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United States Environmental Protection Agency

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Environmental Research Laboratory Corvallis, OR 97333

EPA 600/3-R9/038b V October 1989

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Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science Vol. II

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EP A/600/3-89/038 October, 1989

WETLAND CREATION AND RESTORATION: THE STATUS OF THE SCIENCE

Volume II: Perspectives

Edited by:

J on A. Kusler Association of State Wetland Managers

Box 2463 Berne, New York 12023

and

Mary E. Kentula NSI Technology Services, Corporation

200 S.W. 35th Street Corvallis, Oregon 97333

u.s: Environm'2:nta! Protection Agency Region 5, Libr2ry (PL-12j) 77. West Jackson Boulevar.d 12th fJ Chicago, IL 60604-3590' oor

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DISCLAIMER/CREDITS ON CONTRACTS

This project has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and conducted at EPA's Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through Contract 6B-CB-0006 to NSI Technology Services, Corp. and Contract CR-B1429B-OI-O to the Association of State Wetland Managers. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer review and approved for publication.

This document reflects the diverse points of view and writing styles of the authors. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the EPA. The official endorsement of the Agency should not be inferred.

Mention of trade names of commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Cover by Kathryn Torvik

ii

CONTENTS VOLUME I: REGIONAL REVIEWS

Foreword ........ . v Office of Wetlands Protection

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii Mary E. Kentula and Jon A. Kusler

Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . xi Jon A. Kusler and Mary E. Kentula

Wetland Mitigation Along the Pacific Coast of the United States ........ . 1 Michael Josselyn, Joy Zedler, and Theodore Griswold

Creation and Restoration of Tidal Wetlands ofthe Southeastern United States. 37 Stephen W. Broome

Creation and Restoration of Coastal Plain Wetlands in Florida. 73 Roy R. Lewis, III

Creation and Restoration of Coastal Wetlands in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands ........ 103 Roy R. Lewis, III

Creation, Restoration, and Enhancement of Marshes of the Northcentral Gulf Coast .......... 127 Robert H. Chabreck

Creation and Restoration of the Coastal Wetlands of the Northeastern United States .......... 145 Joseph K. Shisler

Regional Analysis of the Creation and Restoration ofSeagrass Systems ................. 175 Mark S. Fonseca

Creation and Restoration of Forested Wetland Vegetation in the Southeastern United States ...... 199 Andre F. Clewell and Russ Lea

Freshwater Marsh Creation and Restoration in the Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Kevin L. Erwin

Restoration and Creation of Palustrine Wetlands Associated with Riverine Systems of the Glaciated Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Dennis J. Lowry

Regional Analysis of the Creation and Restoration of Kettle and Pothole Wetlands ........... 287 Garrett G. Hollands

Regional Analysis of Fringe Wetlands in the Midwest: Creation and Restoration ............ 305 Daniel A. Levine and Daniel E. Willard

Creation and Restoration of Riparian Wetlands in the Agricultural Midwest ............... 333 Daniel E. Willard, Vicki M. Finn, Daniel A. Levine, and John E. Klarquist

The Creation and Restoration of Riparian Habitat in Southwestern Arid and Semi-Arid Regions .... 359 Steven W. Carothers, G. Scott Mills, and R. Roy Johnson

Restoration of Degraded Riverine/Riparian Habitat in the Great Basin and Snake River Regions .... 377 Sherman E. Jensen and William S. Platts

Riparian Wetland Creation and Restoration in the Far West: A Compilation ofInformation ...... 417 John T. Stanley

Overview and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Joy B. Zedler and Milton W. Weller

iii

VOLUl[EII: PERSPECTIVES

Wetland RestorationlCreationlEnhancement Terminology: Suggestions for Standardization. Roy R. Lewis, III

Information Needs in the Planning Process for Wetland Creation and Restoration Edgar W. Garbisch

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9

Wetland Evaluation for Restoration and Creation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Kevin L. Erwin

Wetland Dynamics: Considerations for Restored and Created Wetlands. Daniel E. Willard and Amanda K. Hiller

Restoration of the Pulse Control Function of Wetlands and Its Relationship to Water Quality Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Orie L. Loucks

Vegetation Dynamics in Relation to Wetland Creation William A. Niering

Long-term Evaluation of Wetland Creation Projects. Charlene D'Avanzo

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Regional Aspects of Wetlands Restoration and Enhancement in the Urban Waterfront Environment. 85 John R. Clark

Waterfowl Management Techniques for Wetland Enhancement, Restoration and Creation Useful in Mitigation Procedures ...................................... 105

Milton W. Weller

Wetland and Waterbody Restoration and Creation Associated with Mining ............... 117 Robert P. Brooks

Mitigation and The Section 404 Program: A Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 William L. Kruczynski

Options to be Considered in Preparation and Evaluation of Mitigation Plans, William L. Kruczynski

Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. .... 159