ASTM A489

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Compiled by: K P Shah

Rigging Hardware Eye BoltsInformation about eye bolts material, specification, marking and application is given

in this article.

Material, Specification and MarkingEye bolts are made from forged carbon steel or alloy steel. Alloy steel eye bolts areforged, quenched, and tempered with improved toughness properties, intended

primarily for low- temperature applications. Carbon steel eye bolts (ASTM A489)shall have the manufacturers name or identification mark forged in raised characters

on the surface of the eye bolt. Alloy steel eye bolts (ASTM F541) shall have thesymbol A (denoting alloy steel) and the manufacturers name or identification mark

forged in raised characters on the surface of the eye bolt.

Eye bolts are made as per ANSI/ASME B18.15 and ASME B30.26.

ASME B18.15 is limited to dimensions and capacities for forged threaded eye boltsintended primarily for lifting applications, and cover the following types and styles:

Type 1, Plain Pattern (straight shank); Style A Long Length; Style B ShortLength.

Type 2, Shoulder Pattern; Style A Long Length; Style B Short Length.Short Length Shoulder Pattern eye bolts are also known as Machinery Type eye bolts.

ASME B30.26 include identification, ductility, design factor, proof load andtemperature requirements.

Eye bolts shall have a minimum design factor of 5, based on ultimate strength.Working Load Limit shown is for in-line pull.

Eye bolts manufactured in accordance with ASTM A489 (Standard Specifications forCarbon Steel Lifting Eyes) are rated for lifting service between +30F and +275F.

These temperature limitations are also referenced in ASME B18.15 (Forged Eyebolts). Eye bolts manufactured in accordance with ASTM F 541 (Alloy Steel Eye

bolts) are rated for use at a low temperature of -40F. ASTM F 541 requires the

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symbol A to denote alloy steel.

Safe Working Load for Carbon Steel Shouldered Eye bolts as per ANSI/ASME

B18.15 is as under.

Norminal

size (in.)

Inside diameter of

eye (in.)

Safe Working Load for Shouldered Eye bolt (lb)

Vertical 30 from vertical 60 from vertical

1/4 0.69 400 75 Not recommended

3/8 0.94 1,000 400 220

1/2 1.12 1,840 850 520

5/8 1.31 2,940 1,410 890

3/4 1.44 4,430 2,230 1,310

1 1.69 7,880 3,850 2,630

1 1/4 2.12 12,600 6,200 4,125

1 1/2 2.44 18,260 9,010 6,040

2 3.06 32,500 15,970 10,910

Safe Working Load for Carbon Steel Eye bolts as per ASME B30.26 for vertical(in-line) loading for Inch and Metric sizes are as under.

Size (in.) Working Load Limit (lbs.)

1/4 650

5/16 1,200

3/8 1,550

1/2 2,600

5/8 5,200

3/4 7,200

7/8 10,600

1 13,300

1-1/4 21,000

1-1/2 24,000

Metric Size Working Load Limit kg

m6 200

m8 400

m10 640

m12 1000

m16 1800

m20 2500

m24 4000

m30 6000

m36 8500

For angular lifts, adjust working load as follows:


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Direction of Pull Adjusted Working Load

45 degrees 30% of rated working load

90 degrees 25% of rated working load

IS 4190: 1984Indian standard for eye bolts is IS 4190: 1984 (Specification for Eye Bolts with

Collars). This standard specifies the basic dimensions, material, lifting capacity andconditions of use of lifting eyebolts of Grade M. These eyebolts, which are described

as `universal` may be used in all cases involving vertical and inclined lifting. Thisstandard covers only eyebolts with eyes of internal diameters capable of permitting

direct engagement with eyehooks of the same lifting capacity (working load limit) foruse with Grade T(8) chain. In the case of eyehooks for use with Grade M(4) chain, it

may be necessary to use an intermediate component such as a shackle to make theconnection.

Application

It is recommended to use shouldered eye bolts for rigging hardware, except whenprohibited by the configuration of the item to which the eye bolt is attached. Where

non-shouldered eye bolts are required, they shall be used only in vertical pulls or inrigging systems that are designed, analyzed, and approved by a qualified person.

For vertical loading, eye bolts without shoulders have the same load-carrying abilityas shouldered eye bolts.


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Shoulders of eye bolts shall seat uniformly and snugly against the surface on whichthey bear. Never undercut eye bolt to seat shoulder against the load. Always

countersink receiving hole or use washers to seat shoulder.

When more than one eye bolt is used in conjunction with multiple-leg rigging,

spreader bars or lifting beams should be used to eliminate angular loading. In casetwo or more than two eye bolts are used without spreader bars, their orientation shall

be such that load is in the plane of the eyes as shown below (Orientation of eye bolts).When eye bolts cannot be properly seated and aligned with each other, a steel washer

or spacer not to exceed one thread pitch may be required to put below the eye bolt.Proper thread engagement must be maintained. Use a washer with approximately the

same diameter as the eye bolt shoulder and the smallest inside diameter that will fitthe eye bolt shank.

If the hook does not go completely into the eye bolt, use a shackle to avoid loadingthe hook tip.

Installation for In-line LoadingFor in-line loading application use regular nut eye bolt or shoulder nut eye bolt. Use

number of nuts based on thickness of load as shown below.

Use one nut if thickness is more than one eye bolt diameter. Use two nuts if thicknessis less than or equal to eye bolt diameter. Always tighten nuts securely against the

load.


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Installation for Angular LoadingUse shoulder nut eye bolt for angular loading. If the eye bolt protrudes so far throughthe load that the nut cannot be tightened securely against the load, use properly sized

washers to take up the excess space between the nut and the load as shown below.Thickness of washers / spacer must exceed the distance between the bottom of the

load and the last thread of the eye bolt.

Reeving of SlingSlings shall not be reeved through an eye bolt or reeved through a pair of eye bolts.Reeving will alter the angle of loading on the eye bolt as shown below. Only one leg

should be attached to each eye bolt.

Machinery Eye Bolt Installation for In-line & Angular LoadingThese eye bolts are primarily intended to be installed into tapped holes. For

installation, tap the load (tap depth) to a minimum depth of one-half the eye bolt sizebeyond the shank length of the machinery eye bolt. If the plane of the machinery eye

bolt is not aligned with the sling line, add shims (washers) of proper thickness toadjust the angle of the plane of the eye to match the sling line as shown below.


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To attain the rated capacity, minimum thread shank length of engagement depends on

parent material and must be as follows:Steel: 1 thread diameter

Cast iron, brass, bronze: 1.5 times the thread diameterAluminum, magnesium, zinc, plastic: 2 times the thread diameter

Swivel Hoist Ring

Swivel hoist ring shown above is a patented product manufactured by The

Crosbygroup Inc. and is available in UNC and Metric thread sizes. One of the mainadvantages for its use is self alignment of its eye with the load angle due to swivel

movement and they are rated 100% for 90 degree angle. It gives 360 swivel and180 pivot action as shown below.

Eye Bolt InspectionVisually inspect each eye bolt before use. Eye bolts that are worn, cracked, bent,


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elongated or have damaged threads shall be discarded. Ensure that threads on shankand receiving hole are clean.

Note:For more information on eye bolts (dimensions) and swivel hoist rings (different type

of rings) please refer General Catalog of the Crosby Group.

Acknowledgement:

Sketches in this article are based on sketches in General Catalogue by Crosby Group.

One Response

Jar Allah Says:

September 18th, 2011 at 12:54 am

Thanks a lot, very useful information in simple way

appreciated


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ASTM A489

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