ASSIGNMENTOn

TOYOTA MOTORS

BY

ANUP M UPADHYAYA

M.TECH-AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING-1ST SEM

PESIT-BANGALORE

INTRODUCTIONToyota Motor Corporation commonly known simply as Toyota and abbreviated as TMC is a multinational automaker headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In 2010, Toyota Motor Corporation employed 317,734 people worldwide, and was the world's largest automobile manufacturer by production.

The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino Motors, along with several "non-automotive" companies. TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world.

HISTORY:

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Sakichi Toyoda invented Japan's first power loom, revolutionizing the country's textile industry. January 1918 saw him create the Toyoda Spinning and Weaving Company, and with the help of his son, Kiichiro Toyoda, Sakichi fulfilled his lifelong dream of building an automatic loom in 1924. The establishment of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works followed in 1926. Kiichiro was also an innovator, and visits he made to Europe and the USA in the 1920s introduced him to the automotive industry. With the £100,000 that Sakichi Toyoda received for selling the patent rights of his automatic loom, Kiichiro laid the foundations of Toyota Motor Corporation, which was established in 1937. One of the greatest legacies left by Kiichiro Toyoda, apart from TMC itself, is the Toyota Production System. Kiichiro's "just- in-time" philosophy - producing only precise quantities of already ordered items with the absolute minimum of waste - was a key factor in the system's development. Progressively, the Toyota Production System began to be adopted by the automotive industry across the world.

Rising from the ashes of industrial upheaval in post-war Japan, Toyota has become the largest vehicle manufacturer in Japan with over 40% market share. Toyota began to make inroads into foreign markets in the late 1950s. The first Crown models arrived in the USA in 1957, and by 1965, with models such as the Corolla, Toyota began to build its reputation and sales to rival those of domestic producers. The first Toyota imported into Europe was via Denmark in 1963. Toyota has continued to grow in Europe's sophisticated and complex market, and in 2000 the company delivered its ten millionth car to a customer in Germany. In fact, growth is currently one of the main words in Toyota's European vocabulary, and the company plans to reach annual sales of 800,000 in Europe by 2005. Toyota is number one for customer satisfaction in the majority of European countries and has built an excellent reputation across Europe for reliability and customer service. This enviable reputation, along with the support of a network of more than 25 distributors and 3,500 sales

outlets, are important factors in supporting Toyota's European sales growth in the coming years.

DIFFERENT MODELS OF TOYOTA MOTORS:

1. CAMRY:

The 2007 Camry is part of the Toyota "crown" line. The mid-size Toyota Camry, an anagram for "my car", also means "crown." The Camry can trace its roots to the Toyota Crown that began production in 1955. Toyota carried the "crown" theme with its Corona and Corolla cars. The Camry arrived in 1980. It's offered as a gasoline-powered vehicle or the gasoline/electric hybrid using a 147-horsepower 4-cylinder engine and 40-hp electric motor.

2. COROLLA :

The Corolla is Toyota's biggest seller. The Corolla is a compact car and continues Toyota's "crown" lineup. The Corolla was launched in 1966 and became the bestselling car worldwide with more than 35 million sold by 2007. The Corolla is manufactured in Brazil, Canada, the United States, England, Japan, Venezuela, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and other countries.

3. HIGHLANDER:

The Highlander also is offered as a hybrid. The mid-size crossover sport utility vehicle Highlander's name denotes its status as a rugged offroad vehicle, although its primary use is for suburban driving. It's known as Highlander worldwide except in Japan and Australia where the name is trademarked by Hyundai. It also is known as the Kluger. The Highlander competes against the Toyota RAV4 for the entry-level SUV market.

4. LAND CRUISER :

The 2008 Toyota Land Cruiser the venerable Land Cruiser is one of the original SUVs, debuting in 1954. It maintained its basic body styling for most of its existence until a complete redesign transformed itself in the 1990s to the more common SUV designs offered by competing automakers. The current Land Cruisers share the same platform and design elements as the Lexus LX SUV.

5. PRIUS:

The Toyota Prius is a hybrid. Toyota's revolutionary Prius hybrid is the world's first mass-produced full hybrid car. Prius is Latin for "before" or "ahead of its time." The Prius uses a gasoline-powered engine and an electric motor to work in tandem to power the car. It uses a regenerative braking system to convert kinetic energy into electrical power. The Prius can propel the car up to 40 mph without using the gasoline engine to achieve 50 mpg. By 2009, More than 1.2 million Priuses have been sold.

6. RAV4:

The RAV4 has been in the United States since 1996. The compact SUV RAV4, or four-wheel-drive "Recreational Active Vehicle", was launched in 1994 and imported to the United States in 1996. It competes against the Ford Escape, Honda CR-V and Subaru Forester for the compact SUV market. The RAV4 also comes in front-wheel-drive.

7. SEQUIOA :

The 2009 Toyota Sequoia Limited is Toyota's biggest SUV. The Toyota Sequoia reflects its massive size by being named after the California Sequoia trees that can reach heights of more than 300 feet. The Sequoia is Toyota's largest SUV. It debuted in 2000. The Sequoia is based on the Tundra truck platform and carries eight passengers. It sits on a massive 122-inch wheelbase and measures 205.1 inches long.

TOYOTA INNOVA:

SPECIFICATION:

Engine Specifications:

Engine Type –Diesel Engine

Engine Description – 2.5L 102PS D-4D Common-rail diesel

Engine Displacement (cc) – 2494 CC

No. of Cylinders – there are 4 cylinders

Maximum Power – 102@3,600 (PS@rpm)

Maximum Torque – 20.4@1400-3400 (kgm@rpm)

Toyota Innova Suspension System

Front Suspension – Independent, Coil Spring, Double Wishbone, with Stabilizer

Rear Suspension – 4-link, Coil Springs

Shock Absorbers – Gas Type

Toyota Innova Exterior Dimensions:

Length 4,590 mm

Width 1,770 mm

Height 1,755 mm

The ground Clearance is 176 mm, Wheel Base is 2,750 mm.

Fuel and Tyre Specifications:

Mileage-City (kmpl) – 10.2

Mileage-Highway (kmpl) – 12.8

Fuel Type – Diesel

Fuel Tank Capacity (liters) – 55 liters of tank

Emission Norm Compliance – Bharat Stage III

Tyre Size – 205/65 R15

Alloy Wheel Size – 15 Inches

Seating Capacity – 8 passengers

No of Doors – 5

Brake and Steering Specifications:

Front Brake Type – Ventilated Disc

Rear Brake Type – Drum

Steering Type – Power

Steering Column – Tilt

Steering Gear Type – Rack & Pinion

Turning Radius (wheel base) – 5.4 m

Toyota Innova is a prominent MUV (Multi Utility Vehicle) launched by Toyota in the Indian automobile car segment. It features extreme comfort level, spacious passenger cabin and enhanced handling features. It is a high end MUV with captivating exteriors and remarkable interiors.

It is stylishly designed to provide more than sufficient luggage room and classy interiors. It comes with fuel-efficient engine along with new chassis and suspension.

It comes in both diesel and petrol variants. Toyota Innova Variants include 2.0 G Petrol, 2.0 GX Petrol, 2.0 VX Petrol, 2.5 E Diesel MS, 2.5 E Diesel MS, 2.5 E Diesel PS, 2.5 E Diesel PS, 2.5 G1 Diesel, 2.5 G4 Diesel, 2.5 G4 Diesel, 2.5 V Diesel and 2.5 V Diesel.

Its trend setting design include sporty and curved mono form design, cutting edge aerodynamics, 3 dimensional front, panoramic windows, semi concealed wiper, etc. Interior of this car is also equipped with surrounding cabin, shift6 and rear console, door bottle holder, mobile charger, glove box, better cargo space, two tone relaxing color interior, adjustable passenger's and driver's seats, saddle type headrests, chrome plated door inside handle etc.

It has mainly three models

Innova E o Innova E 2.0L Petrolo Innova E 2.5L Diesel

Innova G o Innova G1 2.0L Petrolo Innova G2 2.5L Diesel

Innova V o Innova V 2.0L Petrolo Innova V 2.5L Diesel

INNOVA E:

INNOVA E 2.0L PETROL :It has various features like manual/single air conditioner, tubeless tyre, tripmeter, glove box, passenger sun

visor, PVC seat material, tilt steering column, child safety lock, Goa body, immobilizer etc.

INNOVA E 2.5L DIESEL: Along with the features of Innova E 2.0 L Petrol, it is well equipped with various extra features like digital clock, power outlet (DC) with cigarette lighter, power steering etc.

INNOVA G:

INNOVA G1 2.5L PETROL: It has features like intermittent mist wiper (front), rear wiper, tachometer, front map lamp with sun glass holder, fabric seat material, manual dual air conditioner, power windows, rear window defogger, 1 DIN FM/AM CST etc.

INNOVA G2 2.5L DIESEL: All the features remaining almost same, this model is differed from G1 2.0L petrol (gasoline) model because of the difference in fuel.

INNOVA V:

INNOVA V 2.0L PETROL: It has features like intermittent mist wiper (front), rear wiper, tachometer, front map lamp with sun glass holder, fabric seat material, manual dual air conditioner, power windows, rear window defogger, 1 DIN FM/AM CST etc.

INNOVA V 2.5L DIESEL: All the features remaining almost same, this model is differed from G1 2.0L petrol (gasoline) model because of the difference in fuel.

ENGINE TECHNOLOGY:

It has a new engine, different from the older Kijang gasoline engine. Unfortunately, while the new engine produces more power (2,000 cc) it is only capable of 6-8 kilometers on a liter of petrol (14.1-18.8 mpg-US). But after the minor change in 2007, the engine is now equipped with a closed loop combustion system, and based on information from the Auto Build Indonesia test, it is now capable of 11-12 kilometers on one litre of petrol (about 27.0 mpg-US)

VVT – I :( Variable Valve Timing with intelligence)

Why VVTI

In contrast to the fixed valve timing of conventional engines, the VVT-I system is an computer controlled mechanism that continually varies the timing for opening and closing the intake valves in accordance with the vehicle's operating conditions.

BY determining the level of performance that is demanded of the engine at a given time by way of the driver's accelerator operation and the engine rpm, the VVT-I enables the overall performance of the engine to be enhanced all the way from the low to the high rpm range.

The VVT-I achieves "high output power". "Low fuel consumption", and "clean exhaust gases" by using the operating condition of "Idling”, “normal driving", and "uphill or passing acceleration" as VVT-I controls examples.

Car Operating Condition

Normal Engine Operation

VVT-I Operation VVT-I Advantage

Idling:

During idling, the engine does not need to generate power to run the vehicle. Then, the performance that is demanded of the engine during idling is to operate in a stable manner with minimal vibration and low fuel consumption.

Because of valve overlap the exhausts gases get into the intake port and mix with the air-fuel mixture. When the air-fuel mixture is contaminated in this manner, it does not produce reliable combustion and results in an unstable engine rpm.

VVT-I delays the timing at which the intake valve opens to eliminate the valve overlap, thus preventing the exhaust gases from flowing back into the intake port

1. Stable combustion, which result into less vibration.

2. Better fuel economy.

Normal Driving:

During normal driving, when the accelerator pedals depressed somewhat with a

During normal driving, when the throttle valve is not opened too widely, a vacuum is created in the intake port.

VVT-I utilize the backflow of the backflow of the exhaust gases into the intake port to an advantage by:

1.Increased fuel economy

2.Cleaner exhaust gases

certain amount of force fuel economy and clean exhaust gases are demanded of the engine.

Similar to when the throttle valve is large, this vacuum causes the exhaust gases to flow back into the intake.

1. By reducing the engine power loss.

2. By utilizing the unburnt fuel contained in the exhaust gases and also by lowering the combustion temperature.

High Speed or Sudden Acceleration:

During sudden acceleration, a large amount of torque is demanded of the engine.

During Sudden acceleration, when the piston turns around at its lowest position, the pressure in the cylinder and the pressure in the intake port soon reach their equilibrium. Therefore, unless the intake valve is closed before the piston comes up, the air-fuel mixture gets pushed back and thus reducing the efficiency.

During the acceleration pedal continues to be depressed, the engine rpm increases, resulting in a longer intake lag. Using sensors to monitor the engine rpm, the VVT-I gradually delays the timing to close the valve so that the maximum amount of air-fuel mixture can be drawn-in according to the increase in the engine speed.

Maximize the potential of engine which result in:

1.Maximum power.

2. Optimum fuel consumption.

3. Cleaner exhaust gases.

ENGINES -D-4D

D-4D High technology, clean diesel:

Originally introduced in Europe in the top selling Avensis range, D-4D is widely recognized as one of the most advanced diesel technologies on the market today. Toyota D-4D engines are available on select models of Yaris, Yaris Verso, Corolla Verso, Innova, Avensis, Avensis Verso, RAV4, Land Cruiser and Previa models.

Until recently, diesel engines relied on relatively simple technology with a low-pressure mechanical injector delivering fuel to a pre-combustion chamber in the cylinder head, where a single ignition - fired by the intense heat of high compression - takes place.

The system was reasonably fuel efficient but lacked precision and refinement, leading to vibration and noise. Fuel combustion can be incomplete, allowing smoke and other emissions to pass into the exhaust.

D-4D componentsToyota's common rail system makes use of a high pressure pump and intelligent, computer controlled injectors to deliver precisely the right amount of fuel, at precisely the right time, directly into the centre of the combustion chamber.

VVT-I = Variable Valve Timing with Intelligence

Toyota’s Variable Valve Timing with Intelligence engines use advanced computer technology to vary air intake according to driving conditions and engine load. By adjusting the overlap time between the exhaust valve closing and intake valve opening the engine can be tuned to provide instant engine torque across the entire rev range. VVT-i brings substantial advantages in 3 main areas: It allows sporty performance, reduces your petrol costs, and in addition, more completes fuel burn at higher temperatures leads to fewer harmful emissions.

VVT-I D4 = Variable Valve Timing with Intelligence D4

Toyota’s new VVT-I D4 (D4 is short for “direct injection 4-stroke”) engine has been improved by a small, but very effective new idea, that makes it 8% more efficient than the award-winning VVT-i engine. Petrol is now directly injected into each cylinder through a slit-like nozzle giving VVT-I D4 the following benefits:

• Increased fuel atomization for better combustion

• Petrol no longer sticks to the injection port when starting cold

VVT-I D4 engines deliver: Fewer harmful emissions • Lower fuel consumption

• Higher power output

VVTL-I = Variable Valve Timing and Lift- intelligent Toyota's Variable Valve Timing and Lift-intelligent engine goes one step further than VVT-I engines: It automatically adjusts the amount of "lift" on the cylinder's intake and exhaust valves. In fact, VVTL-I technology has a lot in common with the human body: Athletes train to increase the air volume entering and leaving their lungs. At high engine speeds Toyota's Electronic Control Unit (ECU) "lifts" the four valves located over each cylinder to increase the fresh air entering and exhaust leaving the cylinder. Increased air intake at high engine speeds (above 6000 rpm) means more power, better combustion and fewer harmful emissions.