Assignment
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Assignment
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Evolution, Unit 2Mechanisms of Evolution
A. MutationB. Natural SelectionC. Genetic Drift
Three of the "architects" of the evolutionary synthesis:G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr., George Gaylord Simpson, and Theodosius Dobzhansky, early 1970s.http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/bryolab/babs/AJBarchitects.html
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Mutation
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Genetics Review:
1. Most of our genes provide instructions for building proteins.
2. The shape of the protein determines how it will function.
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Genetics Review:
1. Most of our genes provide instructions for building proteins.2. The shape of the protein determines how it will function.
3. The amount of protein produced for a gene is about as important as the shape of the protein.
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The amount of protein produced is critical to function…
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A. The kinds of effects mutations can have on genes:
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1. Silent mutations
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2. LOF mutations
e.g., convergent loss of pigment in cave fish populations is caused by independently derived mutations that prevents the Oca2 gene from producing a functional protein (LOF mutations)
Protas et al., 2006, Nature Genetics
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3. GOF mutations
e.g., sickling hemoglobin provides immunity to malaria parasiteOne nucleotide, one amino acid, very different proteins
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4. Some mutations simply change the amount, timing, or location of protein produced.
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Regulatory sequences and promoters (“switches”) control timing, location, and
quantity of transcription/protein production