Assignment 4- Power Point Presentation

7/31/2019 Assignment 4- Power Point Presentation

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CHAPTER 2


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2.1 MATTER

Most of the things thatwe could see in this world

are MATTER


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What is matter?

Matter means:- anything that occupies space &

has mass- made up of tiny & discrete

particles- Exist as element@compound


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A pure substance whichcannot be broken down into

simpler substance physically& chemically


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Usually made up of

two or more elements

which are chemically

bonded together


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1. Matter are made up of tiny &discrete particles

2. Size of particles are veryminute ~~ 1x 10-7cm

3. Consist of atoms, moleculesions


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Lets see the particles inbromine liquid


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The smallest particle of an elementand not breakable anymore.

Examples:Atom of hydrogen

atom of magnesium

atom of oxygen

atom of chlorine

H

Mg

Cl

O


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A group of two @ more atoms,which might consist of:

one type of element (Element)

@ different types of element(Compound)


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Examples of element molecules:

Molecule of hydrogen gas

Molecule of oxygen gas

Molecule of chlorine gas


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Examples of compound molecules:

Molecule of water, H2O

Molecule of ammonia, NH3

Molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH

N

C C


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Ions are atoms which havecharge

Positively-charged ion /cation(loss e-)

Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-)

+

-


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Hydrogen atom Hydrogen ion

Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

Oxygen atom Oxide ion

Chlorine atom Chlorine ion

H+H Lose electron

Mg2+Lose electronMg

O2

-

Gain electronO

Cl-

Gain electronCl

Examples of ions:


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Kinetic means motion (move) Kinetic theory states that:

1. Matter consist of particles whichconstantly moving


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2. particles move in random motion ,

collide with each other


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A. substance is cooled,

- particles lose kinetic energy- move slower

B. substance is heated,- particles gain kinetic energy- move faster


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Experiment which supports

the kinetic theory:

Investigating the diffusion of

particles in asolid, liquid and gas


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What is diffusion ?

How diffusion supports thekinetic theory ?


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Is the rate of diffusion

different in solid, liquid,and gas state?

Lets get an experimentto check it out!!!


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The conclusion is.

Diffusion happens in solid, liquid,and gas states

Diffusion occurs slowest in solid,faster in liquid and fastest in gas

Diffusion occurs faster in subtance

with lower density Diffusion supports kinetic energy


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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

The kinetic particle theory is a model

used to explain the properties ofmatter.

Kinetic Theory of Matter states that:

(i) All matter is made up of tiny particles

and they exist as atoms, molecules orions. (The particles are attracted toeach other by attractive forces)


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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

(ii)The particles are always in continuousrandom motion and hence possess kineticenergy.

**(The kinetic energy of a particleincreases with temperature and pressure,the higher the temperature and pressure,

the faster the particles move. At fixedtemperature, lighter particles movefaster than heavier particles.)


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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTERThe particles in a substance are of the same

type, in solid, liquid or gaseous state. Thediffer only in

their arrangement

how strongly the particles are held togetherand

the amount of kinetic energies that they

possess.

Kinetic theory can be used to explain howsolids, liquids and gases differ in movement

and arrangement.

3 t t f tt


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3 states of matter(Difference)

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Volume Fixed Fixed Not Fixed

Shape Fixed Not Fixed Not Fixed

CompressibilityNot

compressibleNot

compressiblecompressible

Density Very Dense Dense Not dense

Packing andarrangement

betweenparticles

Closelypacked in an

orderlyarrangement

Closelypacked in andisorderly

arrangement

Far apart inrandom

arrangement.

3 t t f m tt


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3 states of matter(Difference)

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Forces ofAttractionbetweenparticles

Very strongforces ofattraction

betweenparticles

Strong forcesof attraction

betweenparticles

Negligibleforces ofattraction

betweenparticles

Motion of

particles

Vibrate abouta fixed

position

Slide and rollpass each

other

Move aboutrandomly at

high speed

Energy ofparticles

Least energy Mostenergy

3 f


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3 states of matter

(Difference)Property Solid Liquid Gas

DiagrammaticRepresentation


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solid

liquid

gas

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/

http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFrame
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFramehttp://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFramehttp://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/


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The Physical States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas


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The Solid State


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Arrangement of

particles(In a solid)Arrangement and movement

of particlesProperties of solids

The particles are closelypacked together, with littleempty space between them.

Solids haveand

The particles are in an orderlyarrangement.

Solid crystals have flat faces,and sharp

points

high densitiescannot be compressed

straight edges


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The particles are heldtogether by strong forcesof attraction between

them, in fixed positions. Solids have shapesand becompressed.The particles can only

vibrate about their fixed

positions.

Arrangement of

particles(In a solid)Arrangement and

movement of particlesProperties of solids

fixedcannot


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The Liquid State


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Arrangement of

particles(In a Liquid)Arrangement and movement

of particles

Properties of Liquids

The particles are closelypacked together (but slightlyfurther apart than those in

solid), with little empty spacebetween them.

Liquids havedensities and becompressed.

The particles are in adisorderly arrangement.

Liquids have fixed shapes.

moderately high

no


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Arrangement of

particles(In a Liquid)Arrangement and

movement of particles

Properties of Liquids

The particles are heldtogether by strong forcesof attraction between

them (but slightly weakerthan the forces in a solid)

Liquids becompressed.

The particles can move pastone another and throughout

the liquid.

Liquids can andtake the of their

containers.

cannot

flow

shape


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The Gaseous State


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Arrangement of

particles(In a Gas)

Arrangement andmovement of particles Properties of Gas

The particles are farapart, with a lot of emptyspace between them.

Gases have densitiesand can becompressed.

The particles are in arandom arrangement.

Gases have shapes.

loweasily

no


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Arrangement of

particles(In a Gas)Arrangement and

movement of particles

Properties of Gas

There are no (negligible)forces of attractionbetween the particles.

Gases can becompressed, hence

volume.

The particles are free tomove randomly in alldirections, at highspeed.

Gases have noshapes and take theof their containers.

no definite

definiteshape


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The Physical Changes of Matter

GasLiquid

Solid

D t i th


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Determine theMelting Point of Naphthalene

Melting point

the temperaturewhich a solid

becomes liquid


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Diagram of heating naphthalene

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7

Solid naphthalene

Water


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Heating curve of naphthalene

A

CB

D

Temperature / C

Time / minute

79C

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7


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What is the Melting point?A: 79C

What is the physical state at B-C?A: solid and liquid

Where is point that Melting process started?

A: B

Where is point that Melting process ended?A: C

graph apparatus


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Why the curve of heating has no change at B-C?A: because the heat energy absorbed by

naphthalene molecules to overcome the forces ofattraction to becomes liquid

Why solid naphthalene heated in water ?

A: to ensure a uniform heating

If the melting point of Substance X is 123C, canwe still use water as medium? Why?

A: No. Because its melting point is higher thanthe boiling point of water. We can use oil bath toreplace water. graph apparatusPhysical changes

D t i th


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Determine theFreezing Point of Naphthalene

Freezing point the

temperature which a solutionbecomes solid


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Cooling curve of naphthalene

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7

79C

E

Temperature / C

G

H

Time / minute

F


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Is the freezing point same with the Melting point?A: Yes, both are 79C

What is the physical state change in thisexperiment?A: Liquid naphthalene changes to solid

Where is the point thatfreezing process started?A: F

Where is the point thatfreezing process ended?A: G


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Why the curve of heating has no change at F-G?

A: because the heat energy released during

formation of bonds is equal to the heat released tosurroundings

Why liquid naphthalene in the boiling tube is cooled

inside a conical flask?

A: to ensure a uniform cooling


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Diagram of cooling naphthalene

Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7

Liquid naphthalene

Empty conical flask


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2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Th Hi t i l D l t Of


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The Historical Development OfAtomic Models

John Dalton

imagine atom as aindivisible tiny ball

J.J. Thomsondiscovered electrons

Ernest Rutherford

discovered proton,mass of atom concentrated in nucleus

Neils Bohrproposed the electrons

move in shells around the nucleus James Chadwick proved the existence

of neutrons

S b t i P ti l I A At


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Subatomic Particle In An Atom


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Proton Electron

Neutron

Nucleusof atom Electron

shells



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PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON

Symbol

Electric Charge

Relative MassLocation



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Symbol p

Electric Charge




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Symbol p n

Electric Charge




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Symbol p n e-

Electric Charge




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Symbol p n e-

Electric Charge +1


S b to i P ti l I A Ato


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Symbol p n e-

Electric Charge +1 0


Subato ic Particle I A Ato


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Symbol p n e-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1




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Symbol p n e-


Relative Mass 1Location


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Symbol p n e-


Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0Location



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Symbol p n e-


Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0Location in the

nucleusatom


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Symbol p n e-


Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0Location in the

nucleusatom

in thenucleusatom

Electronshells whicharound the

nucleus atom


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Symbol of Element


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40

20CaNucleon number

Proton number

Symbol of Element

-When an atom is neutral ,(1.refer ions)

its number of proton = e-

- number of protons = 20

so number of elecrons = 20- 2.electron configuration = 2.8.8.2valence electron = 2

Symbol of element


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Electron Configuration

Also known as electron arrangement

How electrons fill into the shells?


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Helium HeProton number 2

2

Hydrogen HProton number 1

1

Lithium LiProton number 3

2 . 1

Beryllium BeProton number 4

2 . 2


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Boron Bproton number 5

2 . 3

Carbon CProton number 6

2 . 4

Nitrogen NProton number 7

2 . 5

Oxygen OProton number 8

2 . 6

Fluorine F Neon Ne


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Proton number 9

2 . 7

Proton number 10

2 . 8

Sodium NaProton number 11

2 . 8 . 1

Magnesium MgProton number 12

2 . 8 . 2

Aluminium AlP t b 13

Silicon Si


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Proton number 13

2 . 8 . 3

Proton number 14

2 . 8 . 4

Phosphorus PProton number 15

2 . 8 . 5

Sulphur SProton number 16

2 . 8 . 6

Chlorine Cl Argon Ar


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Chlorine ClProton number 17

2 . 8 . 7

Argon ArProton number 18

2 . 8 . 8

Potassium KProton number 19

2 . 8 . 8 . 1

Calcium CaProton number 20

2 . 8 . 8 . 2

C l i


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Conclusion:

1st Shell: max 2 e-

2nd Shell: max 8 e-

3rd Shell: max 8 e-

ARRANGEMENT OF SHELLS IN AN ATOM


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NUCLEUS

2 ELECTRONS

8 ELECTRONS

8ELECTRONS

18 ELECTRONS

1

23

4

Electron arrangement in the


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Electron arrangement in thecarbon atom

C12

6

proton number = 6

number of protons = 6

number of electrons = 6

2 . 4

= electron

nucleus

Number of valenceelectrons = 4


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23

11 Na

2 . 8 . 1

number of protons = 11

proton number = 11

number of electrons = 11

= electron

Nucleus

Number of valenceelectrons = 1


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Draw & state the electron arrangement ofthe elements below

X

15

7 Y

24

12 Z

39

19


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P t b ( )


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Proton number (p) number of protons in the nucleus of atom

Nucleon number (p+n)total number of protons and neutrons inthe nucleus of atom

3. Valence electron the electrons in the outermost shell

4. Electron configuration arrangement of electron

Repeat them !!


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Repeat them !!Proton number

number of protons in the nucleus of atomNucleon number

total number of protons and nucleons

in the nucleus of atom

Valence electronthe electrons in the outermost shell

Electron configuration arrangement of electron


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Try this out!!!

Q1 Fill in the blanks


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Elements Proton

Number

Nucleon

Number

Number

ofNeutrons

A 3 7

B 6 12

C 19 10

D 16 16

E 17 18

F 40 20


Q1 Answers


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Elements Proton

Number

Nucleon

Number

Number

ofNeutrons

A 3 7 4

B 6 12 6

C 9 19 10

D 16 32 16

E 17 35 18

F 20 40 20

Q1 Answers



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Elements NumberofNeutron

NucleonNumber Numberofelectrons

ElectronConfiguration

A 5 9

B 8 2.6C 19 2.7

D 14 2.8.3

E 32 16

F 20 40


Q2 Answers


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Elements NumberofNeutron

NucleonNumber Numberofelectrons

ElectronConfiguration

A 5 9 4 2.2

B 8 16 8 2.6C 10 19 9 2.7

D 14 27 13 2.8.3

E 16 32 16 2.8.6

F 20 40 20 2.8.8.2

Q2 Answers

2 3 ISOTOPES


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2.3 ISOTOPES

What is isotopes?


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Isotopes is just like twins,

same genetic but different of DNA

atoms of the same element withsame number of protons butdifferent number of neutrons

What is isotopes?


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Take a look at Wikipedia isotopes table

Hydrogen :

Graphite :

Oxygen :

1

1

H3

1

H2

1

H

12

6C

14

6C

13

6C

16

8O18

8O17

8O

Isotopes of Hydrogen
http://isotope%20table%20%28complete%29%20-%20wikipedia%2C%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm/http://isotope%20table%20%28complete%29%20-%20wikipedia%2C%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm/


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Isotopes of Hydrogen

Hydrogen :

1

1

H

2

1

H

3

1

H


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OxygenIsotopes

No of proton

No of neutron

No of e-

e- configuration

Valence e-

16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes

No of proton 8

No of neutron

No of e-

e-

configurationValence e-

16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes

No of proton 8 8

No of neutron

No of e-

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes

No of proton 8 8 8

No of neutron

No of e-

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes

No of proton 16 16 16

No of neutron 16

No of e-

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes


No of neutron 16 17

No of e-

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes


No of neutron 16 17 18

No of e-

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16 16

e

-


16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16 16

e

-

configuration 2.8.6Valence e-

16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16 16

e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6

Valence e-

16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16 16

e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6

Valence e-

16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16 16


Valence e- 6

16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16 16


Valence e- 6 6

16

8O

18

8O17

8O


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OxygenIsotopes



No of e- 16 16 16


Valence e- 6 6 6

16

8O

18

8O17

8O

Conclusion:


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Conclusion:

Number of valence electron are same

The chemical properties also same

The physical properties might besame, might be different

Try this out!!!


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Try this out!!!

Q3. Answer the structure questions


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Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number

P 3 7

Q 9 19

R 16 32

S 15 31T 16 33

U 18 40

q

a ) What means proton number?


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A: The numbers of proton in the nucleus of an atom

b) What means nucleon number?A: The numbers of proton & neutron in the nucleus

of an atom

c) Write the electron arrangement for element Q.

A: 2.7

d) How many valence electrons that element Q has?

A: 7

e) How many electron shells that element Q has?

A: two

f) Which pair of elements are isotopes? Explain.


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4018

U

A: R & T.

Because they have same proton number butdifferent nucleon number

g) Is R&T have same chemical properties? Why?

A: Yes. Because they have same valence electron

h) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are

there in atom S?

A: 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 15 electrons

i) Write the symbol to represent atom U.A: 40

18U


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