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Global Warming

Global warmingandclimate changecan both refer to the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth'sclimate systemand its related effects, althoughclimate changecan also refer to any historic change inclimate. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming.More than 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming; the remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere.Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

Scientific understanding of global warming has been increasing. In itsfifth assessment (AR5)in 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) reported that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations ofgreenhouse gasesand otherhuman (anthropogenic) activities.Climate modelprojections summarized in AR5 indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7C (0.5 to 3.1F) for their lowestemissions scenariousing stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8C (4.7 to 8.6F) for their highest.These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.

Future climate change and associated impacts will be different fromregion to regionaround the globe.Theeffects of an increase in global temperature include arise in sea levelsand a change in the amount and pattern ofprecipitation, as well as a probable expansion ofsubtropicaldeserts.Warming is expected to bestrongest in the Arctic, with the continuingretreat of glaciers,permafrostandsea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include more frequentextreme weatherevents includingheat waves,droughts, heavyrainfall, and heavysnowfall;ocean acidification; andspecies extinctionsdue to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat tofood securityfrom decreasing crop yields and theloss of habitatfrominundation.

Possible responses to global warming includemitigationby emissions reduction,adaptationto its effects, building systemsresilientto its effects, and possible futureclimate engineering. Most countries are parties to theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate change(UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is toprevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissionsand to assist inadaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required,and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0C (3.6F) relative to the pre-industrial level. (Global warming, 2015)The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole, and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar regions. And the effects of rising temperatures arent waiting for some far-flung future. Theyre happening right now. Signs are appearing all over, and some of them are surprising. The heat is not only melting glaciers and sea ice, its also shifting precipitation patterns and setting animals on the move.

Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happening.

Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earths poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.

Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adlie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.

Sea level rise became faster over the last century.

Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas.

Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average.

Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees.

Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues.

Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters).

Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger.

Species that depend on one another may become out of sync. For example, plants could bloom earlier than their pollinating insects become active.

Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.

Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya ice cap in Peru continues to melt at its current rate, it will be gone by 2100, leaving thousands of people who rely on it for drinking water and electricity without a source of either.

Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried by mosquitoes.

Ecosystems will change and some species will move farther north or become more successful; others wont be able to move and could become extinct. Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier. Polar bear biologist Ian Stirling has found a similar pattern in Hudson Bay. He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar bears will as well.(Washington et al., n.d.)What Causes Global Warming?

Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing global warming. They've looked at the natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate. But the amount and pattern of warming that's been measured can't be explained by these factors alone. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans.

To bring all this information together, the United Nations formed a group of scientists called theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC. The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest scientific findings and write a report summarizing all that is known about global warming. Each report represents a consensus, or agreement, among hundreds of leading scientists.

One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide, also called CO2. Other contributors include methane released from landfills and agriculture (especially from the digestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2.

Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities. Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been banned in much of the world because they also degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.

In order to understand the effects of all the gases together, scientists tend to talk about all greenhouse gases in terms of the equivalent amount of CO2. Since 1990, yearly emissions have gone up by about 6 billion metric tons of "carbon dioxide equivalent" worldwide, more than a 20 percent increase.(Washington et al., n.d.)

My Opinion:

Global Warming is dangerous thing that waiting for us in the future. We must change our habit from using fossil fuel excessively and saving the energy from using excessively. Global warming can be solved if we can plant and protect the forest because the forest is the lungs of the world that can absorb the CO2 and produce the O2 that means forest can decrease the emissions gas and decrease the effect of the global warming. Line SentencesTranslateTensesHowWhen

6-8Global warmingandclimate changecan both refer to the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth'sclimate systemand its related effects, althoughclimate changecan also refer to any historic change inclimate.Pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim dapat keduanya merujuk pada kenaikan skala abad diamati pada suhu rata-rata sistem iklim bumi dan efek yang terkait, meskipun perubahan iklim juga dapat mengacu pada setiap perubahan yang bersejarah di iklim.Simple Present TenseSimplePresent

8-11Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming.More than 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming; the remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere.Beberapa baris bukti ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa sistem iklim pemanasan. Lebih dari 90% dari energi tambahan yang tersimpan dalam sistem iklim sejak tahun 1970 telah merujuk pada pemanasan laut; sisanya telah mencair es, dan menghangatkan benua dan atmosfer.Past PerfectPerfectPast

11-12Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Banyak perubahan yang diamati sejak tahun 1950-an yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya selama beberapa dekade untuk ribuan tahun.Past TenseSimplePast

13Scientific understanding of global warming has been increasingPemahaman ilmiah tentang pemanasan global telah meningkatContinuous TenseContinuousPresent

13-16In itsfifth assessment (AR5)in 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) reported that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations ofgreenhouse gasesand otherhuman (anthropogenic) activitiesDalam penilaian kelima (AR5) pada tahun 2014 Panel Antarpemerintah tentang Perubahan Iklim (IPCC) melaporkan bahwa para ilmuwan lebih dari 95% yakin bahwa sebagian besar dari pemanasan global disebabkan oleh meningkatnya konsentrasi gas rumah kaca dan manusia (antropogenik) kegiatan lainnyaPast TenseSimplePast

16-19Climate modelprojections summarized in AR5 indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7C (0.5 to 3.1F) for their lowestemissions scenariousing stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8C (4.7 to 8.6F) for their highest.Proyeksi model iklim diringkas dalam AR5 menunjukkan bahwa selama abad ke-21 suhu permukaan global kemungkinan akan meningkat lebih lanjut 0,3-1,7 C (0,5-3,1 F) untuk skenario emisi terendah menggunakan mitigasi ketat dan 2,6-4,8 C (4.7 menjadi 8,6 F) untuk tertinggi.Past TenseSimplePast

19-20These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.

Temuan ini telah diakui oleh akademi sains nasional dari negara-negara industri utama.Present Perfect Continuous TensePerfect ContinuousPresent

21-22Future climate change and associated impacts will be different fromregion to regionaround the globe.Perubahan iklim di masa depan dan dampak terkait akan berbeda dari daerah ke daerah di seluruh dunia.Future TenseSimpleFuture

22-24Theeffects of an increase in global temperature include arise in sea levelsand a change in the amount and pattern ofprecipitation, as well as a probable expansion ofsubtropicaldeserts.Efek dari peningkatan temperatur global termasuk kenaikan permukaan air laut dan perubahan jumlah dan pola presipitasi, serta perluasan kemungkinan gurun subtropis.Present TenseSimplePresent

24-25Warming is expected to bestrongest in the Arctic, with the continuingretreat of glaciers,permafrostandsea icePemanasan diperkirakan akan terkuat di Kutub Utara, dengan mundur terus gletser, lapisan es dan es lautPast TenseSimplePast

25-27Other likely effects of the warming include more frequentextreme weatherevents includingheat waves,droughts, heavyrainfall, and heavysnowfall;ocean acidification; andspecies extinctionsdue to shifting temperature regimes.Efek kemungkinan lain dari pemanasan ini termasuk peristiwa cuaca ekstrim lebih sering termasuk gelombang panas, kekeringan, hujan deras, dan hujan salju berat; pengasaman laut; dan kepunahan spesies karena pergeseran rezim suhu.Present TenseSimplePresent

28-29Effects significant to humans include the threat tofood securityfrom decreasing crop yields and theloss of habitatfrominundationEfek yang signifikan untuk manusia termasuk ancaman terhadap keamanan makanan dari penurunan hasil panen dan hilangnya habitat dari genanganPresent TenseSimplePresent

30-32Possible responses to global warming includemitigationby emissions reduction,adaptationto its effects, building systemsresilientto its effects, and possible futureclimate engineering.Kemungkinan tanggapan terhadap pemanasan global termasuk mitigasi oleh penurunan emisi, adaptasi terhadap dampaknya, membangun sistem tahan terhadap efek, dan kemungkinan rekayasa iklim di masa depan.Present TenseSimplePresent

32-34Most countries are parties to theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate change(UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is toprevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.Sebagian besar negara yang menjadi pihak dalam Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB tentang perubahan iklim (UNFCCC), yang tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mencegah perubahan iklim antropogenik yang berbahaya.Present TenseSimplePresent

34-37The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissionsand to assist inadaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required,and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0C (3.6F) relative to the pre-industrial level.

UNFCCC telah mengadopsi berbagai kebijakan yang dirancang untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan untuk membantu dalam adaptasi terhadap pemanasan global. Pihak UNFCCC telah sepakat bahwa pemotongan emisi yang diperlukan, dan bahwa pemanasan global di masa depan harus dibatasi di bawah 2,0 C (3.6 F) relatif terhadap tingkat pra-industri.Perfect TensePerfectPresent

38-43The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole, and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar regions. And the effects of rising temperatures arent waiting for some far-flung future. Theyre happening right now. Signs are appearing all over, and some of them are surprising. The heat is not only melting glaciers and sea ice, its also shifting precipitation patterns and setting animals on the move.

Planet ini memanas, dari Kutub Utara ke Kutub Selatan, dan di mana-mana di antara keduanya. Secara global, merkuri sudah naik lebih dari 1 derajat Fahrenheit (0,8 derajat Celsius), dan bahkan lebih di daerah kutub sensitif. Dan dampak kenaikan suhu tidak menunggu untuk beberapa masa yang sangat luas. Mereka terjadi sekarang. Tanda-tanda yang muncul di seluruh, dan beberapa dari mereka yang mengejutkan. Panas tidak hanya mencair gletser dan es laut, itu juga pergeseran pola curah hujan dan pengaturan hewan bergerak.Continuous TenseContinuousPresent

44Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happeningBeberapa dampak dari peningkatan suhu sudah terjadiContinuous TenseContinuousPresent

45Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earths poles.Es mencair di seluruh dunia, terutama pada kutub bumi.Continuous TenseContinuousPresent

47-48Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adlie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.

Peneliti Bill Fraser telah melacak penurunan penguin Adelie di Antartika, di mana jumlah mereka telah jatuh dari 32.000 pasangan 11.000 dalam 30 tahun.Past TenseSimplePast

49Sea level rise became faster over the last century.Kenaikan permukaan laut menjadi lebih cepat selama abad terakhir.Past TenseSimple Past

50Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas.

Beberapa kupu-kupu, rubah, dan tanaman alpine telah pindah lebih jauh ke utara atau lebih tinggi, lebih dingin .Past TenseSimplePast

52-55Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average.

Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees.

Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues.

Curah hujan (hujan dan salju) telah meningkat di seluruh dunia, rata-rata.

kumbang kulit kayu Spruce telah meledak di Alaska berkat 20 tahun musim panas yang hangat. Serangga telah dikunyah 4 juta hektar pohon cemara.

Efek lainnya bisa terjadi nanti abad ini, jika pemanasan berlanjut.Perfect TensePerfectPresent

56-58Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters).Permukaan laut diperkirakan akan meningkat antara 7 dan 23 inci (18 cm dan 59) pada akhir abad ini, dan terus mencair di kutub akan menambah antara 4 dan 8 inci (10 sampai 20 cm).Past TenseSimplePast

59-61Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger.

Species that depend on one another may become out of sync. For example, plants could bloom earlier than their pollinating insects become active.

Badai dan badai lainnya cenderung menjadi lebih kuat.

Spesies yang bergantung pada satu sama lain dapat menjadi tidak sinkron. Misalnya, tanaman bisa mekar lebih awal dari serangga penyerbuk mereka menjadi aktif.Present TenseSimplePresent

62-73Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.

Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya ice cap in Peru continues to melt at its current rate, it will be gone by 2100, leaving thousands of people who rely on it for drinking water and electricity without a source of either.

Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried by mosquitoes.

Ecosystems will change and some species will move farther north or become more successful; others wont be able to move and could become extinct. Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier. Polar bear biologist Ian Stirling has found a similar pattern in Hudson Bay. He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar bears will as well.

Banjir dan kekeringan akan menjadi lebih umum. Curah hujan di Ethiopia, di mana kekeringan sudah umum, bisa turun 10 persen selama 50 tahun ke depan. air tawar akan Kurang tersedia. Jika tutup es Quelccaya di Peru terus mencair pada tingkat saat ini, hal itu akan hilang pada tahun 2100, meninggalkan ribuan orang yang bergantung pada itu untuk air minum dan listrik tanpa sumber baik. Beberapa penyakit akan menyebar, seperti malaria yang dibawa oleh nyamuk. Ekosistem akan berubah dan beberapa spesies akan bergerak lebih jauh ke utara atau menjadi lebih sukses; orang lain tidak akan bisa bergerak dan bisa punah. Wildlife penelitian ilmuwan Martyn Obbard telah menemukan bahwa sejak pertengahan 1980-an, dengan sedikit es yang hidup dan ikan untuk makanan, beruang kutub mendapatkan jauh lebih kurus. Beruang kutub biologi Ian Stirling telah menemukan pola yang sama di Teluk Hudson. Dia takut bahwa jika es laut menghilang, beruang kutub akan juga.Future TenseSimpleFuture

76-77Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing global warming. They've looked at the natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate.Para ilmuwan telah menghabiskan puluhan tahun mencari tahu apa yang menyebabkan pemanasan global. Mereka telah melihat siklus alam dan peristiwa yang diketahui mempengaruhi iklim.Perfect TensePerfectPresent

77-78But the amount and pattern of warming that's been measured can't be explained by these factors aloneNamun jumlah dan pola memanas yang telah diukur tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh faktor-faktor ini sajaPresent Perfect Continuous TensePerfect ContinuousPresent

78-79The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans.

Satu-satunya cara untuk menjelaskan pola untuk memasukkan efek gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dipancarkan oleh manusia.Present TenseSimplePresent

80-81To bring all this information together, the United Nations formed a group of scientists called theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC.Untuk membawa semua informasi ini bersama-sama, PBB membentuk sekelompok ilmuwan disebut Panel Antarpemerintah tentang Perubahan Iklim, dan IPCC.Past TenseSimplePast

81-84The IPCC meets every few years to review the latest scientific findings and write a report summarizing all that is known about global warming. Each report represents a consensus, or agreement, among hundreds of leading scientists.

IPCC bertemu setiap beberapa tahun untuk meninjau temuan-temuan ilmiah terbaru dan menulis laporan yang merangkum semua yang diketahui tentang pemanasan global. Setiap laporan mewakili konsensus, atau kesepakatan antara ratusan ilmuwan terkemuka.Present TenseSimplePresent

85-86One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways.Salah satu hal pertama ilmuwan pelajari adalah bahwa ada beberapa gas rumah kaca bertanggung jawab atas pemanasan, dan manusia memancarkan mereka dalam berbagai cara.Past TenseSimplePast

86-91Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories and electricity production. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide, also called CO2. Other contributors include methane released from landfills and agriculture (especially from the digestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2.

Sebagian besar berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil di mobil, pabrik-pabrik dan produksi listrik. Gas yang bertanggung jawab atas sebagian besar memanas adalah karbon dioksida, juga disebut CO2. Kontributor lainnya termasuk metana dilepaskan dari tempat pembuangan sampah dan pertanian (terutama dari sistem pencernaan hewan merumput), nitrous oksida dari pupuk, gas yang digunakan untuk pendinginan dan proses industri, dan hilangnya hutan yang lain akan menyimpan CO2.Present Tense, Past Tense, and Past Future Tense Simple, FuturePresent, and Past

92-98Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities. Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the warming of a molecule of CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have been banned in much of the world because they also degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping potential thousands of times greater than CO2. But because their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as CO2 does.

Gas rumah kaca yang berbeda memiliki kemampuan yang memerangkap panas yang sangat berbeda. Beberapa dari mereka dapat meratakan perangkap panas lebih dari CO2. Sebuah molekul metana menghasilkan lebih dari 20 kali memanas dari molekul CO2. Nitrous oksida 300 kali lebih kuat dari CO2. Gas-gas lain, seperti chlorofluorocarbons (yang telah dilarang di sebagian besar dunia karena mereka juga menurunkan lapisan ozon), memiliki ribuan potensi yang memerangkap panas kali lebih besar dari CO2. Tetapi karena konsentrasi mereka jauh lebih rendah daripada CO2, tidak ada gas-gas tersebut menambah sebanyak pemanasan atmosfer.Present TenseSimplePresent

99-102In order to understand the effects of all the gases together, scientists tend to talk about all greenhouse gases in terms of the equivalent amount of CO2. Since 1990, yearly emissions have gone up by about 6 billion metric tons of "carbon dioxide equivalent" worldwide, more than a 20 percent increase.

Dalam rangka untuk memahami dampak dari semua gas bersama-sama, para ilmuwan cenderung berbicara tentang semua gas rumah kaca dalam hal jumlah yang setara CO2. Sejak tahun 1990, emisi tahunan sudah naik sekitar 6 miliar ton metrik "dioksida ekuivalen karbon" di seluruh dunia, lebih dari kenaikan 20 persen.Present TenseSimplePresent

Vocabulary :

1. Precipitation

2. Consensus

3. Emissions4. Systemsresilient5. InundationReference :Global warming, 2015. . Wikipedia Free Encycl.

Washington, N.G.S.P.O.B. 98199, 38.90531943278526, D. 20090-8199 U., 800-647-5463, -77 0376992225647, n.d. Global Warming Effects Information, Global Warming Effects Facts, Climate Change Effects - National Geographic [WWW Document]. URL http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-effects/ (accessed 4.21.15a).

Washington, N.G.S.P.O.B. 98199, 38.90531943278526, D. 20090-8199 U., 800-647-5463, -77 0376992225647, n.d. Global Warming Causes, Climate Change Causes - National Geographic [WWW Document]. URL http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-causes/ (accessed 4.22.15b).