ASSET 27 Aug 16
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ENRICHED TEACHING A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090 1 GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN
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Transcript of ASSET 27 Aug 16
ENRICHED TEACHING
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090 1
GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
HOW TO TEACH GEOGRAPHY IN AN INTERESTING WAY
Geography is an interesting subject which is taught under social science (or social studies) in our primary and middle school classes.
Which type of teaching methodology do you use in your classroom?
INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR TEACHERS IN GEOGRAPHY TEACHING Here we are discussing about some smart, active and interesting and useful tips may be used in Geography teaching in
primary and middle classes.
We would like to discuss the different type techniques used by teachers in many countries. Let's discover what are the latest trends in Geography Education.
Your teaching learning experiences are welcome
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
THIS PRESENTATION IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS
How to teach geography
TEACHER: Maria, go to the map and find North America.MARIA: Here it is.TEACHER: Correct. Now class, who discovered America ? CLASS: Maria.
TEACHER: Dawood, what is the chemical formula for water? DAWOOD: H I J K L M N O. TEACHER: What are you talking about? Dawood: Yesterday you said it's H to O
Teaching Geography of Pakistan
Remember!!! Geography is based on facts not presumptions
Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it.
(276–194 BC)Greek scholar Eratosthenes is commonly called the "father of geography" for he was the first to use the word geography and he had a small-scale notion of the planet that led him to be able to determine the circumference of the earth.
World Geography. Find information about the continents, explorers, oceans, seas, rivers, mountains, elevation, geographic extremes, earthquakes, volcanoes, and more.
Geography is without any doubt a natural science! If you're a geographer, it's vital that you have some background knowledge in fields such as Chemistry, Geology, Physics, Botany, Mathematics, etc.
On the other hand, Geography does have some social elements – hence it connects both natural science and social science.
5A presentation by
Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
`1. Why teach Geographya. Enables a students to view their planet in a way that clarifies various global political issues.
b. To comprehend the relationship between people, groups and the physical environment in which they live.
c. A solid understanding of geography enables one to become a good global citizen.
d. As the world becomes more interrelated and interdependent through technological advances, it is increasingly important to understand the physical and cultural differences of other places.
e. The study of geography allows students to learn how to create mental maps, which makes it easier to negotiate and navigate their own environments.
f. Without the knowledge of geography, the collections of groups of people around the planet can seem random; understanding the effect geography has on their groupings helps their spatial organization make sense.
g. An understanding of geography also allows one to make smart choices when dealing with issues regarding the relationship of society to the physical environment.
h. Geography frequently takes a back seat to history in the social studies classroom, but teaching geographic literacy is essential if students are going to understanding the challenges and opportunities of our complex world.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATUATE MILE & NAUTICAL MILE
A statute mile is 5,280 feet in length.
A nautical mile is 6,076.11549... feet in length.
To convert from statute to nautical miles a factor of 1.15 is generally used, even though it is not precise. (5,280 feet X 1.15) = 6,072 feet (4.11549...feet less than 1 nautical mile).
You could add 4.1 feet for each statute mile to be converted. So the new formula would be: {(5280 feet x 1.15)+ 4.1 feet} divided by 6,076.1 feet = 1 nautical mile.
To convert from nautical to statute miles: The factor 1.15 may be used, but again, it is not precise. (6076.1 divided by 1.15) = 5,283 feet (3.565..feet more than 1 statute mile).
Using a precomputed table (such as Bowditch's Table 20) will result in the more precise answers.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
2. Geography Teaching At Primary School Level
a. In primary school syllabus generally geography is introduced with the awareness of local environment.
b. In early classes much to be learnt about our colony, village, town, school environment
c. Teachers of this formation period has to use some unique techniques to teach "Interesting Geography“
d. In a smart * class use interesting documentary films or projectors to explain the geographical concepts.
e. Such type of activities very effective to make the Geography education innovative and need based.
f. Use some visiting activities like a visit of local place to excite students interest about Geography.
* Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
3. Geography Teaching At Middle School Level
a. In middle school students learning and comprehensive level increases. So teachers can use something different type teaching learning techniques within the classroom.
b. Educational boards wisely designed as per curriculum help students understand better.
c. Excursion visits to incite the student’s knowledge and experience.
d. There are mainly two types of classes; traditional classes and smart* classes.
e. Traditional classroom uses lesson plan to make lessons effective, impressive and attractive.
f. SMART Teachers use e learning tool as an extraordinary effective method.
g. Include interesting and identifiable stories about the particular topics.
h. Prepare an album of related places by the help of newspapers and magazines or by internet.
i. Use Power Point presentation for topics with online project for students to prepare digital album
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
4. How to make Geography learning an interesting activity?
Your ideas on how to make Geography learning an interesting activity ?
a. Some innovative techniques within the classroom.
b. Make teaching & learning full of fun, you will achieve excellent results.
c. Teaching resources available in schools like atlas, globe charts, maps and multimedia.
d. It is very exciting for students to discover any place in a map or globe which inspires them to learn by doing.
e. “Self directed Learning”.
f. Using some inspirational activities may lead to create attraction in the particular subject. Using the students creativity and enhance students expression is another cool idea to make learning a fun and interesting activity for the students.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
5. Project Work in Geography for Middle School Studentsa. To enhance creativity and comprehension level of students from 6th to 10th grade students
b. This provides great opportunities for Teachers & Students to discover the new ideas in learning.
c. Students prepare different types of models too which can be used in research/ Teaching material.
d. It is essential to maintain student’s folder in which the written project work will be saved.
e. SMART school teachers can facilitate the students in preparing digital project work using computers.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
6. Modern Technology in Education:
a. Modern technology has provided a gateway to knowledge on an extraordinary scale.
b. Teaching and educational software are plenty, You Tube instructional videos in abundance and many authoritative web sites.
c. Finding ways to motivate students to learn and making learning fun is so important.
d. Ensure technology integration in learning Geography with use of multimedia tools in Geography is there for innovative teachers.
7. Digital Tools in Geography Teaching: An Innovation in Education
e. The whole world is about technology integration in education. So it is an important to talk about some digital tools, techniques and interesting Geography teaching ideas in teaching Geography.
What are the Digital Tools for Geography Teaching?
b. “Google earth” + Many websites useful to explore the teaching concept for innovative educators.
c. eLearning tools helpful to prepare interesting presentations enabling teachers devote time to research- minimize the teacher’s written work.
d. activity based learning may be used in a digital class or smart classroom to make the learning more enriching.
What is your idea about “Digital Presentation” or “Digital Project”? INNOVATIVE EDUCATION
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
8. Making Geography Happen - Teacher Tips
The aim of Making Geography Happen is to look at how students can develop their ability to think geographically.
9. What makes a geography lesson good
a. The most important component of a good geography lesson is… the development of geographical understanding.
b. It is important that teachers explores the key elements of a good geography lesson and how to judge them.
c. In Making Geography Happen each section is devoted to the core geography that the unit of work is based on.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
10. Interesting Tips for Teachers in Teaching Geographya. "Active Learning Methodology", b. "Activity Based Learning“c. Teachers pay attention on methodologies, but a need of discovering some innovative teaching techniques exists.d. Lets share some techniques in Geography teaching which may be useful to draw student's attention within the classrooms.
11. Learning by Discovering e. Many teachers teach by books or a prepared lesson plan so they do not need to do any innovation.f. When teachers teach about the globe, a map or about geological concept they apply a traditional method. g. But if they begin their lesson with a story or with an interesting talk they will attract student's attention on particular topic.h. Just like when you are going to teach a lesson about “TIMBUKTU", discuss about region, then ask students to discover different places.i. Teacher a facilitator helps students in discovery. j. Competition in "Activity Based Learning", "Self Learning Method" and Collaborative learning to give student's confidence and now
they or prepared to go to the next journey of learning with you. (Now they know how to learn with fun.
12. Reflecting on geography teaching
a. Gives teachers time to reflect on their teaching and gives students the opportunity to think about what they have learnt.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
13. Starting the unitAll teachers agree that the start to the unit of work was crucial, the 'need to know' for students through engaging enquiry questions.
'What would happen if you lived ten hours journeyfrom school?'. engage students with a 'feel box' giving them clues about where in the world this could be a reality.
show an image of a boy reading in a rubbish dump
Ask to describe the boy and his life and thus able to make links between children's lives and develop empathy. These activities helped create 'the need to know' in the students.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
14. Co-construction of the curriculum
a. Give the students an opportunity to participate in the planning of the curriculum.
b. Once students' curiosity aroused, start questions leading to scheme of work.
c. It is important students understand why studying a topic.
d. 'next step' lesson by lesson rather teaching the next thing on a scheme of work.
15.Personal stories
a. Is another hook which can be used to engage and motivate students. b. Stories of children from rural / city and students could relate to other children.
c. Have children had set up email pen pals, write mails/ letters
d. Parents and community elders older talk about what AKS used to be like
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
16. Fieldworka. Familiarise local area undertake field trips though places local many
students don't know much. Being outside helps students to experience geography, it also engages and motivates them.
b. During these fieldwork activities and in the preparation in the classroom, the students use maps to enhance their learning and make sense of the places they were studying.
c. The Young Geographers project has lots of practical examples of how out of classroom learning has been used creatively by schools to make geography happen.
17. Encourage students to be creativea. Give students the opportunity to be creative by making models to show what they had
learnt. A report covered information about the School of the Air can be such example.
b. Showing students examples of work from previous years helped to inspire them.
c. Creativity motivated the students and made the learning memorable. High expectations and well-planned work helped the students make progress.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
18. Combine with other subjectsa. A good piece of geography work draws on many subjects.
b. At AKS Gwadar the Port project looked at the area in the past, the present and the future, so combining with history.
c. First School topic could include ICT as students tasked to create a PowerPoint that compared the two villages/towns/countries/ cultures.
d. Literacy featured in many of the projects - including persuasive writing, emailing or writing letters to other students, reading extracts of fiction books and creating information booklets.
19. Students’ reflectione. Students be given the opportunity to reflect on what they had learnt.
f. A strong visual form as the students can make a mind map showing their knowledge of Pakistan.
g. Read more reflections from teachers and students by browsing each project section.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
20. Top Tips from the participating teachers
Next steps...a. The participating teachers are now about to teach their students in the on going academic year.
b. Having reflected upon the project and taking into account the progress made by their students and their thoughts about they learnt, each teacher may like to make changes to their units.
c. Curriculum making is a continual process... Food for thoughts on next slides
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
21. Start with Geography Bingo Use this BINGO card, which lists many of the geography standards, and find examples of stories from Newspapers that take on topics like migration, culture and ecosystems in various ways. When you have a diagonal, horizontal or vertical row of examples, you have “Bingo!” Students can search either a print copy of the paper or the online archives. (Each of the concepts in the squares was taken from the National Geography Standards.)
22. People use mental maps to understand the world a. Every time you memorise a route to the grocery store or plot a route through area, you’re using a mental map.
b. It’s one of the key tools a geographically skilled person uses to navigate their world.
c. Ask students to think of a time when they got lost or figured out how to find something, drawing and annotating their own mental maps to tell the story. Post them in a classroom “Atlas of the Mind” exhibit.
23. some maps are better than others d. What exactly is a ‘map,’ and what does it do? Ask students to define the term.
e. Then look at these maps that use technology, symbols or images to broaden our understanding.
f. students can brainstorm and design their own maps of a place they know well.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
24. Groups struggle over boundariesa. Palestinians and Israelis have struggled for generations over the question of borders. Earlier this month the United Nations
General Assembly voted to grant Palestine non member observer status,
b. Kashmir is in conflict for over 69 years after the U.N. called for Referendum Why has it taken so long ?
c. Ask students to brainstorm the factors that have kept Palestinians and Israelis from reaching a final agreement on territory and borders.
d. As a culminating activity, ask students to look express their thoughts about Kashmir, and hold a class contest to find the most interesting or compelling examples that no one has ever heard of.
25. Culture affects perceptions & stereotypes of other placesa. Everyone holds opinions about other cultures, and they can easily lead to misunderstandings or disputes.
b. Lead students through a safe introductory discussion of stereotyping, perceptions about immigration in Europe, and discuss the main points or lessons of each story.
c. Ask students to search the archives and track coverage for examples of stereotyping in all cultures, gathering examples and making presentations on how people can resist or counteract this all-too-human tendency.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
26.Geography isn’t just about places on a map; it’s about the people, culture, history and landscape of those places
a. Every vacation or travel story provides an opportunity to gather information and describe those places. Ask students to write their own travel stories about a place they’ve visited, either locally or farther from home, using vivid examples and description to help readers fully imagine that place.
27. Physical affects that threaten people.
a. From storms and earthquakes to global warming, it’s clear that the physical environment exerts a powerful effect on people.
b. But environmental challenges also offer opportunities for people to create new industries and systems to provide a safer future. As a culminating activity, students can write letters to local officials suggesting the wisest policy.
28. People settle or migrate to new places.
a. People make decisions on where to live for all kinds of reasons;
b. Divide students into small groups, and assign each group to read one of these stories about migration to Europe
c. Each group can then present their findings to the class.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
Common Core ELA Standards 6- 12
Reading1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyse their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.3. Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently.
Writing1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.3. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization and style are appropriate to task, purpose and audience.
Speaking and Listening1. Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.2. Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively and orally.3. Present information, findings, supporting evidence that listeners can follow, line of reasoning ,organisation, development,
and style are appropriate to task, purpose and audience.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
1. One of the hardest challenges that new (and even experienced) teachers face is trying to stay up to date with the vast range of materials and resources that are out there and available for teachers to use in their classroom.
2. How can you make sure that your teaching is relevant and suitable for the students in your class if you don’t have an understanding of what kind of resources are available?
3. How can I make sure I'm preparing students for the future?
4. How can I show them how to use technology effectively
Here are 5 best resources for teaching geography skills:
1. Google Maps (https://www.google.com.au/maps) http://maps.google.com/help/maps/education/
2. Ordnance Survey (https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone>
3. GeogSpace (http://www.geogspace.edu.au)
4. Google Lit Trips (http://www.googlelittrips.com/GoogleLit/Home.html)
5. Map your memories (http://mapyourmemories.tumblr.com/tagged/Manhattan).
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
TEACHER: Hamid, what do you call a person who keeps on talking when people are no longer interested?
HARRIS: A teacher
______________________________
LAUGHTER IS THE SOUL'S MEDICINE!!
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
TEACHING GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN
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INTRODUCTION
1. Why study of Geography of Pakistan is importanta. To know understand and comprehend the physical and other features of our motherland.
b. It inculcates sense of belonging, Motivation of students which is Essential component of Patriotism.c. Develops solid understanding of geography enables one to become a contributing Pakistani.d. Allows a student to understand the features and environment in all provinces in a clear view
to see the relationship between people, groups and the physical environment of Pakistan. e. As the world becomes more smaller through technological advances, it is vital to understand the
physical and cultural differences of other places.f. An understanding of geography also allows one to make smart choices when dealing with issues
regarding the relationship of society to the physical environment.
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
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How Teachers add value to their Teaching Geography of Pakistan
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
a. Use blended learning & enable students to do geography
b. Everything should link present with future
c. ASK Geographic questionsd. ACQUIRE geographic informatione. ARRANGE geographic informationf. ANALYSE geographic informationg. ANSWER geographic questions
The words in bold are action words; they are skills that advance the classroom activities from rote processing of facts to the higher thinking skills.
Geography becomes a cognitive experience.
29A presentation by
Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
Ask Acquire Arrange (Organize) Analyse Answer
Where is it located? Why is it there? What is significant about its location? How is its location related to the locations of other people, places and environments? Distinguish between geographic and non-geographic questions.
Locate, gather, and process information from a variety of primary and secondary sources including maps. Make and record observations about the physical and human characteristics of places.
Prepare maps to display geographic information. Construct graphs, tables, and diagrams to display geographic information.
Use maps to observe and interpret geographic relationships. Use tables and graphs to observe and interpret geographic trends and relationships. Use texts, photographs and documents to observe and interpret geographic trends and relationships.Use simple mathematics to analyse geographic data.
Present geographic information in the form of both oral and written reports accompanied by maps and graphics.Use methods of geographic inquiry to acquire geo-graphic information, draw conclusions, and make generalisations.Apply generalizations to solve geographic problems and make reasoned decisions.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
1. INTRODUCTION - Geography of Pakistan
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Coordinates Islamabad is 33°40' N 73°10' E
Other than that the longitudes and latitudes at the furthest most tips of Pakistan are:
Northern: 37°3' N, 75° E (near Misqar in GB a little to the west of the Khunjrab Pass)
Southern: 23°4' N, 68° 2' E (near the Rann of Kutch, Thatta)
Eastern: 35°3' N, 78°00 E (a little east of the Karakoram Pass, Hetian)
Western: 29°5' N, 60°52'E (at AFIRPK i.e. the point where Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, meet in Balochistan)
"The territory it controls mostly lies between latitudes 23° N and 37° N (a small area is north of 37°), and longitudes 61° E and 78° E (a small area is west of 61°)."
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
Continent AsiaRegion South Asia ; Middle East ; Central AsiaCoordinates 30.3753° N, 69.3451° E Population 193 million as per survey 2013 Total Area 796,095 km² (307,374 miles²) Land Area 96.9% Water Area 3.1%Coastline 1,046 km (650 mi)Borders Total: 6,774 km (4,209.2 mi)
Afghanistan: 2,252 km (1,399.3 mi)China: 585 km (363.5 mi)India: 2,912 km (1,809.4 mi)Line of Control: 740 km (459.8 mi)Iran: 909 km (564.8 mi)
Highest point K2 8,616.3 m (28,269 ft)Lowest point Arabian Sea 0 m (0.0 ft)Longest river Indus River 3,180 km (1,980 mi) Largest lake Manchhar Lake 350 km²
1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL data
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
Heading Location Administrative entity Bordering entity Coordinates
North (disputed)
Baba Ghundi Chipursan in Gilgit–Baltistan a little to the west of the Khunjerab Pass.
Gilgit– Baltistan (formerly known as Northern Areas.)
Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
37.0837°N 74.6906°E
South Near Sir Creek, Thatta Sindh Arabian Sea, Gujarat-India. 23.6948°N 68.1331°E
East (disputed)
A little east of the Karakoram Pass, Hetian Gilgit–Baltistan Xinjiang,
People's Republic of China
35.4472°N 77.8931°E
WestThe point where Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistanmeet in Balochistan, near Maki.
Balochistan Iran, Afghanistan 29.8585°N 60.8746°E
1.2. GEOGRAPHICAL disputes
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
1.3. GEOGRAPHICAL dispute maps
Durand Line Great Rann of Kutch Jammu and Kashmir Radcliffe Line Sino-Pakistan Agreement Sir Creek Trans-Karakoram Tract
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
Administrative Division Capital Population Balochistan Quetta 7,914,000
Punjab Lahore 101,000,000
Sindh Karachi 42,400,000
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar 28,000,000
Gilgit–Baltistan Gilgit 1,800,000
FATA 3,176,331
Azad Kashmir Muzaffarabad 4,567,982
Islamabad Capital Territory Islamabad
1,151,868
2. ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
2.1. ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP Summary
Federation of 4 provinces, a capital territory & federally administered tribal areas.
a. Territories: Islamabad Capital Territory (IST)Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Northern Areas (FANA)
b. Balochistan and NWFP also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas.(PATA)
c. The third tier of government was composed of 26 divisions with two further tiers (districts and tehsils) administered directly from the provincial level.
d. The divisions were abolished in 2001 and a new three-tiered system of local government came into effect comprising districts, tehsils and union councils with an elected body at each tier.
e. There are currently 107 districts in Pakistan, with tehsils and union councils.
f. The tribal areas has seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts whilst Azad Kashmir comprises seven districts and Northern Areas comprises six districts.” Source: Wikipedia
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2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE Data
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
4 provinces, federal capital territory, 1 autonomous 1 disputed territory
A group of federally administered tribal areas.
Has three lower tiers of government, 34 divisions, 149 districts (Zillah's), 588 sub-districts (tehsils), and several thousand union councils.
The Districts of Pakistan are the third order administrative divisions
Although the "divisions" were abolished due to the reforms of August 2000, Punjab restored them in 2008 Balochistan in 2009, Sindh in 2011 and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2013
The 149 districts still form the top tier of local government with the two lower tiers composed of approximately 596 tehsils (included the Kashmir region) and more than 6,000 union councils.
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles (44 km)continental shelf: 200 nautical miles (370 km) or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 350 nautical miles (648.2 km)territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22 km)
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
39
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
3. PHYSICAL REGIONS
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
4. GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
4.1 The northern highlandsinclude parts of the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram Range, and the Himalayas.
one-half of the summits over 4,500 meters, and fifty peaks reach above 6,500 meters, at 8,619 meters (28,251 ft.), is the world's second highest peak
South of the northern highlands and west of the Indus River plain is the Safed Koh Range along Afghanistan border and the Suleman Range and Kirthar Range, which define the western extent of the province of Sindh and reach almost to the southern coast.
The lower reaches are far more arid than those in the north, and they branch into ranges that run generally to the southwest across the province Balochistan.
North-south valleys in Balochistan and Sindh have restricted the migration of people along the Makran Coast on the Arabian Sea east toward the plains.
Several large passes cut the ranges along border with Afghanistan. Among them Khojak Pass, Khyber Pass, the Broghol Pass in the far north, access to the Wakhan Corridor.
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
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The name Indus comes from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, meaning ocean,
The Indus, one of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet from Lake Mansovar in ladakh Indochina border
The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometres, and all of Pakistan's major rivers—the Kabul, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej—flow into it.
The Indus River basin is a largest , fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 years.
4.2 The Indus plain
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4.3 Sistan Basin
Balochistan is located at the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau It is geographically the largest province at 347,190 km² or (134,051 square miles) of Pakistani territory; and composes 48% of the total land area of Pakistan.
The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water.
The southern region is known as Makran. The central region is known as Kalat.
The Suleman Mountains dominate the northeast corner and the Bolan Pass is a natural route into Afghanistan towards Kandahar.
Much of the province south of the Quetta region is sparse desert terrain with pockets of inhabitable towns mostly near rivers and streams.
The largest desert is the Kharan Desert occupies the most of Kharan District.
This area is subject to frequent seismic disturbances because the tectonic plate under the Indian plate hits the plate under Eurasia as it continues to move northward and to push the Himalayas ever higher.
A severe quake in 1931 was followed by one of more destructive force in 1935. Quetta destroyed, At least 20,000 people were killed. the most recent major earthquake occurred in October 2008.
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Pakistan is located north of the tropic of cancer (between latitudes 25° and 35° N) in the temperate zone, The climate varies from tropical to temperate. it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature,
Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter marked by mild temperatures from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May .
the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.
Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified by sea breezes. In the rest of the country, temperatures reach great heights in the summer; the mean temperature during June is 38 °C (100 °F) in the plains
The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Pakistan; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Pakistan
Western Disturbances during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country.
Arid conditions exist in the coastal south, Rainfall varies from as little as less than 10 inches a year to over 150 inches a year, in various parts of the nation.
5. CLIMATE
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5.1. CLIMATE Temperature & precipitation
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6. COMMUNICATIONS air routes
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Pakistan has 148 airports. The major airports are:
•Jinnah International Airport (Karachi)•Allama Iqbal International Airport (Lahore)•Benazir Bhutto International Airport (Islamabad/Rawalpindi)•Peshawar International Airport (Peshawar)•Quetta International Airport (Quetta)•Faisalabad International Airport (Faisalabad)•Multan International Airport (Multan)•Sialkot International Airport (Sialkot)•Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport (D.G.Khan)•Gwadar International Airport (Gwadar)•Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan)New Islamabad International Airport is also under construction in Fatehjang.
There are also several smaller airports which have flights to and from the Gulf because of the large Pakistani diaspora working in the region.
There are 91 airports with paved runways of which 14 have runways longe than 3,047 meters. The remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a runway longer than 3,047 meters.
Pakistan also has eighteen heliports
6.1.COMMUNICATIONS air routes
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Type Ministry of Railways,Government of Pakistan
Industry RailroadFounded 1947Headquarters
Lahore, Punjab
Area served
Pakistan
Services Passenger railways freight services parking lot operations other related services
Revenue PKR 31.92 Billion (2014-2015) Owner Government of Pakistan(100%)Number of employees
82,424 (2010-2011)
Website www.railways.gov.pk
6.2 COMMUNICATIONS railways
Track gauge Pakistan Railways has a mixture of gauges, including 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in), or "Indian gauge" track; 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in), or metre gauge; and 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge.
A few metre-gauge and narrow-gauge railway lines have been converted into Indian gauge, and the remaining lines have been dismantled or abandoned.
Axle load limit is 22.86 tonnes except Rohri-Quetta & Quetta-Chaman railway lines on which axle load limit is 17.78 tonnes and Spezand-Zahedan railway line on which axle load limit is 17.27 tonnes.
Founded in 1886 and headquartered in Lahore, it owns approximately 4,800 miles (7,791 km) of track all across Pakistan, stretching from Torkham toKarachi.
The railway system is going through a $8.5 billion upgrade as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, the first phase of the project will be completed by December 2017 and Phase-II by the year 2021.[2]
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6.3 COMMUNICATIONS railways
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The CPEC project emphasises major upgrades to Pakistan's ageing railway system, including rebuilding of the entire Main Line 1 railway between Karachi and Peshawar by 2020
this single railway currently handles 70% of Pakistan Railways traffic.[117] In addition to the Main Line 1 railway, upgrades and expansions are slated for the Main Line 2 railway, Main Line 3 railway.
The CPEC plan also calls for completion of a rail link over the 4,693-meter high Khunjerab Pass. The railway will provide direct access for Chinese and East Asian goods to Pakistani seaports at Karachi and Gwadar by 2030
Phase 1 of the ML-1 overhaul and reconstruction is highlighted black between Peshawar and Multan. Overhauling and reconstruction of the line will allow trains to travel at up to 160 kilometres per hour.
Phase 2 of the ML-1 overhaul betweenMultan and Hyderabad is marked in orange. Phase 3 of the project is indicated by the green line between Hyderabad and Karachi
ML-2 of Pakistan Railways is marked in purple, while ML-3 is marked in orange. Other lines are in blue.
The proposed route of theKhunjerab Railway is indicated by the brown line.
6.3 COMMUNICATIONS railways
Railway projects 4.1Overhaul of Main Line 1 Railway•4.2Overhaul of Main Line 2 Railway•4.3Overhaul of Main Line 3 Railway•4.4Orange Line Metro•4.5Khunjerab Railway
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• PAST PROGRESS OF PAKISTAN RAILWAY:
YEAR DISTANCE(KMS) PASSENGERS(MILLION) WEIGHT(MILLIONTONS)1949-50 8554 76.8 9.71998-99 8774 64.9 5.42002-03 7791 52.0 4.42007-08 7791 59.7 5.2
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7. COMMUNICATIONS roads
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1. The GAME CHANGER is an under-construction development program to connect Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan to China's western autonomous region of Xinjiang via highways, railway's and pipelines to transport oil and gas.
2. When the corridor is constructed it will serve as a primary gateway for trade between China and Middle East and Africa, in particular oil from the Middle East could be offloaded at Gwadar, which is located just outside the mouth of the Persian Gulf, and transported to China through the Baluchistan province in Pakistan. Such a link would vastly cut the 12,000-kilometre route that Mideast oil supplies must now take to reach Chinese ports
3. The project received a major boost when control of Gwadar was transferred to China's state-owned China Overseas Ports Holding in February 2013. Built by Chinese workers and opened in 2007, Gwadar is undergoing a major expansion to turn it into a full-fledged, deep-water commercial port.
4. Pakistan and China have signed agreements for
a. constructing an international airport at Gwadar, b. for upgrading a section of the 1,300-kilometre Karakorum Highway connecting to Islamabad c. fibre-optic cable to be laid from the Chinese border to the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi d. Pak-China Economic Corridor Secretariat inaugurated in Islamabad on August 27, 2013.
8. CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR
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8.1 CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR
Highlighted in red is the route of National Highway 35, which is to be completely rebuilt and upgraded under the CPEC agreement. Highlighted in blue is the 175 kilometre road between Gilgit and Skardu which is to be upgraded to a 4-lane highway.
•Roadway projects•3.1Karakoram Highway reconstruction•3.2Eastern Alignment•3.3Western Alignment•3.4Other roadway projects associated with CPEC•3.4.1Asian Development Bank funded projects•3.4.2Future Central Alignment
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9.COMMUNICATIONS water ways
The waterway network is in its infancy with Karachi being the only major city situated next to the Arabian Sea.
Still plans are being proposed for the development of the waterways in the country along the Indus River and through the Punjab as it would boost employment opportunities and the economic and social development
sea ports in Pakistan.•Port of Gwadar – Gwadar, Balochistan•Port of Karachi – Karachi (City Centre), Sindh• Karachi International Container Terminal
(KICT)• Pakistan International Container Terminal
(PICT)•Port Qasim – East Karachi, Sindh•Port of Pasni – Pasni, Balochistan
At present, there are six dry ports running under the management of Pakistan Railways:
•Lahore Dry Port Established in 1973•Karachi Dry Port Established in 1974•Quetta Dry Port Established in 1984•Peshawar Dry Port Established in 1986•Multan Dry Port Established in 1988•Rawalpindi Dry Port Established in 1990
In addition to the above, there are four Dry Ports established and running under the management of private sector firms
•Sialkot Dry Port Established in 1986•Faisalabad Dry Port Established in 1994•Pak-China Sust Dry Port•NLC Dry Port at Thokar Niaz Beg Lahore•NLC Dry Port at Quetta•QICT Dry port at Premnagar Railway station Established in 2010•Sialkot International Container Terminal [SICTL] New Multimodal Dry Port
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WATER RESOURCES
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Hydrological power is a renewable resource which benefits Pakistan a lot
After the Indus Water Treaty on 1960 World Bank decided that River Sutlej, Ravi and Beas water will be used by India and River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab water will be used by Pakistan.
Pakistan was told to build 2 Dams one Tarbela And second Mangla, 5 Barrages, 8 Link Canals and one gated siphon. For this India was told to Participate 60% while Pakistan will participate 40%.
Pakistan is considering to develop wind turbines to fulfil the demand for electricity. Solar power is now slowly flourishing
River Indus System is known as Indus System. It is divided into. Upper Indus Plain starts from Northern Pakistan and ends up at Mithankot.
River Indus has tributaries on both western and eastern side. River Indus eastern tributaries are River Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej, Ravi and Beas meet at Panjnad.
Indus western tributaries Swat, Kabul, Kurrram, Tochi, Gomal, Zhob. These join River Indus at KPK finally meet at Mithankot with River Indus
Now Indus flows alone through Lower Indus Plain to Thatta where meets with the Arabian Sea. This place is also known as Indus Delta.
10. Natural resources – Water
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There are 14 national parks, 72 wildlife sanctuaries, 66 game reserves, 9 marine and littoral protected areas, 19 protected wetlands and a number of other protected grasslands, shrublands, woodlandsand natural monuments.
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• Specific Regions and Seas • Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78)
• Atmosphere and Climate • Climate Change, Ozone Layer Protection, Nuclear Test Ban
• Biodiversity, Environment, and Forests • Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental • Modification, Wetlands, Marine Life Conservation
• Wastes • Hazardous Wastes
• Rivers • Indus Waters Treaty
11. Pakistan is a party to several international agreements related to environment and climate, the most prominent among them are:
The environmental issues is a great problem for the nature and nation of Pakistan and has been disturbing the balance between economic development and environmental protection.
As Pakistan is a large importer of both exhaustible and renewable natural resources and a large consumer of fossil fuels, the Ministry of Environment of Government of Pakistan takes responsibility to conserve and protect the environment.
Current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification.
Treaties and Agreements
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12. Natural resources – Minerals
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COMMODITY RESERVES (in million tonnes)
QUALITY ANNUAL PRODUCTION
(metric tonnes)
FUTURE PROSPECTS
METALLIC
Antimony
0.026 Low to medium grade 35 Fair chances of finding additional deposits in NWFP and Balochistan
Chromite .547 (Only Muslim Bagh)
Low to medium grade 27,458 Fair to good prospects for developing known and discovering new deposits.
Copper
1352 Low to high grade - Chagai and Lasbela Districts are capable of becoming important copper producer of the world. Most of the production will be exported.
Gold
2.24 (million ounces)
Low grade - Chagai District is capable of becoming an important copper producer of the world. Most of the production will be exported.
Iron ore 925 Low to high grade 24,322 Additional reserves likely to be found but export is unlikely.
MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN
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Lead Zinc
58 Low to medium grade - The Lasbela-Khuzdar region holds great promise for further exploration of deposit. Export can be started from 2005.
Manganese .229 (Only Khuzdar) Low to medium grade 655 Additional reserves could be found which reduce the imports by steel industry of the country.
MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Metals
Region Coal(billion tonnes)
Sindh: Lakhra, SondaThatta, Jherruck, Thar, Haji Coal others 184.623
Punjab: Eastern Salt Range, Central Salt Range, Makerwal 0.235
Balochistan: Khost-Sharig-Harnai,Sor Range/Degari, Duki, Mach- Kingri, Musakhel Abegum, Pir Ismail Ziarat,Chamalong 0.217
KPK: 0.091
AJK: 0.009
Grand total 185.175
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Agglomerate Large High grade 366 Increase in production can be achieved by introducing it to the foreign market.
Aragonite/marble Very Large Deposit
High grade 497,317 Increase in the export of onyx and other verities of marble can be achieved with better mining and processing. Establishment of Cutting and polishing facilities near to main producing areas may help in value addition.
Basalt -do- High grade 217 Different varieties of basalt are being used as building stone
MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Metals
Building stone -do- Medium to high grade
16,011 Reduction in transport cost and finishing at site to achieve export.
Conglomerate -do- Medium to high grade
276 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists.
Ebry stone Medium Medium to high grade
209 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists.
Granite
Very Large Deposits
Medium to high grade
5,676 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization export exists, especially by value addition at site.
Gravel -do- Medium to high grade
19,684 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists.
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Millstone Small High grade 1,257 -do- Onyx marble -do- Medium to high grade 28,780 Increase in the export of onyx and other verities of marble can be
achieved with better mining and processing. Establishment of Cutting & polishing facilities near main producing areas help in value addition.
Ordinary stone -do- Low to high grade 1,887 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists. Sand / Bajri -do- High grade 92,670 -do- Sand stone -do- High grade 2,255 -do- Serpentine -do- Medium grade 4,204 To be explored if good colour variety is found that has export potential.
Slate stone -do- High grade 108,182 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists. CLAYS
Ball clay Small Medium to high grade 1,371 -do-
MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Non Metals & Clay
Bentonite -do Medium to high grade
19,983 -do-
China clay Medium Deposits Medium to high grade
61,403 -do-
Clays Large Medium to high grade
2,934,218
-do-
Fire clay Fairly Large Deposits
Medium to high grade
124,003
-do-
Fuller’s earth Fairly Large Deposits
Medium to high grade
18,446 -do-
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MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Non Metallic
Asbestos small Medium to high grade 60 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization increase in exports exist.
Barite 30 Medium to high grade 26,002 Fair to good prospects for developing known and discovering new deposits.
Bauxite Small Medium to high grade 22,360 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists.
Brine Medium High grade 55,903 -do- Calcite Small to
Medium High grade 15 -do-
Celestite Small High grade 838 -do- Chalk -do- High grade 7,945 -do- Dolomite Large High grade 276,668 -do- Feldspar Very Large
Deposits High grade 32,012 -do-
Flint stone -do- High grade 73 -do- Fluorite 0.1 Low to medium grade 579 A cut in import bill may be achieved by proving additional resources.
Gypsum 4,850 Medium to high grade 384,513 Additional reserves likely to be found but export is unlikely.
Lake salt Small High grade 16,035 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists.
Laterite -do- Low to medium grade
21,532 -do-
Limestone Large High grade 8,697,573 Raw limestone not exportable but cement clinker can be exported.
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Magnesite 12 Medium to high grade 4,535 Fair to good prospects for developing known and discovering new deposits. Some export can be achieved.
MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Non Metallic Chemical Fertilizer & Industrial
Nepheline Synite -do- Low to medium grade 70 -do-
Ochres / Red oxides 100 Low to medium grade 12,780 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization exists.
Orpiment Small Low to medium grade 29 -do- Phosphate 7 Low to medium grade
1,074 -do-
Pumice -do- Low to high grade 1,577 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization and exports exists.
Quartz -do- High grade 485 Low cost mineral with limited development potential.
Quartzite Small to medium Medium to high grade
1,457 -do-
KHEWRA Salt has been mined in the region since 320 BC. The Khewra Salt Mines are among the world's oldest and biggest salt mines. Salt is mined at Khewra in an underground area of about 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi). Khewra salt mine has an estimated total of 220 million tonnes of rock salt deposits. The current production from the mine is 325,000 tons of salt per annum.
GOLD & COPPER In Reko Diq, Balochistan, deposits of copper and gold are present. Antofagasta, the company which possesses the Reqo Diq field, is targeting an initial production of 170,000 metric tons of copper and 300,000 ounces of gold a year. The project may produce more than 350,000 tons a year of copper and 900,000 ounces of gold. [3] There are also copper deposits in Daht -e- Kuhn, Nokundi, Located in Chaghi district.
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MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Non Metallic Chemical Fertilizer & Industrial
Rock salt Very Large Deposits High grade 1,212,366 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization especially in the chemical industry exists.
Silica sand Very Large Deposits Medium to high grade 157,300 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization and exports exists.
Soap stone Medium to large Medium to high grade 46,486 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization and exports exists.
Sulphur 0.8 Low to medium grade
527 Export not possible due to small size and low quality.
Talc stone -do- Medium to high grade 260 Fair potential for increasing its indigenous utilization and exports exists.
Trona -do- Low to medium grade 3,446 -do-
Coal
184,697
Low grade (lig-A to bit-c)
3,037,080
Additional reserves could be found but export is not possible.
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MAJOR MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Energy Gas & Liquid
ENERGY Coal
184,697
Low grade (lig-A to bit-c)
3,037,080
Additional reserves could be found but export is not possible.
LIQUID Crude Oil (Million Barrels)
765.237 (300.203)
Good Quality
23.195048
Additional reserves could be found and export is also possible.
GAS Natural Gas (Trillion CFT)
41.97889 (26.98237)
Good Quality .923758
(Million CFT)
Additional reserves could be found and export is also possible.
Note: - Figures given in parentheses for crude oil and gas indicate balance recoverable reserves . Iron ore is found in various regions of Pakistan including Nokundi, Chinot and the largest one in Kalabagh (Less than 42% quality), Haripur and other Northern Areas. 11 February, 2015
The reserves were found in Chiniot, around 160 kilometres northwest of Lahore, by Chinese group the Metallurgical Cooperation of China, initial estimates indicated 500 million tonnes of iron ore, a primary ingredient in steel making, had been discovered.
The extracted iron had been tested in Swiss and Canadian laboratories, which were successful in finding 60-65 percent of it to be high grade.
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13. RESOURCES - Agriculture
1. crop year in is from July to June.
2. cropping season is classified into two main seasons Autumn KHARIF Spring RABBI
a. Kharif April 16 to October 15 during monsoon.(paddy and deepwater) Millet Maize (corn)
Mung bean (green gram) Urad bean (black gram) Guar Pea
Peanut (groundnut)
b. Rabi sown mid-November, after monsoon rains and harvesting begins in April/May. The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground, or with irrigation. A good rain in winter spoils the rabi crops but is good for kharif crops.
The major rabi crop is wheat, followed by barley, mustard, sesame and peas. Peas are harvested early, as they are ready early markets are flooded with green peas from January to March, peaking in February.
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Less than one-fifth of Pakistan's land area has the potential for intensive agricultural use.
Nearly all of the arable land is actively cultivated, but outputs are low by world standards.
Cultivation is sparse in the northern mountains, the southern deserts, and the western plateaus,
but the Indus River basin in Punjab and northern Sindh has fertile soil that enables Pakistan to feed its population under usual climatic conditions
13.1 RESOURCES - Agriculture
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13.2. RESOURCES - Agriculture
• Cotton • Wheat
• Rice • Sugarcane
• Maize • Groundnut
• Rapeseed • Sesame
• Safflower
• Sun Flower
• Soyabean
• Banana
• Millet • Gram
CropsSeed plants•alfalfa (Lucerne, Medicago sativa)•linseed•sesame•cumin (Cuminum cyminum, L)•coriander (Coriandrum sativum, L)•mustard (Brassica juncea L.)•fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)•fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum, L)•isabgol (Plantago ovata)
Vegetables•pea•chickpea (Gram, Cicer arientinum)•onion (Allium cepa, L.)•tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, L)•potato (Solanum tuberosum
Cereals•wheat (Triticum aestvium)•oat (Avena sativa)•barley•maize (Zea mays, L.)
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Chickpea (3rd) Apricot i (6th) Cotton (4th)
Milk (5th) Date Palm (5th) Sugarcane (5th)
Onion (7th) Kinnoo, (6th) Mango (4th)
Wheat (7th) Rice (4th)
Pakistan is one of the world's largest producers and suppliers of the following according to the different sources i.e. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations and FAOSTAT given here with ranking: Pakistan ranks eighth worldwide in farm output, according to the List of countries by GDP sector composition.
Important crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and rice, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output.
Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2015, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat,
Pakistan has also cut the use of dangerous pesticides dramatically.
Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits (especially Oranges and Mangoes), and vegetables
Imports vegetable oil, wheat, pulses and consumer foods.
The country is Asia's largest camel market, second-largest apricot market and third-largest cotton, onion and milk market.
Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oilseed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform package.
Outdated irrigation practices inefficient water usage in Pakistan. 25% water is lost through leakages and line losses in the canals.
Only a limited amount of the remaining water is actually absorbed and used by the crops due to poor soil texture and unlevelled fields.
Much of the Pakistan's agriculture output is utilized by the country's growing processed-food industry
13.4. RESOURCES - Agriculture Crops
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livestock sector contributes about half of the value added in the agriculture sector, nearly 11 per cent of Pakistan's GDP, which is more than the crop sector.
the national herd consists of 24.2 million cattle, 26.3 million buffaloes, 24.9 million sheep, 56.7 million goats and 0.8 million camels.
These animals produce 29.472 million tons of milk (making Pakistan the 4th largest producer of milk in the world), 1.115 million tons of beef, 0.740 million tons of mutton, 0.416 million tons of poultry meat, 40.2 thousand tons of wool, 21.5 thousand tons of hair and 51.2 million skins and hides.
In addition to these there is a vibrant poultry sector in the country with 170.1 million broilers more than 530 million Layer birds produced , 8.528 billion eggs annually.
provisionally valued this sector at Rs.758,470 million in 2005 thus registering over 70% growth since 2000.
Animal husbandry plays an important role in the economy and is a major source of livelihood for many farmers. It is estimated that there are between 30 and 35 million people in Pakistan's current labour force who are engaged in livestock's
While the agricultural practice is prevalent throughout the entire country, it is more common in the fertile provinces of Punjab and Sindh, which are traditionally the main areas of agriculture and farming activity.
In 1998, the livestock industry was contributing 37% to the total capacity of national agricultural output and 9% to the GDP. Sheep wool is exported
Among local cow breeds, the most notable are the Red Sindhi cattle and the Sahiwal Breed, used widely for milk and dairy production purposes. Dung excreted by cattle is a vital resource for supplying cooking fuel and soil fertilizers.
The production of dairy product items such as milk, ice cream, cheeses and butter is carried out by dairy plants. national milk production experienced a 41% increase while meat production surged by 48%.
Animals are also widely used for transport in Pakistan, especially in the rural areas; the most commonly used animals are camels, donkeys and bullocks
Challenges faced by modern poultry in Pakistan include high mortality rates and incidences of disease among chicks as well as an inefficient marketing system. The livestock industry still remains neglected and underdeveloped when compared to its full socio-economic potential.
13.5. RESOURCES - Livestock
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• Cattle farm upgrading
• A serious threat to Cattle Farming
• Huge livestock losses feared in Sindh
• Goat farming improves peasants’ lot
• Livestock market: protecting animals against diseases• The Livestock Revolution: Pathway to Poverty Alleviation• Returns from goat farming
• Milk: What Pakistan thinks?
• Modernizing Milk And Dairy Sector
• Dairy industry in Pakistan
• Production of quality milk
• Rural dairy farming & alleviation of poverty
• MASTITIS: A Monster Threat to Dairy Industry
• Threat to poultry industry
• Restoration of poultry export after bird flu
• Modern poultry farms, research centers to be set up
• A Brief on Fisheries on Pakistan
• Fisheries management, policy and implementation
• EC alerts fish exporters
Duck FarmingRabbit FarmingOstrich FarmingQuail FarmingSilk Cocoon HarvestingCamel milkExotic bird farming
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13.6. RESOURCES - Fisheries Pakistan has many marine and inland fishery resources. The potential estimated at 1 million tonnes/year from the marine subsector alone.
Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column. Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 percent.
The commercially important resources include near 250 demersal fish species, 50 small pelagic fish species, 15 medium-sized pelagic species and 20 large pelagic fish species. In addition, there are also 15 commercial species of shrimp, 12 of cephalopods and 5 of lobster.
The effect of the Indus River Delta on the marine resources is substantial, as this river system has been transporting enormous quantities of nutrients and sediment to the continental shelf for centuries.
Inland water bodies, like dams, water locks, reservoirs, rivers, lakes and ponds cover an area of approximately 8 million hectares.
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Marine varietiesThe shrimp variety includes the Tiger prawn species of Penaeus indicus and Penaeus monodon among 12 other.
Crabs, cephalopods and other molluscs are an unconventional resource. However, there is a potential in the export market as a substitute for these.
Demersal fish resources show signs of being exploited, hence only limited expansion of catch is possible in future.
Possibility of expanding the catch the small pelagic fish resources by venturing further offshore.
As for the larger variety of pelagic fish, especially Skipjack tuna and its relatives, are available in the Exclusive Economic Zone of Pakistan in the Karachi District.
Fishing for these usually result in by-catches of marlin and shark species. Local fishing fleet commonly harvests the species of Frigate mackerel, Indian mackerel, Spanish mackerel, barracuda and dolphinfish.
A large variety of mesopelagic fish exist just off the continental shelf and are barely exploited.
13.7.RESOURCES - Fisheries Pakistan has a continental shelf area of 50,270 km2 and coastline length of 1,120 km.
The total maritime zone of Pakistan is over 30 percent of the land area.
The coastal belt is characterized by a meshwork of estuaries and creeks with mangrove forestry that serve as nursery grounds for species of finfish and shellfish.
In 1958, the first modern fish harbour was constructed at the Karachi District. Later, the fleet expanded and is now mostly mechanized.
Karachi Fish Harbour is the biggest and oldest of its kind in Pakistan, being used by all types of fishing boats. Currently more than 4,000 fishing craft are based in it. At present, it can be assumed that the harbour caters for the needs of near 75 percent of the local fleet.
The major fish harbours of Pakistan are: Karachi Fish Harbour handles about 90% of fish and seafood catch
in Pakistan and 95% of fish and seafood exports from Pakistan. Karachi Fisheries Harbour is being operated by Provincial
Government of Sindh. Korangi Fish Harbour is being managed by Federal Ministry of Ports
& Shipping. Pasni Fish Harbour being operated by Provincial Government of
Balochistan. Gwadar Fish Harbour being operated by Federal Ministry of
Communication.
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Shrimp fisheryTuna fishery
Benthic fishery
Small-scale benthic or demersal fishery is most common in coastal inshore waters. varieties jewfish, croakers,grunters, snappers, groupers, ribbonfish and pomfrets.
Pelagic fishery
A small-scale pelagic fishery is in operation in Sindh, using special nets, locally termed 'katra'. shoals of clupeids, especially the Indian Oil Sardine, are intended.
The desirable months are from October to November and February to April. The catch is the prime candidate for conversion into fishmeal.
LAKES In the Sindh alone there are more than 100 natural lakes of different sizes covering an area of about 100,000 ha. Among them Haleji lake (1,800 ha), Kinjhar Lake (12,000 ha) and Manchar lake (16,000 ha) are quite important for fish production, a cluster of small lakes extend over 40,000 ha.
The natural lakes in Punjab cover about 7,000 ha. Some of the lakes, such as Namal lake (480 ha),Uchhali lake (943 ha), Jahlar lake (100 ha), Kallar Kahar (100 ha), Kharal lake (235 ha) and Khabikki lake (283 ha) are brackish and are too saline to support aquaculture.
Other man made lakes include Mangla dam, Tarbela dam and Chashma Barrage
13.8 RESOURCES - Fisheries
Aquaculture (or fish farming) is new in Pakistan. However, there is immense potential for development of the sector.
Aquaculture production has rapidly increased since 2000 from around 10-15 thousands tonnes to reach over 100,000 tonnes in 2006 and 2007.
Despite its vast fresh, brackish and marine water resources only carp culture is practiced in ponds.
In Pakistan, the fish fauna is rich but only seven warm water species and two cold water species are cultivated on a commercial scale.
With the exception of trout culture in the northern regions, virtually all aquaculture consists of pond culture of various carp species.
On a typical carp farm in Pakistan, the ratio of the warm-water species stocked on the farm is catla (10–20%), rohu (30–35%), mrigal (15–20%), grass carp(15–20%) and silver carp (15–20%).
Cold-water aquaculture in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan rears two species, brown trout and rainbow trout are being produced and cultured successfully.
The culture of GIFT Tilapia has also gained popularity during quite recently.
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About only 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with forest. The forest of Pakistan are a main source of food, lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as used for purposes of wildlife conservation and ecotourism.
13.9 RESOURCES - Forestry
Total forest area coverage
Parameter Pakistan Asia World
Total forest area in 2000 (000 ha) 2,361 504,180 3,869,455
Natural forest area in 2000 (000 ha) 1,381 375,824 3,682,722
Plantations area in 2000 (000 ha) 980 110,953 186,733
Total dryland area in 1981 (000 ha) 72,524 1,078,121 5,059,984
Percentage of forests ~3% ~20% ~29%
The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra andAbbottabad districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Rawalpindi district of the Punjab are the main areas covered with coniferous forests.
Pindrow Fir(Abies pindrow), Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) are the most common varieties.
The Coniferous forests also occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and juniper (Juniperous macropoda) are the two species of Balochistan.
The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of 1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas.
Dominant tree species are phulai (Acacia modesta), kau (Olea cuspidata) and hop bush (Dodonaea viscosa).
The tropical thorn forests are dominated by xerophytic scrubs. They are most widespread in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and western Balochistan.
They are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed protection and fuelwood. Common species are vann (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), kair (Capparis aphylla), etc
The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in Lahore. Today they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), mulberry/Shahtoot (Morus alba), babul (Acacia nilotica)
and species of Eucalyptus and Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.
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•The rivarian forests grow in narrow belts along the banks of River Indus and its tributaries.• They are more commonly found in Sindh and to some extent in the Punjab. Babul (Acacia nilotica), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) and Tamarax dioica are the most common species. Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) and Populus euphratica are some other species. •They are mainly used for lumber.
•The mangrove wetlands are located in the Indus River Delta. Other saltwater wetlands are located on the coast of Balochistan such as at Sonmiani andJiwani.
•These support mangrove forestry, mainly of species Avicennia marina as well as bamboo species and marsh grasses of Apluda and Cenchrus.
13.10 RESOURCES - Forestry Ecosystems area by type in
Ecosystem type Pakistan Asia World
Shrublands, woodlands and grasslands 36% 37% 37%
Sparse or barren vegetation; snow and ice 34% 10% 16%
Cropland and natural vegetation mosaic 28% 34% 20%
Wetlands and water bodies 1% 2% 3%
As a consequence to deforestation and changing land use patterns, the most critically affected ecosystems of Pakistan are:
•Juniper forests of northern Baluchistan, have been heavily harvested Indus River rivarian zone ecological changes drastically affected
•Large tracts have been cleared for agriculture.
•The Himalayan temperate forests also under severe pressure
Natural protected forests•Birir Valley Coniferous Forest[3] in Chitral District (also called 'Deodar Chilghoza Oak Forest')•Jhangar Scrub Forest[4][5] in Chakwal District•Sulaiman Coniferous Forest[6] in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (also called 'Sulaiman Chilgoza Pine Forest')•Ziarat Juniper Forest[7] in Ziarat District
Artificial resource managed forests•Changa Manga Forest in Lahore District•Chichawatni Plantation in Sahiwal District•Khipro Reserve Forest[8] in Sanghar District
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1- Pakistan Power Park, GadaniTen coal fired power plants, each with a capacity of 660MW. (Exact location in Gadani is not yet available, marker shows project vicinity)
2- D. G. Khan Loralai Transmission Line 90% work completed (29/8/2013)
3- Dadu Khuzdar Transmission line 70% work completed (29/8/2013)
4- Grid Station D. G. Khan Completion Date April 2014
5- Moro-Dadu Transmission Line 500KV approved by ECNEC 29/8/2013
6- Rehabilitation of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station Approved by ECNEC 29/8/2013
7- Neelum-Jehlum Hydro Power ProjectCapacity 969MW, Completion date 2016 - Status on 26/09/2013 Overall Progress 51%, Tunnels 59%, Excavation of Underground Power house 90.6%, Transformer Hall 100%.
8- Chashma Nuclear Power ComplexChashma III, Capacity 340MW Completion 2016. Chashma IV Capacity 340MW Completion 2017
9- AES-R.Y. Khan-Moro-Jamshoro Transmission Line 500KV approved by ECNEC 29/8/2013
10- Nandipur Thermal Power 425MW + 525MW425MW from Furnace Oil, 525MW from Gas. Production to Start in May 2014, Completion Dec 2014.60% Machinery on site
11- Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park Lal Sohanra and Din Garh, BahawalpurPark to be setup on 11,000 Acres, 100MW production to start early 2014
12- Tarbela 4th Extension Hydropower project 1410MWCost $928 million, Completion time 3.5years, Contract for civil works signed on Sep 10, 2013
13 - 50MW Sapphire Wind Power, Jhimpir
14- Gomal Zam Dam 17MW
15- Satpara Dam 17WM
16- New Bong Escape Hydroelectric Power 94MW Laraib Hydro
17- Duber Khawar Hydropower 130MW Estimated Completion date: 2013
18- Jabban Hydro Power Project 22MW Started Production in 2013
19- Chichoki Mallian Power Plant 525 MW
20- Guddu Power Plant 750MW Completion Aug 2014
21- UAE Gifted 320MW Power Plant, Nishatabad
22- Lower Palas Valley Hydropower 665MW
23- Lower Spat Gah Hydropower 665MW
24- Uch 11 Power Project 405MW (IPP)
25- Diamer Bhasha Dam 4,500MWWater storage: of 8.1 MAF. Rs.25 Billon earmarked for the project in 2013-14. 3/10/2013 Three Consortia have submitted bids for consultancy on the project.
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DiscoveryPakistan's first oil field was found in the late 1952 in Balochistan near a giant Sui gas field.
The Toot oil field was not discovered until the early 1960s in the Punjab. It covers 122.67 square kilometres (47.36 sq mi). Pakistan Petroleum Pakistan Oilfields explored and began drilling these field with Soviet help in 1961 and activity began in Toot during 1964
HistoryThe Toot area is one of the oldest oil producing regions located in the Pothohar Plateau, approximately 135 km southwest of Islamabad commercial production started in 1967, about 60 million barrels of oil of which 12%-15% is recoverable. At its peak during 1986, 2,400 barrel of oil per day.
Oil production was entirely confined to the Potwar Plateau till 1981, when Union Texas Pakistan discovered its first oil-field in Lower Sindh. By 1998-1999, the Lower Sindh gas-fields were producing more oil than the Potohar. Since then, new deposits have also been found here.
Modern explorationIn 2005, the Vancouver-based 'International Sovereign Energy' signed a memorandum of understanding with the Oil and Gas Development Company Limited, Pakistan's national oil company, to develop the Toot field.[4] Schlumberger Oilfield Services first started operations in early 2006.
in Punjab Province, near the capital city of Islamabad. The company is also providing electricity to locals living around the residential camps of Toot oil field and the neighboring Missa Keswaal oil field.
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Natural gas
Countries where natural gas fields are located Natural gas production is at a relatively high level and remaining reserves are estimated to be about 885.3 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.).
Pakistan's gas fields are only expected to last for about another 20 years at the most due to heavy industrial usage.[8][9]
The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan. It is located near Sui in Balochistan.
The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial exploitation of the field began in 1955. Sui gas field accounts for 35% of Pakistan's gas production.[10]
Remaining reserves are estimated to be at about 800 billion cubic feet (tcf) and the daily production is around 660 million cubic feet (19,000,000 m3) of natural. The operator of the field isPakistan Petroleum Limited.
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Coal first discovered across Pakistan and the rest of South Asia in the 1880s and was used by the British-owned railway companies under colonial rule. Later, post-colonial Pakistan had used coal to fuel its industry from independence to the discovery of the Baluchistan's Sui gas field in 1952 and the Toot oilfield in 1964.
recently discovered 1 low and 4 low to medium quality coal seams in the Punjab and plans to re-fuel its economically important cement industry with it after their oil fields have run dry.
Low sulphur coal was recently found at the Baluchistan near Quetta as well. There are reports that low a sulphur deposit has been found near Islamabad.
Sindh's Thar desert lignite mines for industrial usage too. Special measures are being employed to reduce the resulting fly ash, carbon footprint and sulphur fume emission problems after it is burnt.
Types of coal foundBituminous coal is hard and less sulphurous containing a tar-like substance called bitumen and would be burnt largely on domestic fires after being turned into coke fuel.
Sub-bituminous coal is a coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and is used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is set to fuel power stations and cement works in Pakistan.
Lignite is a low-grade, sulphurous coal that is generally used in modified industrial furnaces to generate heat for boilers, coke oven heaters, brick kilns,
Musakhel Balochistan (Kingri-Aram-Safa Coal fields) Location- 175 km from Multan and 290 km from Quetta Sub-bituminous to Bituminous and Lignite Total Reserves- 17.5 Million Tons Production- 56,009 Tons
Lakhara Location-176 km north of Karachi, 65 km northwest of Hyderabad, Sub-bituminous to lignite, Total Reserves 38.82 million tons, Production- (2003–04) 217,967 tons
Dengari Location- 35 km south-east of Quetta, Sub-bituminous-A to high volatile B-bituminous, Total reserves- 15.42 million tons, Production- (2003–04) 15,043 tons
Sor-range Location - 16 km east of Quetta, Sub-bituminous-A to high volatile B-bituminous, Total Reserves 12.95 million tons, Production- (2003–04) 56,132 tons
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SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT ASPECTS
• PUNJAB 36 DISTRICTS. LAHORE IS CAPITAL
• SINDH 16 DISTRICTS. KARACHI IS CAPITAL
• KPK 24 DISTRICTS. PESHAWAR IS CAPITAL
• BALOCHISTAN 29 DISTRICTS, QUETTA IS CAPITAL
• AJ&K 10 DISTRICTS. MUZAFFARABAD IS CAPITAL.
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IMPORTANCE AMONG ISLAMIC STATES: SEA WAYS TO GULF, EUROPE AND FAR EAST MIDWAY UK - AUSTRALIA NODLE POINT IN AIR WAYS PLEASANT WEATHER 4 SEASONSTRADE OPPORTUNITY WHOLE YEAR HAS 30% YOUTH or NEXT GENERATION
MOUNTAIN RANGES1.NORTH EASTERN MOUNTAIN RANGES• SAWALIK RANGE Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum,
Rawalpindi, Attock 2000-5000’
• PIR PANJAL RANGE 5000’
CENTRAL HAMALYA 20,000 ‘Between Karakoram & Pir Panjal
KARAKORAM RANGE 20,000’ K2. 28250 ‘
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GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
• MOUNTAINS RANGES 1. NORTH EASTERN MOUNTAIN RANGES 2. NORTH WESTREN MOUNTAIN RANGES• INDUS PLAINS1. UPPER INDUS PLAIN2. LOWER INDUS PLAIN3. INDUS DELTA PLAIN• PLEATUES1. KOHISTAN SALT RANGE2. POTOHAR RANGE3. BALOCHISTAN RANGE• DESERTS CHOLISTAN THAR BALOCHISTAN THAL
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MOUNTAIN RANGES2.NORTH WESTERN MOUNTAIN RANGES
• HINDUKUSH RANGE Trich Mir 25,289 ’
• KOH-E-SAFAID Mount Sikaram 15,620’
• WAZIRSTAN RANGE Between Tochi & Gomal
• KOH-E-SULEMAN Takht e Suleman 11,440’
300 Miles long
• KIRTHAR RANGE Gorakh 5,689’
western Sindh
’.
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SINDH PLAINS
UPPER PLAINPUNJAB
FERTILIZED LAND
600-1000 FEET
LAND OF FIVE RIVERS
RAIN + 20 INCH PER YEAR
LOWER PLAINSINDH
RAIN VERY LESS
MITHAN KOT TO THATTA
DELTA PLAINBELOW THATTA
20-25 Kms FROM ARABIAN SEA
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DESERTS
CHOLISTAN DESERT• Part of it in Rajputana desert in India
• THAL DESERT • Between Jhelum and Indus river
THAR DESERT• Khairpur,Mirpur Khas areas
• KHARAN DESERT• Central Balochistan most dry region
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WATER TRANSPORTATION
• NATIONAL SHIPPING CORPORATION
Founded in 1979 with 50 ships 598558 tons ability in reaching America and Canada also Europe and England plus Africa and South East Asia and Australia
1947-48 3 ships
1963-64 33 ships
1970-71 71 ships
2013-14 9 ships
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PORTS OF PAKISTAN
KARACHI PORT
International port
Main port of pakistan
Extension in progress rupees
700 million estimated
BIN QASIM PORT
First phase in1981-82 Need of steel mills Completed in1988 Near Karachi port
GWADAR PORT
Started 22 march 2002
First phase in 2007
Second phase 2017
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ROADS
• ISLAMABAD TO LAHORE M2:
First motorway plan.. Completed in 1997 367 Kms 6 Lanes connecting Lahore, Sheikupura, Pindi Bhatiyan, Kalar Kahar, Islamabad, PAF Tested
• ISLAMABAD TO PESHAWAR M1:
Started in 1998 154 Kms Turkish company completed in 2008 at cost Rupees R26 billion
• KARACHI TO TORKHAM:
Important and longest road of Pakistan 1735 Kms
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SOILS OF PAKISTAN
NORTH EASTERN MOUNTAIN SOIL
Dark yellowish, fertile
Natural grass and forests
Chitral, Swat, Gilgit
NORTH WESTERN MOUNTAIN SOILDry Less rain Red color
Low fertile Iron, lime, silica are found
INDUS PLAIN SOIL
Dry soil also called padocals
Calcium carbonate is found
Fertile..
from mountains by water. Soil of Punjab especially
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THAR SOIL
Brownish color,
Sand is found
Lime, iron, potassium, phosphate is found
spoils Lake water
LOWER INDUS SOIL
Favourable for rice
Soil of sindh
Favourable for cotton, sugar cane and wheat
BALUCHISTAN PLATEAU SOIL
Also called loess soil as it comes from south west plateau by windsFertile if water is provided.
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CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE
• Increasing GDP of economy
• Foreign exchange earner
• Sustaining the population
• Source of employment
46.61 % employment by agriculture
• Increasing the tax revenue
20% contribution in GDP
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AGRICULTURE CROPS IN PAKISTAN
WHEAT
Share 3.5% of GDP
Area under wheat is 8494 thousand hectors
Wheat output is 23.52 million tons
Self sufficient in wheat.
Exporter of wheat
RICE
2nd largest crop in Pakistan
Contributes 1.2 % of GDP
5th largest rice exporting country
Finest quality called basmati.. World recognized
MAIZE
Important food
Raw material for edible oil production
Used for starch and poultry food mixes
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Production is 126 thousand tons
Fine Virginia tobacco is produced in Punjab and KPK
Exporting as cigarettes
Meeting domestic needs
TOBACCO
Important cash crop
Provides raw material for sugar and Gur [Jaggery ]
Value in agriculture is 3.5 %
SUGAR CANE
Most important cash crop.
Supplies raw material to textile industry
Contributes 1.8% of GDP
Provides employment
COTTON
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Population of Pakistan
• The population of Pakistan is estimated at 193.33 millions as in 2015.
• Pakistan's population is equivalent to 2.56% of the total world population.
• Pakistan ranks number 6 in the list of countries by population.
• The population density in Pakistan is 233 people per Km2.
• one person in every 39 people on the planet is a resident of Pakistan.
• The median age in Pakistan is 22.8 years.
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In 1951 population is 32 million.In 1980 population is 87 million.In 2000 population is 143.8 million.In 2006 population is 164.4 million.In 2012 population is 177.1 million.In 2014 population is 184.35 million.
Now the population is +193.33 million.
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Population in Provinces of Pakistan
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Total Population is plus 193.33m.
Baluchistan 06% Punjab 57%Sind 17%KPK 20%
Rural Population 67%
Urban Population 33%
Population of Pakistan in Major citiesKarachi 11624219
Lahore 6310888
Faisalabad 2506595
Rawalpindi 1743101Multan 1437230 Quetta 1140000
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A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
Bibliography
A” Method to Teach Geography by MaryAnna Taylor Project Coordinator Delaware Geographic Alliance
Geography Education Standards Project, 1994, p. 47
http://www.edutoday.in/2013/08/how-to-teach-geography-with-interesting_3436.html
http://geography.org.uk/projects/makinggeographyhappen/teachertips/
'Thinking about progression in geography', Paul Weeden
Margaret Roberts has written a challenging article, 'What makes a geography lesson good?',
Margaret Roberts, in her book Learning Through Enquiry(2003),
http://www.itspakistan.net/pakistan/
http://www.pbs.gov.pk/
http://wri.org/
http://www.pakissan.com/english/allabout/livestockfisheries/index.shtml
Economic Survey of Pakistan
http://www.embajada-pakistan.org/introductionpakistan/maps-pakistan.html
http://www.corestandards.org/
125
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
126
A presentation by Major K.SHAMSHAD, retired
SKYPE professor.shamshad [email protected] +92 313 860 7090
