Assessment of Water Treatment Devices - ansam.com.mx OF WATER TREATMENT.pdf · Assessment of Water...
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Assessment of Water
Treatment Devices
Charles P. Gerba
Professor of Environmental Microbiology
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
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Point-of-Use Laboratory has evaluated hundreds of
Water Treatment Devices
To assess New Technologies
for Water and Wastewater
Treatment
A Village where every
building is a Laboratory
designed to assess Water
Technology
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Point of Use & Microbiology Laboratory
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Microbiological Water Purifier
• A device or chemical that is capable of
making water free from waterborne
microorganisms
• “Drinking water should be treated to reduce
the risk of waterborne illness to less than
1:10,000 per year.“ (United States
Environmental Protections Agency)
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Types of Water borne/based Pathogens
Viruses Bacteria Parasites
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Sizes of Microorganisms
1nm
100 nm
10 nm
1µm
10 µm
100 µm
1mm
Viruses
Mycoplasma
Bacteria
Helminths
Protozoa
10-3
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-6
10-5
10-4
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Giardia cysts (8-12 µm) and
Cryptosporidium oocysts (4-6 µm)
Giardia cyst→
Cryptosporidium
oocyst
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(Cryptosporidium parvum) Most Chlorine Resistant
waterborne microbe known
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Campylobacter spp.
• Most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in animals and humans. C
• Excreted by wide birds and poultry
• Can be expected to occur in all types of surface waters
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Rotavirus – Major
cause of childhood diarrhea world wide (~70 nm)
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How do we ensure that water
has been adequately treated
?
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Testing Requirements Guide Standard and Protocol
For Microbiological Water
Purifiers
NSF Protocol P231
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Log10 reduction*
required: bacteria
Log10 reduction*
required: viruses
Log10 reduction*
required: protozoa
≥ 6 ≥ 4 ≥ 3
Required
test
organisms
Klebsiella
terrigena
Poliovirus
Type 1
Rotavirus SA-
11
Cryptosporidium
parvum
Guide Standard and Protocol for
Microbiological Water Purifiers
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Rating Log10 reduction*
required: bacteria
Log10 reduction*
required: viruses
Log10 reduction*
required: protozoa
Highly protective.
Achieves WHO-
recommended risk-
based target of 10-6
DALYs per
person/year.
≥ 4 ≥ 5 ≥ 4
Protective.
Achieves
intermediate risk-
based target of 10-4
DALYs per
person/year,
representing
improved water
quality.
≥ 2 ≥ 3 ≥ 2
Evaluating household water treatment
options: health-based targets and
performance specifications (WHO, 2011)
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bacteria viruses : protozoa
Campylobacter
jejuni Rotavirus Cryptosporidium
parvum
OR Escherichia
coli
MS-2
Coliphage Clostridium
perfringens spores
Suggested Test Organisms
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Must Work
under a variety
of Water Quality
Types
-Turbidity
(60 NTU)
-Temperature
(4 oC) (for
halogens)
-pH (for
halogens)
-High dissolved
solids
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Performance
• Must be tested and
perform throughout
the lifetime of the
device (ie.e if unit
is designed for
18,000 liters it must
be tested for 18,000
liters)
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We have been
testing the Family
Lifestraw ®Unit for
more than three
years under a
variety of water
quality conditions
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Laboratory Test Stand
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Greater Than
• If all the test organisms are
removed below the detection
limit the % or Log removal is
reported as greater than or
• >
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Summary of Reduction Values for Test Organisms
Organism MS2 Virus (23 nm)
E. coli (0.5 micron)
Cryptosporidium
parvum
(4-6 microns)
Liters of Water
of Water
Processed
18,000 18,000 18,000
Log Reduction
>6.8
>7.6
>4.0
Mean retention
efficiency (%)
> 99.9999
> 99.99999
> 99.99
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Summary of Reduction Values for Test Organisms
Accelerated Aging
Organism MS2 Virus (23 nm)
E. coli (0.5 micron)
Cryptosporidium
parvum
(4-6 microns)
Volume of
Water
Processed
900L
300 NTU
900L
300 NTU
900L
300 NTU
Log Reduction
>5.4
>6.65
>4.1
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Change in Flow Rate over 20,000 liters of Operation
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Microbiological
Water Purifier