Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to:...

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1 Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President Strategic Solutions Group 9017666354 [email protected]

Transcript of Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to:...

Page 1: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Asset/Liability Management Strategies 

Presented to: Independent Bankers of ColoradoSeptember 21, 2017

Michael S. Erhardt, CPASenior Vice PresidentStrategic Solutions Group901‐766‐[email protected]

Page 2: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Agenda 

• Banking Trends Impacting Interest Rate Risk• Vining Sparks ALM Trends• Regulatory Focus on Interest Rate Risk• Best Practices for IRR Modeling • Strategies to Optimize Balance Sheet for Expected Rate Environment

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Banking Trends Impacting IRR Profiles

• Flatter yield curve• FOMC has moved 100bps so far• Community bank NIM stabilizing • Loan growth is outstripping deposit growth • High level of long‐term assets • Composition of funding remains weighted towards non‐maturity deposits  

Page 4: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Yield Curve Trends

Aug‐17 Dec‐16 ChgFF 1.12 0.63 0.503M 0.99 0.50 0.491Y 1.22 0.81 0.402Y 1.32 1.19 0.133Y 1.43 1.45 ‐0.025Y 1.71 1.92 ‐0.227Y 1.95 2.24 ‐0.2910Y 2.12 2.44 ‐0.322/10Y 0.80 1.25 ‐0.45

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

FF 3M 1Y 2Y 3Y 5Y 7Y 10YMATURITY IN YEARS

December 31, 2016 August 31, 2017

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Net Interest Margin Trends 

3.76

3.60

3.42

3.26

3.143.07

3.13

3.21

3.71

3.743.67

3.59 3.613.57 3.57 3.58

3.00

3.25

3.50

3.75

4.00

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 YTDQ2'17

All Insured Institutions Community Banks

Source: FDIC 

• Margin has compressed primarily due to the extended low rate environment, lack of robust loan demand/growth, and higher allocation to investments/cash. 

• Margins for larger institutions have recently benefited from the rise in short‐term interest rates.  More of their assets reprice or mature in the short‐term.

• Community bank margins have been stabile and supported by an increasing level of long‐term assets. 

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Long‐Term Asset Exposures Have Risen

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

12/31/01 12/31/03 12/31/05 12/31/07 12/31/09 12/31/11 12/31/13 12/31/15 06/30/17

Long‐Term Assets (5+Yrs) / Total Assets

$100M to $1BMore than $1B

Long‐term assets (5+ years) – includes loans and debt securities with remaining maturities or repricing intervals of over five years.  

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Long‐Term Asset Exposures Have Risen

3.50%

3.60%

3.70%

3.80%

3.90%

4.00%

4.10%

4.20%

4.30%

4.40%

4.50%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

12/31/01 12/31/03 12/31/05 12/31/07 12/31/09 12/31/11 12/31/13 12/31/15 06/30/17

Long‐Term Assets (5+Yrs) / Total Assets

Long‐term assets (5+ years) – includes loans and debt securities with remaining maturities or repricing intervals of over five years.  Data includes banks with assets ranging from $100mm to $1bn in total assets.   

Long‐Term Asset %Net Interest Margin

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Surge Deposits 

Domestic deposits have increased 32% in 5 years.

Regulators are concerned about the surge in deposits and the impact an outflow of deposits may have on liquidity and IRR positions.

Source: FDIC

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

2017Q22016Q22015Q22014Q22013Q22012Q22011Q22010Q22009Q22008Q22007Q2

NIB Deposits Other IB Deposits Time Deposits Brokered Deposits Borrowings

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Changing Funding Composition

Source: FDIC

Since Q2 2007, NMDs increased from 55% to 78% of total deposits while time and brokered deposits have declined from 45% to 22%.  

Regulators are concerned about the change in mix of deposits and the impact a shift in mix to historical norms may have on liquidity and IRR positions.0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

2017Q22016Q22015Q22014Q22013Q22012Q22011Q22010Q22009Q22008Q22007Q2

Time & Brokered Deposits Non‐Maturity Deposits

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Wholesale Funding 

Source: FDIC

Wholesale funding needs were greatly diminished during the last recession.

A large number of community banks have begun to reduce holdings of liquid assets and increase their reliance on wholesale funding to support loan demand. 

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Potential for Greater Sensitivity to Higher Rates

Source: FDIC (Banks with assets ranging from $100mm to $1bn) 

As a % of Earning Assets

22%

52%

36%32%

64%

26%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Long‐Term Assets Non‐Maturity Deposits Time Deposits

June 2004

June 2017

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Vining Sparks ALM Statistics

‐8.8%‐7.9%

‐4.1%

1.4%1.9% 1.5%

‐10%

‐8%

‐6%

‐4%

‐2%

0%

2%

4%

Dn 300 Dn 200 Dn 100 Up 100 Up 200 Up 300

Chan

ge in

 NII 

Earnings at Risk 

The primary exposure is to declining rate scenarios from both an earnings and economic value standpoint.  

‐40.3%

‐31.4%

‐10.5%

3.4% 3.2% 1.2%

‐50%

‐40%

‐30%

‐20%

‐10%

0%

10%

Dn 300 Dn 200 Dn 100 Up 100 Up 200 Up 300

Chan

ge in

 Econo

mic Value

 

Economic Value at Risk 

Note: Assumes an immediate and parallel shift in the yield curve using a static balance sheet. 

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Vining Sparks ALM Profile Trends

‐8.0%

‐6.0%

‐4.0%

‐2.0%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

Q2'13 Q2'14 Q2'15 Q2'16 Q2'17

‐6.6%‐4.2%

‐2.0%

‐3.3%

1.5%

Earnings at Risk +300 bps

‐20.0%

‐15.0%

‐10.0%

‐5.0%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

Q2'13 Q2'14 Q2'15 Q2'16 Q2'17

‐13.9%

‐6.9%

0.7%

5.7%

1.2%

Economic Value at Risk +300 bps

Banks have reduced their exposure to higher rates in recent years.

Note: Assumes an immediate and parallel shift in the yield curve using a static balance sheet. 

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Regulatory Focus on IRR The Winter 2014 Supervisory Insight from the FDIC had the entireissue dedicated to Interest Rate Risk.

IRR was listed among the supervisory concerns in the OCC’s semi‐annual Risk Perspectives from the Spring of 2017.

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FDIC Winter 2014 Supervisory InsightDecember 2014 ‐ FIL‐61‐2014: Supervisory Insights Journal: Winter 2014 Issue Now Available

• Effective Governance Processes for Managing Interest Rate RiskThe foundation of an effective IRR management process is the establishment of board‐approved policies that measure, monitor, and control IRR. A successful governance framework is grounded in an informed and involved board of directors that provides senior management with clear policy guidance, sufficient internal resources, and risk mitigation strategies to guide an institution’s IRR position well in advance of market shifts.

• Developing the Key Assumptions for Analysis of Interest Rate RiskEffective IRR measurement and monitoring requires accurate information; therefore, bank management should develop assumptions that are readily understood, well supported, and updated periodically.

• Developing an In‐House Independent Review of Interest Rate Risk Management Systems An annual independent review of its IRR measurement system is an important part of any bank’s internal control framework. Thescope and formality of such a review should be appropriate for the size and complexity of the bank. This article describes common‐sense approaches that non‐complex institutions may use to effectively and economically perform an IRR independent review in‐house. 

• What to Expect During an Interest Rate Risk ReviewThis article is intended to help bankers prepare for regulatory reviews of IRR by describing what examiners focus on, supervisory expectations with respect to IRR, and communication with the FDIC during an examination. Resources for bankers regarding IRR also are provided.

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IRR Management Focus Areas‐ Setting IRR policy limits in a broader financial context‐ Developing key assumptions (bank specific)‐ Stress testing key assumptions‐ Non‐maturity deposit study‐ Consideration of surge deposits  ‐ Back testing model results ‐ A/L Model validation

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Key Assumptions

Rate Changes

Ramp or  Shock

Parallel or Non‐Parallel

Deposit Assumptions

Beta or  Sensitivity 

Decay Rates

Surge Balances

Prepayment Estimates

Loans & Investments

Balance Sheet Composition 

Dynamic

Static 

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FDIC Comments on Assumptions

FDIC examiners review key assumptions as a part of the Sensitivity to Market Risk review at each examination. Common weaknesses found during the review of assumptions are:

• Use of peer averages or default values • Lack of differentiation between rising and falling rate scenarios• Over‐simplification of balance sheet categories leading to potentially faulty analysis

• Lack of qualitative adjustment factors to historic data (potential for surge)

Page 19: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Assumptions: Non‐Maturity Deposit FocusThe enhanced regulatory focus on NMDs stems from a surge in core deposits and a shift in the composition of funding.

‐ NMDs have no stated maturity, customers hold the option to withdraw funds at any time (decay factor)

‐ Management must determine how to price NMDs in response to future changes in interest rates (beta/sensitivity)

‐ Historical data on deposit pricing/decay is a starting point but should be adjusted for qualitative factors (surge)

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Critical Deposit Assumptions

Deposit Price Sensitivity (Beta) 

‐ Measures deposit rate changes relative to market rates

‐ Beta =  

‐ Betas can differ depending on the current level of interest rates, as well as the direction and magnitude of range changes modeled

‐ One of the key drivers in Earnings at Risk analysis 

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Critical Deposit AssumptionsNon‐Maturity Deposit Decay Rates 

‐ Decay rates are an assumption about the average life of non‐maturity deposits (term structure) 

‐ Will have the most impact on a bank’s economic value measurement

‐ Longer average lives generally result in higher economic value and less exposure to higher rate scenarios

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OCC Non‐Maturity Deposit Assumptions

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Qualitative Adjustments“Historical data on deposit pricing provides a starting point and some perspective for developing assumptions, but banks should consider qualitative adjustments to deposit betas to reflect the possibility that surge deposits will be strongly rate sensitive once interest rates start increasing.”

Factors to consider‐ Flight to quality‐ Rate differentials (relative value)‐ Parking funds (flexibility)‐ Diminished impact of early withdrawal penalties

‐ Changes in technology

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Sensitivity Analysis & Stress Testing“Assumptions which have the most influence on the results of the IRR system should be identified and analyzed to determine the impact of changes to those assumptions.  The objective…is to isolate the impact a single assumption may have on the results…”“Varying (stressing) assumptions in this way can heighten management’s awareness of the potential risks to the institution should assumptions prove overly optimistic..”To stress betas and decay rates in your IRR model increase the assumptions. Increasing the decay rate reduces the average life and duration of the deposit.

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Back‐Testing IRR Model

Recommended back‐testing performed annually.

Focus on net interest income more than net income variance.

Significant variances should be researched and reconciled.

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Preparing for the Exam

“Examiners expect banks to have effective IRR policies and measurement procedures in place so boards of directors can make informed decisions about balance sheet management, budgeting, and capital adequacy.   This expectation has become increasingly important as the potential for a period of increasing interest rates continues to be identified by regulators…as a PRIMARY RISK FACING THE INDUSTRY

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Preparing for the Exam

Be prepared to :•Discuss the results of your IRR measurement systems•Discuss potential risks, including key strategies to mitigate these potential risks

•Describe key assumptions, including the development process

•Address prior examination or independent recommendations

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Opportunities to Minimize RisksRising rate risk can negatively impact earnings and put pressure on capital. The pressure to capital typically arises from increased economic value at risk and declining tangible capital ratios (due to the mark‐to‐market of the investment portfolio). There are many ways in which Financial Institutions can reduce rising interest rate risk, using either on‐ or off‐balance sheet strategies.

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Loan and Investment StrategiesOne can change the A/L mix of the balance sheet over time by emphasizing new loan and deposit products but the following strategies are generally the best alternative to quickly affecting balance sheet changes:

‐ Restructure the loan book by selling longer‐duration fixed rate loans (mortgages) and purchasing shorter‐duration products (auto paper, ARMs)

‐ Restructure the bond portfolio with a focus on reducing longer‐term cash flows and/or adding defensive investment structures such as ARMs, variable rate products, or amortizing securities with high scheduled cash flow

‐ Employ a leverage strategy with short assets funded with long liabilities 

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Funding OpportunitiesThe current market (flat yield curve) is providing an excellent opportunity to extend funding and lock‐in attractive long‐term rates.  The extension of the right‐hand side of the balance sheet can be accomplished in a number of ways.

‐ Internal deposit campaign focused on increasing longer term time deposits

‐ Term funding from the FHLB (collateral required)

‐ Issuance of wholesale brokered CDs• Rates are competitive with FHLB advances • No collateral• Limited early‐withdrawal  

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Off‐Balance Sheet Roughly 20% of Community Banks are actively using interest rate products to help manage their IRR position.  These products have become more affordable and efficient solutions.  

‐ Implement a commercial loan hedging program.  Allows bankers to offer long‐term fixed rates to their borrowers without incurring the associated rate risks

‐ Macro hedging (interest rate swaps, caps)

‐ Create your own fixed rate funding using interest rate swaps (provides the ability to monetize embedded gains)

‐ DIY Floater (swap long‐term fixed rate municipals for floating rate)

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Yield Curve Trends

Aug‐17 Dec‐16 ChgFF 1.12 0.63 0.503M 0.99 0.50 0.491Y 1.22 0.81 0.402Y 1.32 1.19 0.133Y 1.43 1.45 ‐0.025Y 1.71 1.92 ‐0.227Y 1.95 2.24 ‐0.2910Y 2.12 2.44 ‐0.322/10Y 0.80 1.25 ‐0.45

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

FF 3M 1Y 2Y 3Y 5Y 7Y 10YMATURITY IN YEARS

December 31, 2016 August 31, 2017

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Interest Rate Expectations ‐ FOMCThe Fed continues to project three hikes in 2017 and the commencement of their balance sheet adjustment program, despite the weaker inflation data.

1.375

2.125

2.938 3.000

2017 YE Target Rate 2018 YE Target Rate 2019 YE Target Rate Longer Run

FOMC’s Target Rate ProjectionsBy Year‐End

Page 34: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Interest Rate Expectations ‐Market

Meeting Date Probability of Hike

09/20/2017 1.1%

11/01/2017 1.9%

12/13/2017 29.8%

01/31/2018 29.5%

03/21/2018 43.4%

05/02/2018 42.8%

06/13/2018 50.4%  1.00

 1.25

 1.50

 1.75

 2.00

 2.25

 2.50

 2.75

 3.00

Sep 17

Oct 17

Nov 17

Dec 17

Jan 18

Feb 18

Mar 18

Apr 18

May 18

Jun 18

Jul 18

Aug 18

Sep 18

Oct 18

Nov 18

Dec 18

Jan 19

Feb 19

Mar 19

Apr 19

May 19

Jun 19

Jul 19

Aug 19

Sep 19

Oct 19

Nov 19

Dec 19

Fed Funds Futures FED SEP ProjectionsFed Funds Futures (8/31/17)

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Floating Rate Securities 

Sector  Agency CMO  SBA  Corporates  DIY Muni

Yields (TEY) 1.40% to 1.60% 1.80% to 2.40% 1.80% to 2.00% 3.00% to 3.30%

AdjustsMonthly or Quarterly 

Monthly or Quarterly 

Monthly or Quarterly 

Quarterly 

Caps Varies None Varies None

+300 bps Price Volatility  ‐1.90% ‐2.00% ‐2.00% Up to ‐5.00%

Cash Flow Amortizing Amortizing Bullet  Bullet

Risk Weighting 20% 0% 20% to 100% 20% or 50%

Floating Rate Product Spectrum 

Page 36: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Floating Rate Investments

1.321.43

1.71

1.95

2.12

2.72

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

2.75

3.00

2Y 3Y 5Y 7Y 10Y 30Y

8/31/2017

Floating rate investments offer yield pick‐up over the short‐end of the yield curve. 

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Barbell Strategy

• A barbell strategy generally has a 50% weighting on the short end of the curve and a 50% weighting on the long end, with nothing in the middle. 

• The defensive position allows investors to benefit from rising short term yields, while the longer position provides higher income/yields.  

• The change in the curve shape favored the performance of portfolios with a barbell structure, especially those with floaters. 

• Effective in period of rising interest rates, especially if the curve continues to flatten (long‐term rates increasing by smaller amounts).

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Barbell StrategyBarbell Strategy: Alternatives for Investing Short 

Product DescriptionBase Case 

YieldYield +300

Effective Duration

Price Volatility +300

Agency CMO Floater 1.6% 4.6%                  0.50  ‐3.7%SBA Floater  1.9% 4.6%                  0.50  ‐1.2%Seasoned Hybrid ARM 5X1 7 MTR 2.0% 4.5%                  0.50  ‐2.7%

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Barbell StrategyBarbell Strategy: Alternatives for Investing Long

Product DescriptionBase Case 

Tax‐Adjusted Yield

Effective Duration

Price Volatility +300

A BQ Muni 10 Yr 3.2%                   6.10  ‐16.5%A BQ Muni 15/10 Yr 4.0%                   5.90  ‐20.5%A BQ Muni 25/10 Yr 4.7%                   5.80  ‐28.0%AA ‐ Taxable Muni 15/10 Yr 3.2%                 10.70  ‐27.9%

Page 40: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Barbell SampleInvestment Amount: $10,000,000

Eff. DurProduct % Allocation $ Allocation Base + 100  + 200 + 300 Base + 100  + 200 + 300SBA Floater 25.0% $2,500,000 1.83 2.72 3.61 4.50 0.49 0.49 ‐0.48 ‐0.95A Muni 15yr/10yr 75.0% $7,500,000 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 5.95 6.15 ‐5.75 ‐14.32

100.0% $10,000,000 3.33 3.56 3.78 4.00 4.58 4.74 ‐4.43 ‐10.98

Eff. DurProduct % Allocation $ Allocation Base + 100  + 200 + 300 Base + 100  + 200 + 3003Y Agency Bullet 25.0% $2,500,000 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 2.90 3.00 ‐2.90 ‐5.604Y Agency Bullet 25.0% $2,500,000 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63 3.80 3.90 ‐3.80 ‐7.405Y Agency Bullet 25.0% $2,500,000 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 4.80 4.90 ‐4.60 ‐9.007Y Agency Bullet 25.0% $2,500,000 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 6.50 6.70 ‐6.30 ‐12.10

100.0% $10,000,000 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 4.50 4.63 ‐4.40 ‐8.53

Px VolBarbell Portfolio

Yield

Px VolYieldLaddered Portfolio

Page 41: Asset/Liability Management Strategies...Asset/Liability Management Strategies Presented to: Independent Bankers of Colorado September 21, 2017 Michael S. Erhardt, CPA Senior Vice President

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Summary • IRR has become a common concern among bankers and regulators • Balance sheets appear to be less prepared for rising rates than in previous cycles

• Although the Fed is committed to gradualism in their path to rate normalization, management teams should consider taking proactive steps to position their balance sheet for a rising rate environment

• Perform stress testing on key assumptions in the AL models to ascertain potential exposures beyond typical industry norms

• Use outside resources to perform a review of your model results, policies, and documentation

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Questions & Answers

INTENDED FOR INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS ONLY. The information included herein has been obtained from sources deemed reliable, but it isnot in any way guaranteed, and it, together with any opinions expressed, is subject to change at any time. Any and all details offered in thispublication are preliminary and are therefore subject to change at any time. This has been prepared for general information purposes onlyand does not consider the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any individual or institution. Thisinformation is, by its very nature, incomplete and specifically lacks information critical to making final investment decisions. Investors shouldseek financial advice as to the appropriateness of investing in any securities or investment strategies mentioned or recommended. Theaccuracy of the financial projections is dependent on the occurrence of future events which cannot be assured; therefore, the actual resultsachieved during the projection period may vary from the projections. Vining Sparks may have positions, long or short, in any or all securitiesmentioned. Member FINRA/SIPC.