

The change in length per unit length of a material per degree of temperature change.
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CLTE is measured using a thermomechanical analyzer. The specimen is held in an enclosureand is contacted by a probe leading to a displacement sensor. A small force is applied to thespecimen to keep the probe in contact with the specimen.

Thermomechanical Analyzer Setup

The enclosure is brought to a starting temperature. The temperature within the enclosure isincreased at a uniform rate. The expansion of the specimen is measured by the displacementsensor over the temperature range of interest.

CLTE () is calculated using the formula: = L / (Lo* T)where L is the change in length of the specimen,L

ois the original length of the specimen,

and T is the temperature change during the test.

CAMPUS Note

CAMPUS specifies that the test temperature range is to be from 23C to 55C.

Similar Standards

ASTM D696

ASTM E228

ASTM E831

Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) - ISO 75

The temperature at which a test specimen deflects a specifiedamount when loaded in 3-point bending at a specified maximumouter fiber stress. Deflection temperature is used to determine
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short-term heat resistance.

HDT Testing Methods

Method Outer Fiber Stress (MPa)

A 1.80

B 0.45C 8.00

Testing is either performed using edgewise or flatwise specimenorientation. Testing parameters vary between the twoconfigurations as shown below.

Specimen Orientation Parameters

OrientationDimensions

(mm)Span(mm)

StandardDeflection

Diagram

Edgewise 120x9.8-15x3-4.2

100 0.32

Flatwise 80x10x4 64 0.34

CAMPUS Note

CAMPUS requires testing in the flatwise orientation.

Similar Standards

ASTM D648

Deflection Temperature Under Load (DTUL) - ASTM D648

The temperature at which a test specimen deflects 0.25 mm when loaded in 3-point bending at aspecified maximum outer fiber stress. Deflection temperature is used to determine short-term

heat resistance.


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A test specimen is loaded in 3-point bending in the edgewise direction. Outer fiber stresses usedfor testing are 0.455 MPa (66 psi) and 1.82 MPa (264 psi). The temperature is increased at2C/min until the specimen deflects 0.25 mm (0.010 in).

Similar Standards

ISO 75

Ductile/Brittle Transition Temperature - ISO 6603-2

The temperature at which a material makes a transition from ductile to brittle failure whensubjected to a multi-axial instrumented impact test (See Multi-Axial Instrumented Impact - ISO6603-2).

Glass Transition Temperature - ASTM E1356

The temperature at which an amorphous material experiences a physical change from a hard, orbrittle condition to a flexible, or rubbery condition.

Since glass transition covers a range of temperatures, the reported glass transition temperature isgenerally the midpoint of the range. For materials with both crystalline and amorphous regions,only the amorphous region exhibits glass transition.

Melting Behavior of Semi-crystalline Polymers - ISO 3146

Melting Temperature (DSC)

The temperature range over which crystalline polymers lose their crystallinity as measured usinga differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Use of a DSC is covered as method C2 of ISO 3146.


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Peak Crystallization Temperature (DSC)

Temperature at which a crystalline polymer crystallizes as measured using a DSC. Use of a DSCis covered as method C2 of ISO 3146.

Similar Standards

ASTM D3418

Specific Heat - ASTM C351

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a material one degree.The heat capacity per unit mass of a material.

Testing is performed by measuring the temperature change of a known quantity of water (or othersuitable calorimetric fluid) after the introduction of a heated test specimen. The test chamber is

insulated to minimize heat loss.

The specific heat of the test material is calculated using:cs= (mw* cw* Tw) / (ms* Ts)where mwis the mass of the water,cwis the specific heat of water,Twis the temperature change of the water,msis the mass of the specimen,and Tsis the temperature change of the specimen.

Thermal Conductivity - ASTM C177

The rate of heat flow through a material per unit thickness per degree of temperature differenceacross the thickness.

Testing is performed using a guarded-hot-plate apparatus. Two identical samples are placed onopposite sides of the main heater. The main heater and guard heaters are kept at the sametemperature. Both auxiliary heaters are maintained a lower temperature. The guard heatersminimize the amount of lateral heat transfer from the main heater. Temperatures are monitored ateach surface by thermocouples. The heat transferred through the specimens is equal to thepower supplied to the main heater. Thermal equilibrium is established when temperature andvoltage readings are steady.


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Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

Thermal conductivity is calculated using:k = P / [t * (Tm- Ta)]where P is the power supplied to the main heater,t is the total specimen thickness (twice the single specimen thickness),and Tmis the temperature of the main heater,and Tais the temperature of the auxiliary heater.

Similar Standards

ISO 8302

Thermal Conductivity - ISO 8302

The rate of heat flow through a material per unit thickness per degree of temperature differenceacross the thickness.

Testing is performed using a guarded-hot-plate apparatus. Two identical samples are placed onopposite sides of the main heater. The main heater and guard heaters are kept at the sametemperature. Both auxiliary heaters are maintained a lower temperature. The guard heatersminimize the amount of lateral heat transfer from the main heater. Temperatures are monitored ateach surface by thermocouples. The heat transferred through the specimens is equal to thepower supplied to the main heater. Thermal equilibrium is established when temperature andvoltage readings are steady.


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Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

Thermal conductivity is calculated using:k = P / [t * (Tm- Ta)]where P is the power supplied to the main heater,t is the total specimen thickness (twice the single specimen thickness),

and Tmis the temperature of the main heater,and Tais the temperature of the auxiliary heater.

Similar Standards

ASTM C177

Vicat Softening Temperature - ASTM D1525

The temperature at which a 1mm2flat-ended needle will penetrate 1mm into a material under a

specified load and heating rate. The vicat softening temperature can be used to compare theheat-softening characteristics of different materials.

Two different heating rates and two different loads may be used for testing.

Heating Rate A: 50C/hr

Heating Rate B: 120C/hr

Loading 1: 10 N (1 kg)Loading 2: 50 N (5 kg)

Similar Standards

ISO 306

Vicat Softening Temperature - ISO 306

The temperature at which a 1mm2flat-ended needle will penetrate 1mm into a material under a

specified load and heating rate. The vicat softening temperature can be used to compare theheat-softening characteristics of different materials.
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Four different methods may be used for testing.

Testing Methods

Method Load (N) Heating Rate (C/hr)

A50 10 50

B50 50 50

A120 10 120

B120 50 120

CAMPUS Note

CAMPUS Vicat values are tested using the B50 method.

Similar Standards

ASTM D1525

ASTM D747 Overview.pdf

Documents

Transcript of ASTM D747 Overview.pdf