Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation levels Emitted

Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation levels Emitted

from Mobile Phones Base Stations in Accordance with

Palestinian Protocol in Gaza Governorate

تقييم مستوى الإشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي المنبعث من محطات الهاتف المحمول

غزة طبقا للبروتوكول الفلسطيني محافظةفي

By

Mohammed Sabri Musleh

Supervised By

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Master of Environmental Science in Environmental Health

م5162-هـ 6341

The Islamic University Of Gaza غزة-الجامعة الإسلامية

High Studies Deanery عمادة الدراسات العليا

Faculty of Science كلية العلوم

برنامج ماجستير العلوم البيئية

صحة بيئية

Master of Environmental science

Environmental Health

Prof. Mohammed Al-Agha

Professor of Environment and Earth Science

Dr. Samir . S. Yassin

Associate Professor of Physics

ii

ABSTRACT

The general objective of this study is to assess the electromagnetic

radiation levels emitted from mobile base stations in Gaza Governorate.

The mobile base stations distributed all over Gaza Governorate causing a

considerable panic to inhabitants from electromagnetic radiation. The

studied sites were selected from different regions in the Gaza Governorate,

where fifty mobile base stations chosen, adopting a selection criteria of

one site for each kilometer.

The exposure of electromagnetic radiation levels generated due to these

stations were measured and compared with standards of the Palestinian

Protocol and some other international standards guidelines like ICNIRP,

WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq.

A form of observation and questionnaire was designed, based on findings

concluded from interviewing experts in this field.

The measurements of power density, electric and magnetic field were

detected by Narda-550.

The results show that all stations are licensed by the EQA, but there is no

any warning signs for any existing station. The distance between the

antenna and the protective fence is greater than 5m away for 44 stations.

The result also illustrates that the maximum value of electromagnetic

radiation was 87.9 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which represents 19.3 % of the

EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq standards. In addition the

study shows that electromagnetic radiation levels are much lower than the

exposure limit recommended by the international standards and

Palestinian protocol. It has been noticed that there is no relationship

between the electromagnetic radiation levels and the antenna heights at

different distances.

iii

The result shows 42% of participants are thought that the wave of

radiation means risk and 36% of participants are thought the radiation

from mobile stations effect on human health while 52% of participants are

assessed the process of government controls to stations weak.

The study recommends modifying and upgrading existing protocols, also

to raise public awareness and improving the government controls.

iv

الملخص

محطات الهاتف الصادر عنه الدراسة الى تقييم مستوى الاشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي هذتهدف

، محطة موزعة على مختلف المناطق في المحافظة 05تم اختيار حيث غزة، محافظةالمحمول في

.2تم اختيار محطة كل واحد كلمو

العديد و الاشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي ومقارنته مع المعايير الواردة في البرتوكول الفلسطينيتم قياس

غير المؤين إضافة للإشعاعالمعايير الدولية مثل منظمة الصحة العالمية والمنظمة الدولية من

، بالإضافة لذلك تم Narad-550والعراقية وتمت القياسات بواسطة جهاز ةللمعايير المصري

تصميم نموذج للملاحظة إضافة الى استبيان معتمدين على المختصين والخبراء في هذا المجال.

النتائج ان كل المحطات التي خضعت للدراسة حاصلة على موافقة بيئية من سلطة جودة أظهرت

، وحيث كانت المسافة بين البيئة، لكن لم نلاحظ وجود أي إشارات تحذيرية على أي من المحطات

محطة. 44متر في 0من أكبروالسياج الواقي المحطة

87.9 بلغتالكهرومغناطيسي للإشعاعقيمة اقصى ان بينت النتائج × 2ملي وات/سم 10−3

مؤين غير ال للإشعاعتها سلطة جودة البيئة والمنظمة الدولية ددمن المعايير التي ح %1..3وتمثل

ي المنبث من ان الاشعاع الكهرومغناطيس الدراسة والمعايير المصرية والعراقية، وأوضحت

به حسب البروتوكول الموصيغزة اقل بكثير من محافظةفي محطات الهاتف المحمول

لوحظ من خلال الدراسة انه لا توجد علاقة بين مستوى الاشعاع ، الفلسطيني والمعايير العالمية

تفاع الهوائي عند مسافات مختلفة.الكهرومغناطيسي وار

الخطر من المشاركين يعتقدون ان كل الاشعاع يعني %42أظهرت النتائج ان بالإضافة لذلك،

عرب ة ضارة، وأثار صحيله آ ادر عن محطات الهاتف المحموليعتقدون ان الاشعاع الص %13و

محمولمن المشاركين عن عدم رضاهم عن الرقابة الحكومية على محطات الهاتف ال 02%

ووصفوها بالضعيفة.

سين لتحاوصت الدراسة بضرورة تعديل البرتوكول والعمل على زيادة الوعي البيئي إضافة

الرقابة الحكومية على المحطات.

v

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this thesis:

To (my parents, my wife, my sons, my brother,

my sisters and my friends).

To each person who supports me.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor

Prof. Mohammed Al Agha, for his continues guidance, support and

encouragement throughout research.

Also, my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Samir Yassin, due to his

initiating and planning this work, without whom I could not have made

this progress. He was with me step by step.

I would like to acknowledgment Eng. Abo-Firas Lubbad for his support

and help during my study.

I am very thankful to pervious and current chairman Environment Quality

Authority Dr.Yosef Ibraheem and Eng. Kannan Ebead respectively.

Many thanks go to all my friends and colleagues in Environment Quality

Authority especially, Eng. Bahaa, Atea Al-Bursh, Dr. Tamer, Eng. Fadi

and Eng. Ahmed for their support.

Also many thanks to Eng. Sa'ed Al-Qeshawy, Al-Hasan Al-Batta in

Environment Quality Authority for GIS.

At the end, I am very grateful to those who participated and help me to

complete this study

vii

LIST OF CONTENTS

Abstract ………………………………………………………………... ii

Arabic abstract ………………………………………………...………..iv

Dedication ………………………………………………………………v

Acknowledgements ………………………………………………….…vi

List of contents …………………………………….…………...….…..vii

List of tables ………………………………………………………........xi

List of figures ………………………………………………………….xii

List of abbreviations …………………………………………...…….. xiv

List of annexes ……………………………………………...………... xv

Chapter (1): Introduction

1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………… 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………3

1.3 Objectives of the Study………………………………………………4

1.4 Applied Methods …………………………………………………….4

1.5 Thesis Structure …………………………………………………......5

Chapter (2): Literature Review

2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) ………………………………… 6

2.2 Radio Frequency (RF) ……………………………………………... 7

2.3 Types of Radiation …………………………………………………. 8

2.3.1 Non-Ionizing Radiation ……..……………………………….. 8

2.3.2 Ionizing Radiation …………………………………..………..10

2.4 Sources of Radiation …………………………………………….....10

2.4.1 Natural Background Sources ……………………………… 10

2.4.1.1 Cosmic Radiation ………………………………….. 10

2.4.1.2 Terrestrial Radiation …………………………………10

2.4.1.3 Internal Radiation ……………………………………11

2.4.2 Man-Made (Artificial) Sources ………………………………11

2.4.2.1 Members of the Public ……………………………….11

2.4.2.2 Occupationally Exposed Individuals …………………12

2.5 Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) ……………………..13

2.5.1 Thermal Effect ……………………………………………….14

2.5.2 Non-Thermal Effects …………………………………………15

viii

2.6 Radiation Affects Cells …………………………………………….16

2.6.1 The DNA Breakage Properly ………………………………..16

2.6.2 DNA Damage ………………………………………………..16

2.6.3 Stochastic Effects of the Cell ………………………………..16

2.7 Mobile Phone Base Stations ……………………………………….17

2.7.1 Types of Base Station ………………………...……….……...18

2.7.1.1 A macrocell …………………………………………..18

2.7.1.2 A microcell …………………………………………...18

2.7.1.3 A picocell …………………………………………….18

2.8 Cellular system ……………………………………………………..20

2.9 Cellular system works ……………………………………………...22

2.10 Beam Shapes and Directions ……………………………………...23

2.11 Previous Related Studies ………………………………………….24

Chapter (3): Methodology

3.1 Study Area ………………………………………………………….28

3.2 Data Collection ………………………………………………….. ..28

3.3 Study Design ……………………………………………………….28

3.3.1 Study Area Design …………………………………………...28

3.3.2 Sampling ………………………………………………...…...29

3.3.3 Limitation of the Study ………………………………………29

3.3.4 Station Data Information ……………………………………..31

3.3.5 Questionnaire Design ………………………………………...32

3.4 Measurement Method ……………………………………………...33

3.4.1 Electromagnetic Power Density(S) ……………...……….…..34

3.4.2 Electric Field Strength(E) ………………………………....…34

3.4.2 Magnetic Field Strength(H) …………………………..……...34

3.5. Measuring Equipment Used (Narda 550) ………………………….34

3.6 Data Analysis And Interpretation …………………………………..36

3.7 Environmental Protocol for Mobile Macro cell Installation ………..37

Chapter (4): Results

4.1. Analysis of Form of Observation Answers ………………………..38

4.1.1. Station Data …………………………………………………39

4.1.1.1 Number of Cells for Station …………………………39

4.1.1.2 Building Station Types ………………………….….39

http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/magnetic-field

ix

4.1.2. The Heights Station and Antenna …………………………...40

4.1.2.1 The Heights of the Station …………………………..40

4.1.2.2. Antennas Height from the Top of the Roof …………41

4.1.3. The Distances ……………………………………………….41

4.1.4 General Standards …………………………………………...42

4.1.5. Measurements of Electromagnetic Power Density for all

Station ……………………………………………………. .43

4.2. Descriptive Statistics for all Cells A, B, and C ……………………54

4.2.1. Descriptive Statistics S, E and H Values at 3 Meter ………..54

4.2.1.1 Power Density at Three Meter Distance …………..55

4.2.1.2 Electric Field at Three Meter Distance …………….56

4.2.1.3 Magnetic Field at Three Meter Distance …………..57

4.2.2. Descriptive Statistics S, E and H Values at 6 Meter ……….58

4.2.2.1 Power Density at six Meter Distance ………………59

4.2.2.2 Electric Field at six Meter Distance ……………….60

4.2.2.3 Magnetic Field at six Meter Distance ……………...61

4.2.3. Descriptive Statistics S, E and H Values at 20 Meter ……….62

4.2.3.1 Power Density at Twenty Meter Distance …………63

4.2.3.2 Electric Field at Twenty Meter Distance ………….64

4.2.3.3 Magnetic Field at Twenty Meter Distance ………..65

4.2.4 Correlation Coefficient Between the Height of Antenna and the

Level of Radiation..............……………..…………………...66

4.4. Analysis of Questionnaire ………………………………………...68

4.4.1 Sample Distribution According Age, Gender and

Qualification……...………………………………..……….68

4.4.2 Operation Period for Stations ……………...………………..69

4.4.3 Determination of Awareness about the Radiation Risks …….70

4.4.4 Knowledge of the Environmental Protocol for Mobile

Installation ………………………………………..………71

Chapter (5): Discussion

5.1 Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation Levels with Palestinian

Protocol and International Standards ……………………………..73

5.2 Assessment Heights Station and Antenna ………………………….77




http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEsQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Falmazuri08r%2Fanalysis-of-questionnaire-answers&ei=ZGGRVK3wOsTfON21gcAO&usg=AFQjCNFB2GWd4pHGW1kPL-lIOnqn6dJgfw&bvm=bv.82001339,d.ZWU

x

5.3 Assessment of the Distance Between the Antenna and the Protective

Fence …………………………………………………………..…...78

5.4 Assessment The Results of Questionnaire ………………………...78

5.4.1 Assessment of awareness about the Radiation Risks of mobile

base station ……….…..………………………………….…79

5.4.2. Assessment Knowledge of the Environmental Protocol for

Mobile Installation ……………………………………...….79

Chapter (6): Conclusion and Recommendation

6.1 Conclusions ……………………………………………………….80

6.2 Recommendation ………………………………………………….82

References ……………………………………………………… ……83

Annexes ……………………………………………………….………87

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

Table (2.1) Mobile radio systems USA 21

Table (2.2 ) Mobile radio systems around the world mobile

radio systems around the world

21

Table ( 2.3) Mobile radio systems in Japan 22

Table (4.1) Distribution of the heights of the station 40

Table (4.2) Distribution of antennas height from the building

roof

41

Table (4.3) The distances between the antenna and (the

protective fence, the nearest neighbor)

42

Table (4.4) General standards of stations 42

Table (4. 5) The values of power density(𝑆) for cells A, B

and C to all stations at 3 𝑚, 6 𝑚 and 20 𝑚.

45

Table (4.6) Descriptive statistics for all cells at 3m 55



Table (4.9) A correlation coefficient between the height of

antenna and the level of radiation

67

Table (4.10) Sample distribution according gender 68

Table (5.1) Reference levels for power density 73

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

Figure (2.1) Electromagnetic wave 6

Figure (2.2) Electromagnetic spectrum 9

Figure (2.3) Sources of radiation exposure in the United

States

13

Figure (2.4) A Base Station 18

Figure (2.5) Types of base station 20

Figure (2.6) Signal strength is impacted by a number of

factors but proximity to a base station is one of

the most important

23

Figure (2.7) Beam shape and direction 24

Figure (3.1) Sample selection method 30

Figure (3.2) Selected samples distribution 31

Figure (3.3) Measurement method 33

Figure (3.4) Narda 550 36

Figure (4.1) Distribution number of cells for station 39

Figure (4.2) Distribution building station type 40

Figure

(4.3-52)

Electromagnetic power density for station 1-50 46-54

Figure (4.53) Electromagnetic power density at 3m 56

Figure (4.54) Electric field strength at 3m 57

Figure (4.55) Magnetic field strength at 3m 58







Figure (4.62) Sample distribution according age 68

Figure (4.63) Sample distribution according qualification 69

Figure (4.64) Operation period for station 69

xiii

Figure (4.65) Sample distribution according of awareness

about the radiation risks

71

Figure (4.66) Knowledge of the environmental protocol for

mobile Installation

72

Figure(4.67) Assessment of government control 72

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Symbol Description

E Electric Field Strength

EMR Electromagnetic radiation

EQA Environmental Quality Authority

FCC The United States Federal Communication Commission

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

H Magnetic Field Strength

ICNIRP The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation

Protection

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ITU International Telecommunication Union

MOH Ministry of Health

MOT Ministry of Telecommunication

MWR Micro Wave Radiation

RF Radio Frequency

RFR Radio Frequency Radiation

S Electromagnetic Power Density

WHO World Health Organization

xv

LIST OF ANNEXE

Annex No. Annex Page

Annex (1) Basic information of selected samples 87

Annex (2) A consent form all participants to ensure their

voluntary

89

Annex (3) Arabic version of form of observation 90

Annex (4) English version of form of observation 92

Annex (5) Arabic Version of Questionnaire 94

Annex (6) English Version of Questionnaire 95

Annex (7) Environmental Protocol for Mobile Macro cell

Installation

96

1

CHAPTER (1): INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Mobile or cellular phones are now an integral part of modern

telecommunications. In many countries, over half the population use

mobile phones and the market is growing rapidly. In 2014, there is an

estimated 6.9 billion subscriptions globally. In some parts of the world,

mobile phones are the most reliable or the only phones available (WHO,

2014).

This wireless technology relies upon an extensive network of fixed

antennas, or base stations, relaying information with radiofrequency

(RF) signals. Over 1.4 million base stations exist worldwide and the

number is increasing. (WHO, 2012).

The radio waves used in mobile telephony are, like visible light and

X-rays, electromagnetic waves that consist of both an electric and a

magnetic component which vary periodically in time. The frequency of

variation determines the wave properties and uses (Abdelati, 2005).

Radio waves, which can be used for various types of communication are

found in the lower part of the spectrum and classified as non-ionizing

radiation (Walke, 1999).

There are different types of electromagnetic waves with different

frequencies, each of these frequencies has its own properties and

characteristics which make it distinguished from others. The

electromagnetic radiation may be classified as ionizing and non-ionizing

2

radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove bound

electrons from the orbit of an atom such that it becomes an ionized atom,

which may cause health hazard such as X- rays. On the other hand, the

non-ionizing radiation has less energy than ionizing radiation, it does not

have the sufficient energy to ionize (change) the atoms such as visible

light (Abdelati, 2005).

A cellular communication system consists of several transmitters,

called base stations, covering adjoining zones, called cells, and the used

mobile phones. There exist several mobile radio systems in the world

ranging from analog to digital systems and having different multiple

access types and frequency carriers (Mousa, 2011).

Mobile phone companies in Palestine used global system for

Mobile communication (GSM). It is a digital mobile telephone system

used in most parts of the world. GSM uses a time division multiple access

which enables more people to communicate simultaneously with a station

(Biebuma et al.,2011)

GSM system operates in either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz band.

The 900 MHz band is utilized in Palestine, only 24 channels are allocated

for Jawwal Company (Palestinian Territories, 2009)

The permitted level for the general public, at a frequency of 900

MHz, is 4.0 𝑊/𝑚2 (power density) in Palestine (EQA, 2008). The same

levels are also recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO)

and an independent International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation

Protection (ICNIRP) (Al-Bazzaz, 2008).

3

According to the Environmental Quality Authority (EQA), Gaza Strip

contains about 500 mobile phone station and are subject to environmental

protocol for mobile installation Palestinian. During this study, we measure

the levels of radiation emitted from mobile phones base stations in

accordance with Palestinian protocol in Gaza Governorate and compare

the level of radiation according to WHO and ICNIRP.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The tremendous growth in the use of mobile phones has resulted in

an increasing number of the GSM base stations being built in densely

populated areas. Daily exposure to electromagnetic fields has raised

public concern of possible adverse health effects to people living in the

vicinity of base station antennas. Radiofrequency and microwave

radiation exposures from the antennas of rooftop mounted mobile

telephone base stations have become a serious concern in recent years due

to the rapidly evolving technologies in wireless telecommunication

systems (Al-Bazzaz, 2008).

According to reports from the EQA, more than 500 mobile phone

base station are found in the Gaza Strip and in this subject dose not

specialized and there is no clear sufficient studies concerning radiation

levels measurement and possible health risks. In response to public

concerns by the EQA in Palestine, this research is initiated and

recommended.

4

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The overall goal of this study is to assess the electromagnetic

radiation levels emitted from mobile phones base stations in Gaza

Governorate. The research work is intended to achieve the following

specific objectives:

1. To measure the level of radiation emitted by mobile stations.

2. To compare the radiation measurements with Palestinian Protocol

and (WHO), (ICNIRP) standard.

3. To determine the relationship between the height mobile phone

base stations and the level of radiation.

4. To propose recommendations to enact law and regulations that

govern the operation of mobile stations.

1.4 Applied Methods

The methodology comprises of several stages, as follows:

1. Literature collection and review, which is aimed at having a clear

understanding of the previous experiences and findings of previous

researchers in the field.

2. Samples from Gaza Governorate are selected.

3. Data collection approach are conducted throughout several visits to

the targeted mobile phone base stations measure electromagnetic

radiation levels emitted.

4. Assessment of radiation levels that emitted from mobile phones

base stations in accordance with Palestinian protocol in Gaza and

compare the data analysis with the level of radiation according to

(ICNIRP, WHO) standard.

5

1.5 Thesis Structure

The thesis is divided in six chapters, chapter one is an introduction,

which give an overview about purpose of this research objectives,

statement of problem and overall research methodology. Chapter two

presents a brief literature review which included a definition of

electromagnetic radiation, different type of radiation and sources of

radiation. It present mobile phone base station and the findings of previous

researchers in the field. Chapter three describes the detailed methods used

in this study. Chapter four include results which presented and descriptive

statistical analysis. Chapter five presents the discussion of the results and

assessment of the results. Chapter six presents the conclusions and

recommendation.

6

CHAPTER (2): LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

EMR consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving

together through space at the speed of light. Often the term

(electromagnetic field) or EMF is used to indicate the presence of

electromagnetic radiation (MCMC, 2005).

EMR has an electric and magnetic field components, which oscillate in

phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of energy

propagation. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according

to the frequency of the wave, these types include (in order of increasing

frequency) radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet

radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Of these, radio waves have the longest

wavelength and Gamma rays have the shortest (Sophocles, 2000).

Figure (2.1) represent the wavelength of the wave depends on the

operating frequency

Figure (2.1): The Electromagnetic wave

7

The wavelength of the wave depends on the operating frequency and the

relation between frequency and wavelength is governed by the following

equation

𝜆 =𝑐

𝜈

Where 𝜆 is the wavelength, 𝑐 is the speed of light and 𝜈 is the frequency

(Beiser, 2003)

2.2 Radio Frequency (RF)

Radio waves generally are utilized by antennas of appropriate size

(according to the principle of resources), with wavelengths ranging from

hundreds of meters to about one millimeter. They are used for

transmission of data, via modulation. Television, mobile phone, wireless

networking and amateur radio all use radio waves (Jackson, 1999).

A radio signal can be thought of as a wave that spreads out from

its source (the antenna). It is often referred to as an electromagnetic wave

that is made up of linked electric and magnetic components. The RF part

of the electromagnetic spectrum includes electromagnetic waves produced

by television and radio transmitters (including base stations) and

microwaves. The electric and magnetic components that form the

electromagnetic wave can be referred to as radiofrequency fields (MCMC,

2005).

8

2.3 Types of Radiation

In general Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into two main

types according to the frequency ionizing and non-ionizing radiation

radiation (Ministry of communication- India, 2012).

2.3.1 Non-Ionizing Radiation

Non-ionizing radiation has less energy than ionizing radiation; it does not

possess enough energy to produce ions. Examples of non-ionizing

radiation are visible light, infrared, radio waves, microwaves, and

sunlight.

Global positioning systems (GPS), cellular telephones, television

stations, FM and AM radio, baby monitors, cordless phones, garage-door

openers, and ham radios use non-ionizing radiation. Other forms include

the earth’s magnetic field, as well as magnetic field exposure from

proximity to transmission lines, household wiring and electric appliances.

These are defined as extremely low-frequency waves (USUHS, 2014).

The lower part of the frequency spectrum is considered Non-ionizing

(Fluor Corporation, 2012)

2.3.2 Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation, on the other hand, is capable of stripping

electrons from atoms and breaking chemical bonds, creating highly

reactive ions (atoms or molecules that have an electric charge. Radioactive

materials, those that contain atoms that have unstable nuclei, occur

naturally and emit ionizing radiation in a process known as radioactive

decay.

9

The most common types of ionizing radiation are alpha particles(α),

beta particles(β), gamma rays(γ), and 𝑋 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠. The particles and rays

cannot be seen, heard, tasted, smelled, or felt, which is why ionizing

radiation remained undiscovered until the late 1800 even though many

ordinary materials emit small amounts.

Natural sources include the soil, water, air, food, and building

materials. Man-made devices such as 𝑋 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 machines also produce

ionizing radiation. Potential sources include nuclear accidents involving

medical or industrial nuclear material or terrorist actions involving nuclear

devices (USUHS, 2014).

The electromagnetic spectrum that represent the ionizing and non-

ionizing radiation is illustrated in figure (2.2).

Figure(2.2): Electromagnetic spectrum(Fluor Corporation, 2012).

11

2.4 Sources of Radiation

Since the beginning of time, all living creatures have been, and are still

being, exposed to radiation. However people are not far from the natural

and man-made sources of radiation in our environment (U.N.NRC, 2014)

the sources of radiation are natural background and man-made

(Washington State Department of Health, 2002)

2.4.1. Natural Background Sources

There are three main natural radiation sources cosmic radiation,

terrestrial radiation and internal radiation.

2.4.1.1 Cosmic Radiation

The Earth, and all living things on it, are constantly bombarded by

radiation from space, similar to a steady drizzle of rain. Charged particles

from the sun and stars interact with the earth's atmosphere and magnetic

field to produce a shower of radiation, typically beta and gamma radiation.

The dose from cosmic radiation varies in different parts of the world due

to differences in elevation and the effects of the Earth's magnetic field

(Abu Saleh, 2005).

2.4.1.2 Terrestrial Radiation

Radioactive material is found throughout nature. It occurs naturally

in the soil, water, and vegetation. The major isotopes of concern for

terrestrial radiation are uranium and the decay products of uranium, such

as thorium, radium, and radon. Low levels of Uranium(𝑈), Thorium(𝑇ℎ),

and their decay products are found everywhere. Some of these materials

11

are ingested with food and water, while others, such as Radon(𝑅𝑛)is

inhaled. The dose from terrestrial sources varies in different parts of the

world. Locations with higher concentrations of uranium and thorium in

their soil have higher dose levels (U.N.NRC, 2014)

2.4.1.3 Internal Radiation

In addition to the cosmic and terrestrial sources, all people have

radioactive potassium − 40, carbon − 14, lead − 210, and other

isotopes inside their bodies from birth. The variation in dose from one

person to another is not as great as the variation in dose from cosmic and

terrestrial sources (Abu Saleh, 2005).

2.4.2. Man-Made (Artificial) Sources

Although all living things are exposed to natural background

radiation, two distinct groups are exposed to man-made radiation sources,

members of the public and occupationally exposed individuals (U.N.NRC,

2014).

2.4.2.1 Members of the Public

Man-made radiation sources that result in an exposure to members

of the public are: Tobacco, Televisions, Medical 𝑋 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠, Smoke

detectors, Lantern mantles, Nuclear medicine as well as Building

materials. By far, the most significant source of man-made radiation

exposure to the public is from medical procedures, such as diagnostic 𝑋 −

𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠,nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy. Some of the major isotopes

are I-131, Tc-99, Co-60, Ir-192, and Cs-137. In addition, members of the

12

public are exposed to radiation from consumer products, such as tobacco

(polonium-210), building materials, combustible fuels (gas, coal,

etc.),ophthalmic glass, televisions, luminous watches and dials (tritium),

airport 𝑋 − 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠systems, smoke detectors (americium), road construction

materials, electron tubes, fluorescent lamp starters, lantern mantles

(thorium), etc. Of lesser magnitude, members of the public are exposed to

radiation from the nuclear fuel cycle, which includes the entire sequence

from mining and milling of Uranium to the disposal of the used (spent)

fuel (Abu Saleh, 2005).

2.4.2.2 Occupationally Exposed Individuals

In general, occupationally exposed individuals work in the following

areas:

Fuel cycle facilities

Industrial radiography

Radiology departments (medical)

Nuclear medicine departments

Radiation oncology departments

Nuclear power plants

Government and university research laboratories

Occupationally exposed individuals are exposed according to their jobs

and to the sources with which they work. The exposure of these

individuals to radiation is carefully monitored with the use of tiny

instruments called dosimeters. Some of the isotopes of concern are cobalt-

60, cesium-137, americium-241, and others (Abu Saleh, 2005).

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/fuel-cycle.html

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/radiography.html

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/radiology.html

http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/around-us/uses-radiation.html#npp

13

Figure (2.3) below shows the source of radiation exposure in the USA.

Figure (2.2): Sources of radiation exposure in the United States(U.N.NRC,

2014)

2.5 Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR)

RFR exposure from both mobile phones and mobile towers may

have possible thermal/non-thermal effects caused by holding Mobile

phones close to the body. More the use of mobile phone, higher will be

the temperature increase of ear lobes (Ministry of communication, India,

2012).

RFR can cause the heating of tissues that leads to an increase in the

body temperature. This is known as the thermal effect. Although the

organism body has its effective ways of regulating its temperature,

nevertheless, if the RF exposures are too high, the body may no longer be

able to cope. There is some discussion about other effects caused by RF

5%

3%5%

48%

2%

1%

37%Cosmic (Space)

Terrestrial(Soil)

Internal

Medical Proseduers

Consumer Products

Industrial and Occupation

Radon and Thoron

14

radiation other than by thermal effect. However, no evidence is

established yet.

The scientific community and international bodies agree that further

research is needed to improve our understanding in some of these areas.

At the moment, there is insufficient and inconclusive scientific findings to

prove any adverse health effects caused by RF radiation (El-Wasife,

2010).

2.5.1 Thermal Effect

Heating of biological tissue is a consequence of microwave energy

absorption by the tissue’s water content. The amount of heating produced

in a living organism depends primarily on the intensity (or power density)

of the radiation once it has penetrated the system, on certain electrical

properties of the bio matter, and on the efficiency of the body’s

thermoregulation mechanism. Above a certain intensity of the

microwaves, temperature homoeostasis is not maintained, and effects on

health ensue once the temperature rise exceeds about 1°C. Safety

guidelines impose upper limits on the radiation intensity to ensure that this

does not happen.

Heating occurs whether the organism is alive or dead. The

frequency of the radiation, as opposed to the intensity, is taken into

account only in so far as it affects (via size resonance) the ability of the

organism to absorb energy from the irradiating field.

15

2.5.2 Non-Thermal Effects

The possibility that the pulsed, low-intensity micro wave radiation

(MWR) currently used in GSM can exert subtle, non-thermal influences

on a living organism arises because microwaves are waves; they have

properties other than the intensity that is regulated by safety guidelines.

This microwave radiation has certain well-defined frequencies, which

facilitate its discernment by a living organism (despite its ultralow

intensity). The human body is an electrochemical instrument of exquisite

sensitivity whose orderly functioning and control are under pinned by

oscillatory electrical processes of various kinds, each characterized by a

specific frequency, some of which happen to be close to those used in

GSM. Thus some endogenous biological electrical activities can be

interfered with oscillatory aspect of the incoming radiation, in much the

same way as can the reception on a radio (Hylan, 2000)

The biological electrical activities that are vulnerable to

interference from GSM radiation include highly organized electrical

activities at a cellular level whose frequency happens to lie in the

microwave region, and which are a consequence of metabolism (Frohlich,

1980). Although this approach is not universally accepted but there is

experimental evidence (Grundler W et al., 1992).consistent with these

endogenous activities, in terms of which effects of ultralow-intensity

microwave radiation of a specific frequency on processes as fundamental

as cell division (Hyland, 1998).

16

2.6 Radiation Affects Cells

The primary way radiation affects our health is through breakage of

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNA is a long chain of amino

acids whose pattern forms the blueprint on how the cell lives and

functions. Radiation is able to break that chain. When it does, three things

can happen:

2.6.1 The DNA Breakage Properly

In this case, the cell is repaired properly and it continues to function

normally. DNA breakage occurs normally every second of the day and

cells have a natural ability to repair that damage.

2.6.2 DNA Damage

When the DNA or other critical parts of a cell receive a large dose

of radiation, the cell may either die or be damaged beyond repair. If this

happens to a large number of cells in a tissue or organ, early radiation

effects may occur. These are called deterministic effects and the severity

of the effects varies according to the radiation dose received. They can

include burns, cataracts, and in extreme cases death.

2.6.3 Stochastic Effects of the Cell

In some cases, the DNA of the cell may be damaged by radiation,

but the damage does not kill the cell. The cell may continue to live and

even reproduce itself, but the cell and its descendents may no longer

function properly and may disrupt the function of other cells. The

probability of this type of detrimental effect is proportionate to the dose

and it is called a stochastic effect – when there is a statistical probability

http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/resources/radiation/introduction-to-radiation/nuclear-and-radiation-glossary.cfm#deterministic_effects

http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/resources/radiation/introduction-to-radiation/nuclear-and-radiation-glossary.cfm#stochastic_effects

17

that the effects of exposure will occur. In such cases, the likelihood of the

effects increases as the dose increases. However, the timing of the effects

or their severity does not depend on the dose (CNSC, 2012).

2.7 Mobile Phone Base Stations

There has been a substantial growth in the use of mobile

communication services over the last few years and this growth is

expected to continue for the foreseeable future with the introduction of the

3rd Generation (3G) mobile technologies. With this growth comes the

inevitable increase in the number of base station sites, accompanied by

public concern for possible impacts of these communication systems..

Mobile phone base stations are radio transmitters with antennas

mounted on either free-standing masts or on buildings. Radio signals are

fed through cables to the antennas and then launched as radio waves in to

the area or cell around the base station.

A typical larger base station installation would consist of a plant

room containing the electronic equipment as well as the mast with the

antennas. Several types of antennas are used for the transmissions. Dish

antennas form terminals for point to point microwave links that

communicate with other base stations and link the network together.

Sometimes the base stations are connected together with buried cables

instead of microwave links (El-Wasife, 2010).

Figure (2.4) represent one of the base stations that are available in

Gaza city.

18

Figure (2.4): A Base Station

2.7.1 Types of Base Station

There are many different types of base stations used by operators

and it is not always easy to firmly categories them as macro cell, micro

cell or Pico cell. Categorizations tend to be based on the purpose of the

site rather than in terms of technical constraints such as radiated powers

or antenna heights (El-Wasife KH, 2010).

19

2.7.1.1 A macrocell

The cells provides the main coverage in a mobile network. The

antennas for macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and

other existing structures. They must be positioned at a height that is not

obstructed by surrounding buildings and terrain. Macrocell base stations

have a typical power output of tens of watts.

2.7.1.2 A microcell

Provide infill radio coverage and additional capacity where there

are high numbers of users within macrocells. The antennas for microcells

are mounted at street level, typically on the external walls of existing

structures, lamp posts and other street furniture. The antennas are smaller

than macro cell antennas and, when mounted on existing structures, often

blend in with building features to minimize visual impact. Typically,

microcells provide radio coverage across smaller distances and are placed

(300-1000m) apart. They have lower outputs than macrocells, usually a

few watts.

2.7.1.3 A picocell

Provides more localized coverage than a microcell. They are

normally found inside buildings where coverage is poor or where there are

a high number of users, such as airport terminals, train stations or shopping

centers (MOA, 2013)

Figure (2.5) below shows coverage of stations the different types of

stations.

21

Figure(2.5): Types of Base Station(MOA, 2013)

2.8 Cellular system

Mobile communication networks are divided into geographic areas

called cells, each served by a base station . Mobile phones are the user’s

link to the network. The system is planned to ensure that mobile phones

maintain the link with the network as users move from one cell to another.

To communicate with each other, mobile phones and base stations

exchange radio signals. The level of these signals is carefully optimized

for the network to perform satisfactorily. They are also closely regulated

to prevent interference with other radio systems used, for example, by

emergency services, taxis as well as radio and television broadcasters

(MMF, 2006).

There exist several mobile radio systems in the world ranging from

analog to digital systems and having different multiple access types and

frequency carriers. The main three systems are the North America,

European and Japan systems where each of these systems was developed

21

and through generations (Mousa, 2011). The specifications of these

systems are illustrated in Table (2.1), Table (2.2) and Table (2.3)

respectively.

Table (2.1): Mobile radio systems USA (Mousa, 2011)

Cellular system Year Transmission

type

Multiple

access type

Channel

Bandwidth

Genera-

tion

Advanced Mobile Phone

System AMPS

1983 Analog FDMA

800MHz 1st

Narrowband AMPS 1992 Analog FDMA 800MHz 1st

US Digital Cellular

Digital AMPS

1991 Digital TDMA

800/1900

MHz

2nd

US Narrowband Spread

Spectrum

1993 Digital CDMA

800/1900

MHz

2nd

CDMA-2000 2001 Digital CDMA 1900MHz 3rd

Table (2.2): Mobile radio systems around the world (Mousa, 2011)


type

Multiple

access type

Channel

Bandwidth

Genera-

tion

Total Access

Communication

ETACS

1985 Analog FDMA 900MHz 1st

Nordic Mobile

Telephone NMT-900 1986 Analog FDMA

450/900MH

z 1st

Global system of

Mobile

GSM

1990 Digital TDMA 900/1800

MHz 2nd

UNIVERSAL Mobile

Telecom System

UMTS WCDMA

2001 Digital CADA 2000MHz 2nd

22

Table( 2.3): Mobile radio systems in Japan (Mousa, 2011)


type

Multiple

access type

Channel

Bandwidth

Genera-

tion

J-TACS 1985 Analog FDMA 900MHz 1st

PDC 1986 Digital TDMA 900MHz 2st

CAMA one (KDDI) 2000 Digital TDMA 900MHz 2nd

UMTS WCDMA

(NTT Docomo) 2001 Digital CDMA 2000MHz 3rd

2.9 Cellular System Works

When a mobile phone is switched on, it responds to specific control

signals from nearby base stations. When it has found the nearest base

station in the network to which it subscribes, it initiates a connection. The

phone will then remain dormant, just occasionally updating with the

network, until the user wishes to make a call or a call is received.

Mobile phones use automatic power control as a means of reducing

the transmitted power to the minimum possible whilst maintaining good

call quality. For example, while using a phone the average power output

can vary between the minimum level of about 0.001 watt up to the

maximum level which is less than 1 watt. This feature is designed to

prolong battery life and possible talk time (El-Wasife, 2010).

23

Figure(2.6):Signal strength is impacted by a number of factors but proximity

to a base station is one of the most important (MMF, 2006).

2.10 Beam Shapes and Directions

The power from antennas used with macrocellular base stations is

radiated in conical fan-shaped beams, which are essentially directed

towards the horizon with a slight downward tilt. This is illustrated in

figure(2.7) below and it causes the radiowave strengths below the

antennas and at the base of masts to be very much lower than directly in

front of the antennas at a similar distance (Mobinil, 2013).

24

Figure(2.7): Beam shape and direction (Mobinil, 2013)

The beams from the antennas spread out with distance and tend to

reach ground level at distances in the range 50-300 m from the antennas.

The radio wave levels at these distances are much less than those directly

in front of the antennas (Mobinil, 2013).

2.11 Previous Related Studies

(Nayyeri et al., 2012) has studied assessment of RF radiation levels

in the vicinity of 60 GSM mobile phone base stations in Iran, a survey of

radio-frequency radiation from 60 GSM base stations was carried out in

Tehran, Iran at several places mostly located in major medical and

educational centers. Measurements were performed at 15 locations near

each base station site, i.e. 900 locations in total. Since there are other RF

radiation sources such as broadcasting services whose carrier frequencies

are <3 GHz, the whole band of 27 MHz to 3 GHz has been assessed for

hazardous exposures as well. The results were compared with the relevant

guideline of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation

25

Protection and that of Iran, confirming radiation exposure levels being

satisfactorily Within the permissible limits internationally and non-

detrimental.

(Mousa, 2011) has studied electromagnetic radiation

measurements and safety issues of some cellular base stations in Nablus,

his study focuses on the radiated electromagnetic energy from some

typical mobile base stations around the city of Nablus. The exposure levels

due to these stations were measured and compared to some international

standard guidelines like ICNIRP and FCC to see if it meets these

standards, this is in order to answer some of the public fear and concern.

Measuring the electromagnetic radiation from some cellular base stations

around the city of Nablus has been performed at several sites. This is to

answer the public concern wither they are safe being close to these stations

and being exposed continuously to its radiation. The obtained readings

were compared to some international standards and guidelines. It has been

noticed that the maximum measured value was only 0.007% of the

ICNIRP and 0.005% of the FCC international limits. Moreover, the

measured values were not only due to the mobile base stations, but also

due to all other sources of radiation in the range of 200kHz to 3GHz.

The signals here may have either destructive or instructive

interference at some specific point, hence it is recommended that the

radiation due to the base stations should be investigated together with the

other sources like local TV, FM and WLAN transmitters, this may be

achieved using a suitable spectrum analyzer. Another important issue is

that the radiation exposure to the mobile station itself should be measured

since it may have a much larger value being very close to the users.

26

(Yassin et al., 2010) has levels of exposure to electromagnetic

fields from mobile phones base-stations in Khartoum - Khartoum Nort,

The measurements for the field strength and the power density were taken

in some selected locations with special focus on busy streets, squares and

other public places such as bus stations, student hostels and hospitals

during February 2008. Measurements were carried using the reliable and

most advanced monitoring device (Spectran HF 4040).

Measured Power density, using stata 9 program was found to lay between

a minimum value of 4.9 × 10−7 𝑊/𝑚2 and a maximum of 0.025

𝑊/𝑚²and which is quite small compared to the international standard

limits like those adopted by The International Commission on Non-

Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) which is 4.5W/m² for the public

and 22.5W/m² for those professionals involved in telecommunications

industry. Since strict adherence to national safety standards will protect

everyone in the population, further research is recommended on the

subject along with setting of Sudanese standards to cover different aspects

of the issue namely local climatic conditions, quality & specifications of

base-stations and total exposure. It is worth mentioning that other

countries have their own standards and specifications in the field.

(Abdelati, 2005) has studied Electromagnetic radiation from mobile

phone base stations at Gaza, It aims to highlight relevant international

work and develop computer tools which simplify estimating and

measuring EMF levels in our city. The implemented software package

stores the base stations parameters and coordinates in a data base and then

generates tables and maps that illustrate EMF levels estimated

theoretically. Moreover, it can communicate with a measuring device and

27

store actual measurements in the database so that it is used to generate

maps and tables. It is found that real measurements are consistent with

theoretical ones and they are much lower than the exposure limit

recommended by the international health organizations.

28

CHAPTER (3): METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Area

The study is applied on Gaza Governorate, which is the largest

Governorate (74 km²) in the Gaza Strip (365 km2) and the Palestinian

territories. The Gaza Governorate has a population of approximately

409,680. (PCBS, 2007).

The Gaza Governorate of Gaza Strip is considered as one of the most

densely populated areas all over the world. The population densities in

Gaza Governorate at 2004 more than 6700 per square kilometer. Gaza

Governorate population form about 30% of total Gaza strip residence

(MLG, 2010).

3.2 Data Collection

The study will collect basic information from several sources that

include, previous studies, reports, interviews, field visits to the base

station, governmental authorities in Gaza, experiences in the world and

guidelines for exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile

stations.

3.3 Study Design

3.3.1 Study Area Design

Samples of base stations will be selected from Gaza governorate which

include many cities. In the present work we have selected 50 stations

that are available at Gaza governorate which represent the most effective

29

stations in the cities, where it is highly populated. However, the other

cities were excluded in this study due to the limited number of stations

in the area. The Gaza city consists of Zones, which are: Shiekh Ejleen,

Southern Remal, Nourthen Remal, Daraj, Sabra, Zaytoon, Nasser, Tal-

Hawa, Beach camp, Sheikh Radwan, Tuffah and EL-Shujaeya.

3.3.2 Sampling

Fifty mobile phone base stations are selected as a sample from the

197 base stations are constructed in Gaza city:

Gaza City area is about 55 km2 involving new extension area that

has very little population and no urban facilities, so we examined

one station for each kilometer.

These 50 sites were selected for assessment of radiation. These

sites are distributed in different regions of Gaza city and installed

on roof tops of residential buildings.

Mobile station sites identified using Global Positioning System

(GPS).

3.3.3 Limitation of the Study

The work was very tiring and that was due to stations being installed

over buildings of 30m height and distributed one each 1km².

It was very difficult to secure the measurement devices from the

relevant parties.

It was very challenging to get information from the public as the

awareness level of participants on radiations is regarded as low.

Curiosity of people and their questions was time and effort –

consuming.

31

Studies relevant to this research are very rare.

Figure (3.1) shows the method of sampling that illustrates one station

for a kilometer area.

Figure (3.1): Sample selection method

The distribution of selected samples is shown in figure (3.2), which is

prepared by Geographic Information System (GIS)

31

Figure (3. 2): Selected samples distribution

Annex (1) shows the basic information of each sample (Station

Name, Address, Latitude, Longitude).

3.3.4 Station Data Information

Form of observation was designed, according to interviewing with

experts those have contact with the subject at different levels.

The form is filled through observations during a work visit. The form

includes five sections to obtain the following:

32

1. Station data

This section was related with station data such as station name, site

of station, coordinate of the site, number of cells, building type and

construction date

2. The heights include (Height of station Building and antenna)

This section was about the heights such as height of station

(Building and antenna) and antennas height from the building roof.

3. The distances between the antenna and both of the protective

fence and the nearest neighbor

This section was related with the distances such as the distance

between the antenna and the protective fence, also antenna and the

nearest neighbor.

4. The measurements for antennas:

This section was about the measurements such as electromagnetic

power density, magnetic field strength and electric field strength

5. General standards:

This section was about general standards such as station a license,

a protective fence and warning signs.

3.3.5 Questionnaire Design

According to literature review and interviewing with experts who

are in concern to the public health regarding the data station construction

A questionnaire was developed with closed questions. The questionnaire

was designed both languages Arabic and English.

This questionnaire answered by a station client. The questionnaire

includes of two sections:

1. Exploring of awareness about the radiation risks

33

2. Knowledge of the protocol.

The first section was about exploring of awareness about the

radiation risks, personal information (age, gender, qualification)

and operation period of station and other.

The second section about knowledge of the protocol.

3.4 Measurement Method

3.4.2 The radiation emitted from mobile phones base stations on

three different distances from each cell (3 m, 6 m and 20 m)

was measured as shown in figure (3.3). These measurements

were accomplished using a special device (Narda 550) for

measuring electromagnetic radiation levels that measures,

electromagnetic power density, electric field strength and

magnetic field strength:

Figure (3.3): Measurement method


34

3.4.1 Electromagnetic Power Density(S)

The power density is the rate of flow of electromagnetic energy

per unit area used to measure the amount of radiation at a given point

from a transmitting antenna. This quantity is expressed in units of

watts per square meter (𝑊/𝑚2) or milli-watts per square cm

(𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2) (Isaaks, 9191).

3.4.3 Electric field strength(E)

The standard unit of electric field (E-field) strength is volt per

metre (V/m). An E field of 1V/m is represented by a potential

difference of 1V existing between two points that are one meter apart

(EFYMAG, 2010).

3.4.4 Magnetic field strength(H)

When current flows in a conductor, it is always accompanied by

a magnetic field. The strength, or intensity of this field is proportional

to the amount of current and inversely proportional to the distance

from the conductor. The unit of magnetic field (H field) is ampere

per meter (A/m)1(EFYMAG, 2010).

3.5. Measuring Equipment Used (Narda 550)

The name of the device used in electromagnetic radiation

measurement NBM-Broadband Field Meter (Narda), The NBM-550 is a

compact hand held device for measuring electric and magnetic fields. It is

also equipped with a data logger function for storing the measurement.

Narda 550 is part of the NBM-500 instrument family. It delivers

extremely accurate results for electromagnetic field strength


35

measurements (Narada, 2014). It provides the broadest frequency

coverage of electric and magnetic fields. Both flat response probes and

probes shaped to international standards are available (NBM-550, 2006).

The NBM-550 provides virtually everyone concerned with this

subject with an instrument for measuring non-ionizing radiation with

utmost accuracy within the frequency range from 100 kHz to 06 GHz

(depending on the probe used). The instrument has a wide range of

functions, yet it is very easy to use. It also features a handy design, robust

casing, long battery life, and high measurement accuracy.

The NBM-550 makes precision measurements for human safety

purposes, particularly in workplace environments where high electric or

magnetic field strengths are likely. It can also be used to demonstrate the

electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of devices and equipment (NBM-

550, 2010).

36

Figure (3.4): Narda 550 (NBM-550, 2006).

3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation

The collected data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel Program,

Origin 9 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in order

to get scientific results. After that it is a possibility to compare the

radiation measurements with environmental protocol for mobile macro

cell installation in Palestine, and compare the level of radiation according

to (ICNIRP, WHO).

37

3.7 Environmental Protocol for Mobile Macro Cell Installation

Special protocol to install mobile telephone bases stations for mobile

macro cell in Palestine was approved in the recent year. It was compliant

with the international standards in the installation of the stations, such as

the WHO, ICNIRP, International electrotechnical commission (IEC), the

world's largest professional association dedicated to advancing

technological. Participated bodies in the preparation of this protocol were

EQA, Ministry of Health (MOH) and Ministry of Telecommunications

(MOT). The most important requirements, which included the Protocol:

1. The height of the building which the antennas install above (15-50)

from ground level, In case of could not be having this height,

antennas has to be installed on a metal tower or mast, So that the

height of the antennas (15-50) from ground level.

2. The height of antenna from the nearest building located with in 10

meters radius is not less than 2 meters.

3. The roof of the building, which is the installation of the antennas

has to be reinforced concrete.

4. Antennas height from the building roof is not less than 6 meters.

5. The distance between two stations of the same building has to be

not less on 12 meters.

6. The distance between the antenna and the protective fence has to be

not less than 5 meters.

7. Magnetic power density has not to be more than of 0.4 𝑚𝑤/𝑐𝑚2

for GSM 900 MHz (EQA, 2008).

38

CHAPTER (4): RESULTS

In this chapter, we present the main results of the study based on

the outcomes of the statistical analysis. The study has been carried out in

fifty stations in Gaza governorate, where measurement of electromagnetic

radiation levels from base stations are obtained. Statistical test including

frequencies, percentages and correlation coefficient were used in the

present work. Number of programs was also used to analyze the output

results such as (Excel, SPSS, and Origin).

The results consist of two parts, the first part includes answers to

the questions of form of observation and analysis that measured at

different stations. The second part relates to the analysis of the results of

questionnaire. This analysis includes station data, number of stations,

building types, heights, dimensions and measurement.

4.1. Analysis of Form of Observation Answers

A special form of observation has been designed which composed

of the most important technical standards that should be available for the

stations according to the environmental Protocol for mobile installation

in Gaza see Annex (7) This form includes the following:

1. Station data.

2. The station building type.

3. The heights station and antenna.

4. The distances between the antenna and both of the protective fence

and the nearest neighbor.

39

5. Measurements of electromagnetic power density, electric field

strength and magnetic field strength.

6. General standards.

4.1.1. Station Data

Station data includes two parts, number of cell and building type.

4.1.1.1 Number of Cells for Station

Fifty stations in Gaza city were selected for this study. Figure (4.1) shows

that the distribution number of cells of stations, where the majority have

three cells for 49 station and this value represents (98%), whilst only one

station has 2 cells and this value represents (2%).

Figure (4.1): Distribution number of cells for station

4.1.1.2 Building station types

Figure (4.2) illustrates that the distribution of the building type for

all stations. 26 stations has constructed above the building tower and this

value represents (52%), whilst 20 station has constructed above the private

2%

98%

Two

Three

41

building which represents (40%), while only 4 stations has constructed

above organizations building which represents (8%).

Figure (4.2): Distribution building station type

4.1.2. The Heights Station and Antenna

4.1.2.1 The Heights of the Station

Table (4.1) illustrates that the distribution of the heights of the

station.

This height represents the distance between ground and cell and it

is almost between 15 to 50𝑚 for 48 stations and this value represents

(96%). Two stations higher than 50𝑚, and represent (4%) of all stations.

Fortunately, there is no station with highest less than 15𝑚.

Table (4.1): Distribution of the heights of the station

Variables Heights Frequency Percent %

Height of station

(Building and antenna)

< 15 meter ـــــ ــــــ

15-50 meter 48 96%

> 50 meter 2 4%

Total 50 100

40%

52%

8%

Private

Building tower

Organization

41

4.1.2.2. Antennas Height from the Top of the Roof

Table (4.2) depicts that the distribution of antennas height from the

top of the roof. Fortunately, the height for all cell A, B and C were higher

than 6𝑚.

Table (4.2 ): Distribution of antennas height from the building roof

Heights Frequency

Antennas height from the building roof (Cell A) < 6 m ــــــ

> 6 m 50

Antennas height from the building roof (Cell B) < 6 m ــــــ

> 6 m 50

Antennas height from the building roof (Cell C) < 6 m ــــــ

> 6 m 50

4.1.3. The Distances

Table (4.3) presents the distances according the environmental

protocol. It is clear that the distance between the antenna and the

protective fence less than 5𝑚 for 6 stations which represents (12%) but

44 stations higher than 5m which represents (88%). The distance between

the antenna and the nearest neighbors in the almost stations higher than

5𝑚. The height of antenna from the nearest building located within 10

meters radius is higher than 2𝑚 for all stations.

42

Table (4.3): The distances between the antenna and (the protective fence - the

nearest neighbor)

Variables Heights Frequency Percent

The distance between the

antenna and the protective fence < 5 m 6 12

> 5m 44 88

The distance between the

antenna and the nearest

neighbor

< 5 m 1 2

> 5m 49 98

The height of antenna from the

nearest building located with in

10 meters radius

< 2 m ــــــ ــــــ

< 2 m 50 100

4.1.4 General Standards

Table (4.4) illustrates the results of general standard of protocol for

the stations. All stations are license by the competent authorities. It has

been noticed that the roofs gates of 37 stations of the completely locked

which represent (74%) of all stations. However, the roof is not completely

closed for only 13 stations. Unfortunately, for all stations there is no any

warning signs. In addition, only one station was constructed for every

building. It is also noticed that the antennas not directed towards schools.

Table (4.4): General Standards of Stations

Variables Yes No

Freq. % Freq. %

Station of license holder. 50 100 ــــــــ ــــــــ

Roof completely closed. 37 74 13 26

A protective fence at a distance of 5 meters

from the center of the antenna and 2 meters

from the edge of the roof.

8 16 5 10

Warning signs 100 50 ــــــــ ــــــــ

Number of the station above the building 50 50 ــــــــ ــــــــ

The distance between two stations ــــــــ ــــــــ ــــــــ ــــــــ

Directing antennas to schools 100 50 ــــــــ ــــــــ

43

4.1.5. Measurements of Electromagnetic Power Density for all Station

Measurement of the electromagnetic radiation levels emitted from mobile

phones base stations are carried out, where electromagnetic power density

of fifty station in Gaza obtained.

Figure (4.3 up to 52) show that the values of power density(𝑆) vary for

cells A, B and C to all stations at different distances at 3 𝑚, 6 𝑚 and 20 𝑚

In general for cells A the min. value of 𝑆 approached to zero while the

maximum value was 87.9 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2. Moreover Values of 𝑆

for cell A at 3 𝑚 vary from one station to another, the minimum value

of 𝑆 at 3 𝑚 approached to zero for station No. 27 and the maximum

value of 𝑆 at 3 𝑚 was 87.9 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 for station No. 47

however most values of 𝑆 at 3 𝑚 were less than 15 ×

10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2.

Also the values of 𝑆 for cell A at 6 𝑚 in the minimum value

approached zero of stations No. 12, 27 and 32 but the maximum value

was 44.3 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No.47.

The results exhibits that the values of 𝑆 for cell A at 20 𝑚 in the

minimum value approached to zero in the most of stations but the

maximum value was 7 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No. 6 and 11.

According to the results which describe the variation of 𝑆 for cells A

at different distances, in nine station that represent (18%) values of 𝑆

at 6 𝑚 higher than the values of 𝑆 at 3 𝑚.

In addition, the results show that 𝑆 values for cell B at 3 m change from

one station to another, the minimum value was 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of

stations No. 3, while the maximum value was 86.4 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2

of station No. 45.

44

Measurements which describe the variation of 𝑆 values for cells B at

6 𝑚 approached to zero for the minimum value of station No. 8, 31 and

36 but the maximum value was 14.7 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No.

16 and the most value was under 3 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2.

The results depicts that which describe the variation of 𝑆 for cell B at

different distances. In ten station that represent (20%) stations values of

𝑆 at 6 𝑚 higher than the value of 𝑆 at 3 𝑚.

The results illustrate that values S for cells C where the values are

distributed between 0 – 38.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2.

The minimum value was zero for stations No. 2 and 27, while the

maximum value 27 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 in station No. 45 and the most

value was under 4 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 at 3 𝑚 and in 8 stations that

represent (16%) values of 𝑆 at 6 𝑚 higher than the value of 𝑆 at 3 m.

According to the following figures, results depicts that the minimum

value of 𝑆 value for cells C at 6 𝑚 approached to zero of stations No.

6, 27 and 35, while the maximum value was 38.5 × 10−3𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of

station No.23.

Also the results show that the minimum value of 𝑆 for cells C was

approached to zero at 20 𝑚 of stations No. 19, but the maximum value

13 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No. 40.

Table (4. 5) illustrates the values of power density(𝑆) for cells A, B and

C to all stations at 3 𝑚, 6 𝑚 and 20 𝑚

45

Table (4. 5): The values of power density(𝑆) for cells A, B and C to all

stations at 3 𝑚, 6 𝑚 and 20 𝑚.

46

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00065

0.00000

0.00065

0.00130

0.00195

0.00260

0.00325

0.00390

0.00455

0.00520

0.00585

0.00650

0.00715

0.00780

Ele

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tic

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en

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)

Electromagnetic power density fo cell A

Electromagnetic power density fo cell B

Electromagnetic power density fo cell C

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

0.00455

0.00490

Ele

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Distance (m)




Figure (4.3):Electromagnetic power

density for station 1



0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

0.00455

0.00490

0.00525

0.00560

0.00595

Ele

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ity

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

0.00455

0.00490E

lec

tro

ma

gn

eti

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)





density for station 3 Figure (4.6):Electromagnetic power


2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00025

0.00000

0.00025

0.00050

0.00075

0.00100

0.00125

0.00150

0.00175

0.00200

0.00225

0.00250

0.00275

0.00300

Ele

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sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)

Electromagnetic power density for cell A

Electromagnetic power density for cell B

Electromagnetic power density for cell C

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.00000

0.00015

0.00030

0.00045

0.00060

0.00075

0.00090

0.00105

0.00120

0.00135

0.00150

0.00165

Ele

ctr

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ne

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







47

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00025

0.00000

0.00025

0.00050

0.00075

0.00100

0.00125

0.00150

0.00175

0.00200

0.00225

0.00250

0.00275

0.00300

Ele

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sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

0.00455

0.00490

Ele

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance(m)








2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00025

0.00000

0.00025

0.00050

0.00075

0.00100

0.00125

0.00150

0.00175

0.00200

0.00225

0.00250

0.00275

Ele

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ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.0000

0.0015

0.0030

0.0045

0.0060

0.0075

0.0090

0.0105

0.0120

0.0135

0.0150

0.0165

Ele

ctr

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tic p

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00075

0.00000

0.00075

0.00150

0.00225

0.00300

0.00375

0.00450

0.00525

0.00600

0.00675

0.00750

0.00825

0.00900

0.00975

Ele

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00075

0.00000

0.00075

0.00150

0.00225

0.00300

0.00375

0.00450

0.00525

0.00600

0.00675

0.00750

0.00825

0.00900

0.00975

Ele

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tic p

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







48

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00075

0.00000

0.00075

0.00150

0.00225

0.00300

0.00375

0.00450

0.00525

0.00600

0.00675

0.00750

0.00825

0.00900

0.00975

Ele

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neti

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00075

0.00000

0.00075

0.00150

0.00225

0.00300

0.00375

0.00450

0.00525

0.00600

0.00675

0.00750

0.00825

0.00900

Ele

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)








2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00079

0.00000

0.00079

0.00158

0.00237

0.00316

0.00395

0.00474

0.00553

0.00632

0.00711

0.00790

0.00869

0.00948

Ele

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y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.0025

0.0000

0.0025

0.0050

0.0075

0.0100

0.0125

0.0150

0.0175

0.0200

0.0225

0.0250

0.0275E

lectr

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neti

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

Ele

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220.00000

0.00015

0.00030

0.00045

0.00060

0.00075

0.00090

0.00105

0.00120

0.00135

0.00150

0.00165

0.00180

Ele

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mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




Figure (4.19): Electromagnetic power

density for station 17 Figure (4.20): Electromagnetic power


49

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00095

0.00000

0.00095

0.00190

0.00285

0.00380

0.00475

0.00570

0.00665

0.00760

0.00855

0.00950

0.01045

0.01140

Ele

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nsit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)



2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

Ele

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sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)








2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.00000

0.00015

0.00030

0.00045

0.00060

0.00075

0.00090

0.00105

0.00120

0.00135

0.00150

0.00165

0.00180

Ele

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ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.000075

0.000000

0.000075

0.000150

0.000225

0.000300

0.000375

0.000450

0.000525

0.000600

0.000675

0.000750

0.000825

0.000900E

lec

tro

mag

neti

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

Ele

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tic p

ow

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de

nsit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.0035

0.0000

0.0035

0.0070

0.0105

0.0140

0.0175

0.0210

0.0245

0.0280

0.0315

0.0350

0.0385

0.0420

Ele

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de

ns

ity m

W/c

m2

Distance (m)







51

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00075

0.00000

0.00075

0.00150

0.00225

0.00300

0.00375

0.00450

0.00525

0.00600

0.00675

0.00750

0.00825

0.00900

0.00975

Ele

ctr

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ag

ne

tic p

ow

er

de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00075

0.00000

0.00075

0.00150

0.00225

0.00300

0.00375

0.00450

0.00525

0.00600

0.00675

0.00750

0.00825

0.00900

0.00975

Ele

ctr

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neti

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)








2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.082

0.000

0.082

0.164

0.246

0.328

0.410

0.492

0.574

0.656

0.738

0.820

0.902

0.984

Ele

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.0002

0.0000

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.0010

0.0012

0.0014

0.0016

0.0018

0.0020

0.0022

0.0024

Ele

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.0015

0.0000

0.0015

0.0030

0.0045

0.0060

0.0075

0.0090

0.0105

0.0120

0.0135

0.0150

Ele

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tic p

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de

nsit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

0.00455

0.00490

Ele

ctr

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neti

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sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







51

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.0002

0.0000

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.0010

0.0012

0.0014

0.0016

0.0018

0.0020

0.0022

0.0024

Ele

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den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.0003

0.0000

0.0003

0.0006

0.0009

0.0012

0.0015

0.0018

0.0021

0.0024

0.0027

0.0030

0.0033

0.0036

Ele

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ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)








2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

Ele

ctr

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tic p

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00015

0.00000

0.00015

0.00030

0.00045

0.00060

0.00075

0.00090

0.00105

0.00120

0.00135

0.00150

0.00165

0.00180

0.00195

0.00210

0.00225

Ele

ctr

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neti

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den

sit

y m

W/c

m2

Distance (m)







2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00025

0.00000

0.00025

0.00050

0.00075

0.00100

0.00125

0.00150

0.00175

0.00200

0.00225

0.00250

0.00275

Ele

ctr

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tic p

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de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.00035

0.00000

0.00035

0.00070

0.00105

0.00140

0.00175

0.00210

0.00245

0.00280

0.00315

0.00350

0.00385

0.00420

0.00455

0.00490

Ele

ctr

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sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







52

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00045

0.00000

0.00045

0.00090

0.00135

0.00180

0.00225

0.00270

0.00315

0.00360

0.00405

0.00450

0.00495

0.00540

Ele

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ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.00000

0.00065

0.00130

0.00195

0.00260

0.00325

0.00390

0.00455

0.00520

0.00585

0.00650

0.00715

0.00780

Ele

ctr

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ne

tic p

ow

er

de

nsit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)








2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.0005

0.0000

0.0005

0.0010

0.0015

0.0020

0.0025

0.0030

0.0035

0.0040

0.0045

0.0050

0.0055

0.0060

0.0065

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

y m

W/c

m2

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.00000

0.00065

0.00130

0.00195

0.00260

0.00325

0.00390

0.00455

0.00520

0.00585

0.00650

0.00715

0.00780

0.00845

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic p

ow

er

de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.0015

0.0000

0.0015

0.0030

0.0045

0.0060

0.0075

0.0090

0.0105

0.0120

0.0135

0.0150

0.0165

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.000095

0.000000

0.000095

0.000190

0.000285

0.000380

0.000475

0.000570

0.000665

0.000760

0.000855

0.000950

0.001045

0.001140

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic

po

we

r d

en

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







53

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.0000

0.0003

0.0006

0.0009

0.0012

0.0015

0.0018

0.0021

0.0024

0.0027

0.0030

0.0033

0.0036

0.0039

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00045

0.00000

0.00045

0.00090

0.00135

0.00180

0.00225

0.00270

0.00315

0.00360

0.00405

0.00450

0.00495

0.00540

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)








2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.0075

0.0000

0.0075

0.0150

0.0225

0.0300

0.0375

0.0450

0.0525

0.0600

0.0675

0.0750

0.0825

0.0900

0.0975

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.0002

0.0000

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.0010

0.0012

0.0014

0.0016

0.0018

0.0020

0.0022

0.0024

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

-0.0075

0.0000

0.0075

0.0150

0.0225

0.0300

0.0375

0.0450

0.0525

0.0600

0.0675

0.0750

0.0825

0.0900

0.0975

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic p

ow

er

de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.00000

0.00055

0.00110

0.00165

0.00220

0.00275

0.00330

0.00385

0.00440

0.00495

0.00550

0.00605

0.00660

0.00715

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic p

ow

er

den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)







54

4.2. Descriptive Statistics for all Cells A, B, and C

4.2.1. Descriptive Statistics for 𝑺, 𝑬 and 𝑯 Values at 3 Meter

Table (4.6) summarized the descriptive statistics of the measurements

that obtained to cells A, B and C for fifty stations at 3 𝑚 where 𝑆 value, 𝐸

and 𝐻 are also given. The result illustrates the lowest and the highest

measurements and means:

The means for 𝑆 equal 64.64 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2, 47.1×10-4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2,

33.5×10-4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 for cells A, B and C, respectively.

The results show that the means for 𝐸 was 3.3 𝑉/𝑚 at 3𝑚, 2.69 𝑉/𝑚

and 3.02 𝑉/𝑚 for cells A, B and C, respectively

Also the results show that the means for 𝐻 was 8.6 𝑚𝐴/𝑚, 8.1 𝑚𝐴/𝑚

and 7.6 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 at 3m for cells A, B and C respectively.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

0.00000

0.00055

0.00110

0.00165

0.00220

0.00275

0.00330

0.00385

0.00440

0.00495

0.00550

0.00605

0.00660

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic p

ow

er

de

ns

ity (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)




2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22-0.00045

0.00000

0.00045

0.00090

0.00135

0.00180

0.00225

0.00270

0.00315

0.00360

0.00405

0.00450

0.00495

0.00540

0.00585

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

y (

mW

/cm

2)

Distance (m)








55

Table (4.6 ): Descriptive statistics for all cells at 3m

Variable

s Cell Min. Max. mean

Std.

Deviation

Standers

for EQA

𝑺 at 3m (𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2)

Cell A 0 87.9×10-3 64×10-4 13.4×10-3

0.45 Cell B 1×10-4 86.4×10-3 47.1×10-4 12.47×10-3

Cell C 0 27×10-3 33.5×10-4 14.1×10-4

𝑬 at 3m

(𝑉/𝑚)

Cell A 0.60 7.51 3.3 1.65

41 Cell B 0.74 9.5 2.96 1.69

Cell C 0.3118 6.85 3.02 1.45

𝑯 at 3m

(m𝐴/𝑚)

Cell A 11 19.9 8.6 4.7

110 Cell B 3.9 28.9 8.1 5.5

Cell C 0 14.4 7.6 3.1

4.2.1.1 Power Density at Three Meter Distance

Figure (4.53) depicts the measurements of 𝑆 values that were

obtained for cells A, B and C for all stations at 3 𝑚.

The Values of 𝑆 for cell A vary from one station to another, the

minimum value at 3 𝑚 was zero for station No. 27 and most values

of S were less than 15 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2, except two values in station

No. 24 was 41.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 and 87.9 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2.

The maximum value of 𝑆 was 87.9 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 for station No.

47.

The results depicts that 𝑆 value for cells B at 3𝑚 change from one

station to another, the minimum value was 1 × 10−4𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of

stations No. 3, while the maximum value was 86.4× 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of

station No. 45 and the most values were less than 5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2.

Power Density values for cell C approached to zero in the minimum

value of stations No.2 and No.27 but the maximum value was

56

27 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No. 45 and the most of values were

under 4 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51

-0.0055

0.0000

0.0055

0.0110

0.0165

0.0220

0.0275

0.0330

0.0385

0.0440

0.0495

0.0550

0.0605

0.0660

0.0715

0.0770

0.0825

0.0880

0.0935

0.0990E

lectr

om

ag

ne

tic p

ow

er

de

nsit

yn

(m

W/c

m2)

station

Electromagnetic Power Density for cells A at 3m

Electromagnetic Power Density for cells B at 3m

Electromagnetic Power Density for cells C at 3m

Figure (4.53): Electromagnetic power density at 3m

4.2.1.2 Electric Field at Three Meter Distance

Figure (4.54) shows the measurements of 𝐸 that were obtained for

cells A, B and C for all stations at 3 𝑚.

The results show that the values of 𝐸 at 3m has a different values

for cell A, the minimum value was 0.60 𝑉/𝑚 in stations No. 27, while

the maximum value was 7.51 𝑉/𝑚 in station No.10 . The most value

was less than 5 𝑉/𝑚.

The results depicts that 𝐸 at 3 m for cell B has different value for

different cell, the minimum value was 0.74 𝑉/𝑚 of stations No. 8, but

the maximum value was 9.5 𝑉/𝑚 of station No.10. The most values

were less than 5 𝑉/𝑚

57

In addition 𝐸 values for cell C at 3 𝑚 depicts that the minimum value

of 𝐸 value at 3 𝑚 was 0.31 𝑉/𝑚 for stations No. 35, while the maximum

value was 6.85 𝑉/𝑚 of station No.16 and and the most value was less

than 3.50 𝑉/𝑚.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 510

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Ele

ctr

ic f

ield

str

en

gth

(V

/m)

Station

Electric field strength for cells A at 3m

Electric field strength for cells B at 3m

Electric field strength for cells C at 3m

Figure (4.54): Electric field strength at 3m

4.2.1.3 Magnetic Field at Three Meter Distance

Fig. (4.55) describes that the variation of 𝐻 values of all cells A, B

and C of stations at 3 𝑚.

The results show that values of 𝐻 for cells A at 3 𝑚 change from one

station to another, the minimum value was 11 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 for stations No.

39, while the maximum value was 199 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of station No.10.

Also the results for cells B show variety of 𝐻 values at different

distances, the minimum value was 3.9 𝐴/𝑚 in stations No. 14, while


58

the maximum value was 28.9 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 in station No. 50 and the most

value was less than 12.5 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 at 3𝑚.

The results for cells C illustrate that values of 𝐻 at 3 m change from

one station to another, the minimum value was 3.1 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 for stations

No. 48, while the maximum value was value 14.47 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 in station

No.16.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 510.0000

0.0025

0.0050

0.0075

0.0100

0.0125

0.0150

0.0175

0.0200

0.0225

0.0250

0.0275

0.0300

0.0325

Mag

neti

c f

ield

str

en

gth

(A

/m)

Station

Magnetic field strength for cells A at 3m

Magnetic field strength for cells B at 3m

Magnetic field strength for cells C at 3m

Figure (4.55): Magnetic field strength at 3m

4.2.2. Descriptive Statistics 𝑺, 𝑬 and 𝑯 Values at 6 Meter

Table (4.7) illustrates the descriptive statistics of the measurements

of 𝑆, 𝐸 and 𝐻 values that obtained to cells A, B and C for fifty stations

6 𝑚. The lowest, the highest and means values were calculated and

depicted at the previous table.

The means for 𝑆 equal 34 × 10−4𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2, 19.6 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 and

26.2 × 10−2 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 for cells A, B and C respectively.

59

The results exhibit the means of 𝐸 was 2.45 𝑉/𝑚 at 3 𝑚, 2.37 𝑉/𝑚

and 2.36 𝑉/𝑚 for cells A, B and C respectively.

Also the results illustrates that the means for 𝐻 was 6.7 𝐴/𝑚,

19.8 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 and 6.3𝑚𝐴/𝑚 for cells A, B and C at 6 𝑚 respectively.

Table (4.7): Descriptive statistics for all cells at 6m

Variables Cell Min. Max. mean Std.

Deviation

Standers

for EQA

𝑺 at 6m

(𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2)

Cell A 0 44.3×10-3 34×10-4 68.7×10-3

0.45 Cell B 0 14.7×10-3 19.6×10-4 25.2×10-4

Cell C 0 38.5×10-3 26.2×10-4 55.6×10-4

𝑬 at 6m

(𝑉/𝑚)

Cell A 0.27 7.70 2.45 1.58

41 Cell B 0.42 7.45 2.37 1.44

Cell C 0.22 5.57 2.36 1.23

𝑯 at 6m

(m𝐴/𝑚)

Cell A 0.3 20.4 6.7 4.6

110 Cell B 0.4 19.8 6.2 6.2

Cell C 0.6 14.8 6.3 3.2

4.2.2.1 Power Density at six Meter Distance

Figure (5.06) shows that the values of 𝑆 vary for cells A, B and C to

all stations at 6m.

The values of S at 6 𝑚 for cells A change from one station to another,

the minimum value was zero of stations No. 12, 27 and 32 while the

maximum value 44.3 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No.47.

According to the following figure, which describe the variation of 𝑆

values at 6m for cells B. The minimum value closed to zero of station

No. 8, 31, and 36 while the maximum value was 14.7 ×

10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No. 16 and the most value was less than 3 ×

10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2.

61

The results depicts that the minimum value of 𝑆 value at 6 𝑚 for cells

C approached to zero of stations No. 6, 27 and 35, while the maximum

value was found 38.50 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No.23.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51

-0.0035

0.0000

0.0035

0.0070

0.0105

0.0140

0.0175

0.0210

0.0245

0.0280

0.0315

0.0350

0.0385

0.0420

0.0455

0.0490

0.0525

Ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

tic p

ow

er

de

nsit

yn

(m

W/c

m2)

Station





4.2.2.2 Electric Field at six Meter Distance

Figure (4.57) shows that the variation of 𝐸 values of all cells A, B and

C at 6m.

According to the following figure, which describe the variation of 𝐸

values at 6m for cells A. The minimum value was 0.27 𝑉/𝑚 of station

No. 21, while the maximum value 7.7 𝑉/𝑚 of station No. 45 and the

most value was less than 4.27 𝑉/𝑚.

In addition 𝐸 values at 6m for cells A, the minimum value of 𝐸 was

0.42 𝑉/𝑚 of stations No. 45, however the maximum value was found

7.45 𝑉/𝑚 of stations No. 16 and the most value was less than 4 𝑉/𝑚.

61

The minimum value of 𝐸 was 0.22 𝑉/𝑚 of station No. 35, while the

maximum value was 5.57 𝑉/𝑚 for station No. 15 at distance equal 6

𝑚 for cells C.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51

0.00

0.85

1.70

2.55

3.40

4.25

5.10

5.95

6.80

7.65

8.50

9.35

10.20

Ele

ctr

ic f

ield

str

en

gth

(V

/m)

Station





4.2.2.3 Magnetic Field at six Meter Distance

Figure (4.58) shows that the variation of 𝐻 values of fifty cells A, B

and C of stations at 6m.

The results depicts that the minimum value of 𝐻 value at 6 𝑚 for cells

A was 0.3 𝐴/𝑚 of stations No. 36, while the maximum value was 20.4

𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of stations No. 45 at 6𝑚.

𝐻 value minimum at 6 𝑚 for cells B was 0.4 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of stations No. 9,

while the maximum value 19.8 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of stations No. 16.


62

Results also presented the lowest value of 𝐻 at 6 𝑚 for cells C was

0.6𝑚𝐴/𝑚 in stations No. 35, while the highest value was 14.8 𝑚𝐴/𝑚

in stations No. 15.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51

0.0000

0.0015

0.0030

0.0045

0.0060

0.0075

0.0090

0.0105

0.0120

0.0135

0.0150

0.0165

0.0180

0.0195

0.0210

0.0225

Mag

ne

tic

fie

ld s

tre

ng

th (

A/m

)

Station





4.2.3. Descriptive Statistics 𝑺, 𝑬 and 𝑯 Values at 𝟐𝟎 Meter

Table (4.8) summarized the descriptive statistics of the measurements

were done to cells A, B and C for all stations at 20 𝑚 where 𝑆, 𝐸 and 𝐻.

It has been observed of station No. 19 have only two cells A and B. The

result illustrates the lowest and the highest measurements and means:

The means for 𝑆 values equal 1.4 × 10−4𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2, 1.4 × 10−4𝑚𝑊/

𝑐𝑚2 and 1.83 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 at 20m, respectively.

Furthermore the depicts the means for E was 0.56𝑉/𝑚, 0.6 V/m and

0.77 𝑉/𝑚 at 20𝑚, respectively.

63

Also the results show that the means for 𝐻 was 1.6 𝑚𝐴/𝑚, 1.7 𝐴/𝑚

and 2 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 at 20𝑚, respectively.

Table (4.8): Descriptive statistics for all cells at 06m

Variables Cell Min. Max. mean Std.

Deviation

Standers

for EQA

𝑺 at 02m

(𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2)

Cell A 0 7×10-4 1.4×10-4 1.8×10-4

0.45 Cell B 0 8×10-4 1.4×10-4 1.7×10-4

Cell C 0 13×10-4 18.3×10-4 26.7×10-4

𝑬 at 02m

(𝑉/𝑚)

Cell A 0.04 1.65 0.56 0.44

41 Cell B 0.09 1.8 0.6 0.38

Cell C 0.08 2.68 0.77 0.53

𝑯 at 02m

(m𝐴/𝑚)

Cell A 1 9 1.6 1.6

0.11 Cell B 0.1 7.5 1.7 1.4

Cell C 0.1 7.1 2 1.4

4.2.3.1 Power Density at Twenty Meter Distance

Figure (5.09) exhibits that the values of 𝑆 for cells A, B and C for all

stations at 20𝑚.

The results show that the values of 𝑆 at 20 𝑚 for cells A approached

to zero in the lowest value and in the most of stations but the highest

value was 7 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of station No.(6, 11)

In addition, The minimum value of 𝑆 for cells B was zero, while the

maximum value was found 8 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of stations No. 16 at

20 𝑚.

Also the results depicts that the minimum value of 𝑆 was zero at 20 m

for cells C of station No. 19, whilst the maximum value 13 ×

10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of stations No. 40.

64

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51-0.000085

0.000000

0.000085

0.000170

0.000255

0.000340

0.000425

0.000510

0.000595

0.000680

0.000765

0.000850

0.000935

0.001020

0.001105

0.001190

0.001275

0.001360

0.001445

Ele

ctr

om

ag

neti

c p

ow

er

den

sit

yn

(m

W/c

m2)

Station





4.2.3.2 Electric Field at Twenty Meter Distance

Figure (4.60) describe that the variation of 𝐸 values of all cells C of

stations at different distances.

In addition, 𝐸 values at 20𝑚 for cells A, the most value was less than

1.6 𝑉/𝑚 and the minimum value was 0.04 𝑉/𝑚 of station No. 2, while

the maximum value 1.65 𝑉/𝑚 of station No. 11.

Results also depicts for cells B, the minimum value of 𝐸 at 20 𝑚 was

0.09 𝑉/𝑚 of stations No. 14, while the maximum value was found 1.8

𝑉/𝑚 of station No.16. The most values were under 1 𝑉/𝑚

For 𝐸 values at 20 𝑚, the minimum value was 0.08 𝑉/𝑚 for cells C of

station No. 32, while the maximum value 2.68 𝑉/𝑚 in station No. 24.

65

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51

0.00

0.22

0.44

0.66

0.88

1.10

1.32

1.54

1.76

1.98

2.20

2.42

2.64

2.86

Ele

ctr

ic f

ield

str

en

gth

(E

/m)

Station





4.2.3.3 Magnetic Field at Twenty Meter Distance

Fig. (4.61) illustrates that 𝐻 to all cells C for stations at 20 𝑚

The following figure illustrates that the values of 𝐻 at 20 𝑚 for cells

A, the minimum value of 𝐻 equal to 1 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of station No.26 , while

the maximum value was 9 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of stations No.42.

The flowing figure shows that 𝐻 values for cells B, the minimum value

0.1 𝐴𝑚/𝑚 of stations No. 24, while the maximum value 7.5 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 in

stations No. 20.

Also, the results depicts that values of 𝐻 at 20 m for different cell C,

the minimum value was 0.1 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of stations No. 47, but the maximum

value was 7.1 𝑚𝐴/𝑚 of stations 48.


66

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.020

0.022

0.024

Ma

gn

eti

c f

ield

str

en

gth

(A

/m)

Station





4.3 Correlation Coefficient Between the Height of Antenna and the

Level of Radiation

Table (4.9) shows that all 𝑃 −Values (significant) are more than

0.05 at different distances and different heights for cells A, B and C, so

the correlation coefficient are not significant at 0.05, this means there is

no relationship between the electromagnetic power density and the

antenna heights at different distances.

67

Table (4.9): A correlation coefficient between the height of antenna and the level

of radiation

The heights

at 20 m The heights

at 6 m The heights

at 3 m

0.22 Correlation coefficient Electromagnetic

power density at

3 m

Cells

A

0.13 Sig. (2-tailed)


power density at

6 m 0.16 Sig. (2-tailed)


power density at


-0.14 Correlation coefficient Electromagnetic

power density at

3 m

Cells

B



power density at



power density at



power density at

3 m

Cells

C



power density at

6 m



power density at


68

4.4. Analysis of Questionnaire

4.4.1 Sample Distribution According Age, Gender and Qualification

Table (4.10) shows that all participants are male.

Table (4.10): Sample distribution according gender

Variable Frequency Percent

Gender

Male 50 100

Female ـــــــ ـــــــ

Total 50 100

Figure (4.62) describe that thirteen persons represent (26%) of participants

aged (20-29) years, 21 of participants represent (42%) aged (30-39) years

and only four that represent (8%) aged ( > 50) years.

Figure (4.62): Sample distribution according age

In addition the figure(4.63) shows that (30%) of participants are from

Secondary or less holders, (24%) are from diploma holders, (36%) are from

bachelor holders and only (10%) of them having postgraduate degree.

26%

42%

%24

8%

Age

20-29

30-39

40-49

>50

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEsQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Falmazuri08r%2Fanalysis-of-questionnaire-answers&ei=ZGGRVK3wOsTfON21gcAO&usg=AFQjCNFB2GWd4pHGW1kPL-lIOnqn6dJgfw&bvm=bv.82001339,d.ZWU

69

Figure (4.63): Sample distribution according qualification

4.4.2 Operation Period for Stations

Figure (4.64) illustrates that (88%) of operation period of station was (<

4) years and (12%) of them was (5-8) years.

Figure (4.64): Operation period for station

88%

12%

< 4 years

5-8 years

30%

24%

36%

10%

Qualification

Secondary or less

Diploma

Bachelor

Postgraduate

71

4.4.3 Determination of Awareness about the Radiation Risks

Figure (4.65) illustrates that 21 that represent (42%) of participants

are thought that the wave of radiation means risk, however 27 that

represent (54%) are not believe that. Only two that represent (4%) have

no idea about radiation risks.

There are ten that represent (20%) know the type of the radiation emitted

from mobile station, 40 stations that represent (80%) don't know any think

about the types of radiation.

Also the figure shows that 18 that represent (36%) are thought that the

radiation from mobile stations effect on human health while, 23 stations

(46%) don't think that only nine that represent (18%) have no idea.

In addition, 13 that represent (26%) are thought there is relationship

between cancer and radiation form mobile stations but 18 that represent

(36%) don't think that. 34 that represent (68%) said there are any cases of

cancer appear after construction the stations.

71

Figure (4.65): Sample distribution according of awareness about the

radiation risks

4.4.4 Knowledge of the Environmental Protocol for Mobile

Installation

Figure (4.66) shows that (84%) of participants knowledge of the

Protocol are thought that the installation of the stations subjected

according to special regulations, (10%) of participants don't think that and

only (6%) of participants, don't know any think about it, also (40%) of

participants are heard about the environmental protocol for mobile

installation Palestinian and (60%) of participants don't think that.

Also the figure shows that 16 that represent (32%) of participants are the

installation and operation of mobile station supervised by organization

while 30 that represent (60%) aren't the installation and operation of

mobile station supervised by organization and only four that represent

(8%) don't know any think about this subject.

72

The result depicts that (14%) of participants said EQA visited the stations

and (18%) of participants said EQA and MOT visited the station.

Figure (4.66): Knowledge of the environmental protocol for mobile

Installation

Figure (4.67) depicts that the results shows that the majority 27 that

represent (54%) of participants are assessed the process of government

controls to stations is weak, 13 that represent (26%) accepted and ten that

represent (20%) is good.

Figure (4.67): Assessment of government control

54%

26%

20%

Weak

Accepted

Good

73

CHAPTER (5): DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the finding result of the electromagnetic radiation

levels emitted from mobile phones base stations where electromagnetic

power density are obtained.

5.1. Assessment of electromagnetic radiation levels with Palestinian

protocol and international standards

The main concern of electromagnetic radiation exposure has started some

sixty years ago. Several national and international standards, regulations

and recommendations for electromagnetic radiation exposure were

developed for both the general public and those who working with this

field (occupational exposure). These exposure guidelines are usually

similar of based on the thresholds for known adverse effects and they

have a margin of safety in order to protect people from the health effects

of both short and long term exposure to electromagnetic radiation. The

flowing table (5.1) illustrates power density for the standers.

Table (5.1): Reference levels for power density

Standers Frequency

range (𝑓)

E-field

strength

𝑉/𝑚

H-field

strength

𝐴/𝑚

Power

density

W/𝑚2

Calculated

power density

mW/𝑐𝑚2

EQA, 2008 900MHz 41 0.11 4.5 0.45

ICNIRP,

1998

400-2000 MHz 1.375f 0.5 0.0037f 0.5 𝑓/200 0.45

WHO, 2014 400-2000 MHz 1.375f 0.5 0.0037f 0.5 𝑓/200 0.45

FCC, 2011 300-1500 MHz ------- ------- 𝑓/1500 0.6

IEEE, 1999 400-2000 MHz ------- ------- f/200 0.45

Egypt, 2014 900 MHZ ------- ------- ------- 0.45

Iraq, 2010 900 MHZ ------- ------- ------- 0.45

74

According ICNIRP standards, EQA, MOH and MOT has been adopted

with the same value of EMR levels in Palestinian protocol, where the

power density is less than 0.45 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2. We found that EMR levels

emitted from mobile phones base stations in the target sites were vary for

cells A, B and C to all stations at different distances 3 𝑚, 6 𝑚 and 20 𝑚.

The values of 𝑆 levels for cells A at 3 𝑚 was vary from one station to

another, the min. value at 3 𝑚 approach to zero, most values of S at 3

𝑚 were below 15 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 and the max. value of 𝑆 at 3m was

87.9 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 19.3 % of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO,

IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 14.5% of the United States Federal

Communications Commission (FCC) limit. In addition, the min. value of

𝑆 approach to zero while the max. value equal to 44.30 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2

at 6 𝑚 which is 9.84% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and

Iraq limits and 7.38% of FCC. The results shows that the values of 𝑆 at

20 𝑚 approach to zero in the min. value while the max. value was

7 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 0.15% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE,

Egypt and Iraq limits and 0.116% of FCC. In addition, the measurements

shows that the means of 𝑆 for A at 3m was 64.64 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2

which is 1.36% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits

and 1.07% of FCC, moreover S values at 6 m was 34.09 × 10−4

𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 0.75% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and

Iraq limits and 0.56% of FCC whilst 1.4 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 at 20 𝑚 which

is 0.02% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and

0.01% of FCC.

Furthermore, the min. values of 𝑆 levels for cells B at 3 𝑚 was

10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 0.02% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE,

Egypt and Iraq limits and 0.016% of FCC while the max. value was

75

86.40 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 19.2% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO,

IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 14.4% of FCC Whilst the min. value of

𝑆 at 6 𝑚 approach to zero and the max. value was 14.7 × 10−3

𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 3.2% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and

Iraq limits and 2.45% of FCC. In addition the min. value of S at 20 𝑚

was 9× 10−2 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of the most stations which is 20% of the EQA,

ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 15% of FCC, while the

max. value was 8 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 0.17% of the EQA,

ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 0.13% of FCC.

Furthermore, the study shows that the Values of 𝑆 levels vary for cells C,

the max. value was 27 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 6% of the EQA,

ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 4.5% of FCC and the

results depicts that the max. value of 𝑆 value at 6 𝑚 the max. value was

38.5 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 8.55% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO,

IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 6.41% of FCC, but the max. value of 𝑆

at 20 m was 13 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 0.28% of the EQA, ICNIRP,

WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 0.216% of FCC

Based on the above mentioned. It is clear that the EMR levels emitted

from mobile phones base stations much lower than limits are acceptable

for EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, FCC, Egypt and Iraq limits.

Clearly, the results of the present study agree with Abdelati (Abdelati,

2005) who measured of EMR from mobile phone base stations in Gaza. It

is found that measurements are much lower than the exposure limit

recommended by the international standards.

76

(Mousa, 2011) measured EMR from some mobile base stations around

the city of Nablus, power density was found to be between a minimum

value of 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑚² and a maximum of 24 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑚², which

is less than the standard limits. (Yassin et el, 2010) investigate of power

density from mobile phones base stations in some selected locations with

special focus on busy streets, squares and other public places such as bus

stations, student hostels and hospitals Khartoum. Power density ranged

between value of 4 × 10−7 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚² and of 25.75 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2,

which is quite small compared to the standard. The results of the present

study are consistent with the result of (Dode et al., 2011) which observed

the largest power density value was 40.78 × 10−3 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2, and the

smallest was 4 × 10−5 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2, this study verify the existence of a

spatial correlation between base station and cases of deaths by Neoplasia

in the Belo Horizonte municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil.

(Aljabi et al., 2009) shows a relationship between the effect of non-

ionized radiations of mobile base station and human health in several

quarters of Damascus. The aim of the study is to identify the effect of the

mobile base station radiation on the human body and the result shows

that the power density acceptable limit by FCC and is less than

0.58 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2

Obviously, It has been observed that EMR levels for cell A at 6 𝑚 of

station No.3, 15, 19, 23, 33, 37, 42 and 45 has a higher than at 3 𝑚, this

is refers to that cells directed to the densely populated area or to increase

the coverage area. Electromagnetic radiation levels for cell B at 6 𝑚 of

station No.1, 3, 4, 15, 23, 36 and 42 has a higher than electromagnetic

radiation levels at 3 𝑚, this refers to the previous reason in case of cell A.

In addition, electromagnetic radiation levels for cell C at 6 𝑚 of station

77

No.1, 3, 4, 15, 23, 36 and 42 higher than electromagnetic radiation levels

at 3𝑚.

It has been noticed electromagnetic radiation levels of all station very low

or approach to zero because coverage area of the station is a short distance.

This low radiation could be due to the restrictions put on the local mobile

communication operator in using a limited number of frequencies and so

the same frequency must be reused again in a short distance and hence the

radiated power should be kept minimum so as to prevent interference.

In order to explain this low radiation, the GSM system operates in either

the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz band. The 900 MHz band is utilized in

Palestine. This band is divided into two regions: The uplink band (890

MHz to 915 MHz) which is used by the mobile phones and the downlink

band (935 MHz to 106 MHz) which is used by base stations. Each link

band is divided into 200 KHz channels, thereby, providing 124 channels

for communications and one needed for technical reasons. Time Division

Multiple Access is employed to allow each channel to be used by eight

simultaneous sessions. Out of the 124 channels, only 24 are allocated for

Jawwal Company, while the rest are reserved for other networks. The

signals transmitted by Jawwal towers are within the frequency band 955.2

MHz to 960 MHz while the signals transmitted by Jawwal mobile phones

are within the frequency band 910.2 MHz to 915 MHz.

5.2 . Assessment Heights Station and Antenna

Clearly, there are no international standard for technical

requirements for the installation of mobile base stations, except special

standers of electromagnetic radiation levels, so we camper the result of

Palestinian protocol, Egypt and Iraq standers. It has been noticed the

78

heights of station from ground almost between 15 to 50 m for 48 stations,

only two stations higher than 50 m. Also there is no station with elevation

less than 15m. Furthermore, antennas height from the top of the roof were

higher than 6m and this results agree with Palestinian protocol, Egypt and

Iraq standers.

5.3 . Assessment of the Distance Between the Antenna and the

Protective Fence

It is clear that the distance between the antenna and the protective fence

higher than 5 m for 44 station, which agree with Palestinian protocol and

Egypt standers. Also 6 stations less than 5 m because the door of

protective fence is open, However Iraq stander has been recommended to

the closure of the roof fully.

The height of antenna from the nearest building located within 10 meters

radius is higher than 2 m for all stations. This is found consistent with

Palestinian protocol and Egypt standers. However, Iraq stander has been

required 30 meters radius is higher than 4 m in macro cell station.

5.4. Assessment The Results of Questionnaire

According to results, it has been noticed the majority of operation period

of station was built with in last four years, this shows that the number of

stations has significant increase, especially in recent years. Thus , high

electromagnetic radiation levels would be expected due to the increase of

participant to mobile phones.

79

5.4.1. Assessment of awareness about the Radiation Risks of mobile

base station

The results has been illustrated that 21 of study participants are thought

that the wave of radiation means risk, 18 of participants were thought

that the radiation from mobile stations effect on human health, in addition

13 of study participants were thought there is relationship between cancer

and radiation form mobile stations so this reflects the good awareness of

people to health risk due to mobile base station. Certainly, this concern

would give motivation to responsible authority to take in to consideration

for more base stations in future.

5.4.2. Assessment Knowledge of the Environmental Protocol for

Mobile Installation

It was noticed that 84% of the participants indicated that installation of

mobile stations is subject to standards. This implies that people are aware

of these standards issued through the relevant authorizing parties in the

Gaza Strip .

In the other hand, only 32% of the participants indicated that mobile

stations are monitored through relevant governmental parties while 60%

of the participants indicated that these stations are not subject to any

monitoring procedures. This therefore results in raising peoples’ concerns

on the impact of such stations on public health.

The results shows that the majority 52% of participants are assessed the

process of government controls to stations is weak, This indicated that

government authorities do not continuous monitoring stations to measured

the electromagnetic radiation continuously.

81

CHAPTER (6): CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusions

1. It has been noticed electromagnetic radiation levels of all station

very low or approach to zero because coverage area of the station

is a short distance. This low radiation could be due to the restrictions

put on the local mobile communication operator in using a limited

number of frequencies.

2. The obtained readings of electromagnetic radiation levels were less

than the international standards and Palestinian protocol.

3. It has been noticed that the maximum measured value of

electromagnetic radiation levels for cells A at 3 𝑚 was only 19.3%

of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and

14.5% FCC limit. In addition, the maximum value at 6 m equal

9.84% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits

and 7.38% of FCC, also the results shows that the maximum values

of 𝑆 at 20 𝑚 was 0.0015% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE,

Egypt and Iraq limits and 0.116% of FCC.

4. In this study, we observed the maximum value of electromagnetic

radiation level for cells B at 3m was 0.02% of the EQA, ICNIRP,

WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 0.016% of FCC while the

maximum value at 6m was 19.2% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO,

IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 14.4% of FCC Whilst 3.2% of

the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 2.45%

of FCC. In addition the minimum value of S at 20 𝑚 was 9× 10−2

𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 of the most stations which is 20% of the EQA, ICNIRP,

81

WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 15% of FCC, while the

maximum value was 8 × 10−4 𝑚𝑊/𝑐𝑚2 which is 0.17% of the

EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 0.13% of

FCC.

5. The study shows that the maximum values of electromagnetic

radiation level for cells C was 6% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO,

IEEE, Egypt and Iraq limits and 4.5% of FCC and the maximum

value was 8.55% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and

Iraq limits and 6.41% of FCC, but the maximum value of 𝑆 at

20 m was 0.28% of the EQA, ICNIRP, WHO, IEEE, Egypt and

Iraq limits and 0.216% of FCC

6. There is no relationship between the electromagnetic power density

and the antenna heights at different distances.

7. It has been noticed the heights of station from ground almost

between 15 to 50 m for 48 stations, only two stations higher than 50

m and there is no station with elevation less than 15m.

8. It is clear that the distance between the antenna and the protective

fence higher than 5 m for 44 station and the height of antenna from

the nearest building located within 10 meters radius is higher than

2 m for all stations

9. All stations are license by the EQA, but there is not any warning

signs for all station and the roof not completely closed for 13

stations.

10. The result shows 42% of participants are thought that the wave of

radiation means risk and 36% of participants are thought the

radiation from mobile stations effect on human health.

11. It is noticed that 52% of participants are assessed the process of

government controls to stations weak, 26% accepted and 20% good.

82

6.2 Recommendation

Considering safety of people, it is recommended to obligate

telecommunication companies to put warning signs in all places

where base stations exist – in accordance to the Palestinian

regulations / applied protocol.

Building roofs should be closed tightly, so that the roof is only used

for the base station.

Stake holders to provide measurement equipment to measure

radiation generated from such station. Government to provide and

facilitate training a cadre to professionally use such equipment

Government to closely and periodically monitor installations

and operations/performance of base stations.

This study suggests of increase researches on impact radiations on

public health.

To raise public awareness on the impact of such radiations through

different means, such as programs and brochure and media.

To modify and upgrade existing protocols in regard to base stations

to further explain / clarify some terms, for example to stipulate

exclusion zones from schools and kinder gardens.

83

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ANNEXES

Annex (1): Basic information of selected samples (EQA, 2012)

St. Name Address Latitude Longitude

1 G001C 34.4656555 31.5148083 غزة الدرج

2 G058B 34.4182527 31.5061083 البحر–غزة

3 GC129B 34.4770055 31.4905861 غزة الشجاعية

4 GC156 34.4467305 31.4931722 الزيتون –غزة

5 GC165 34.4587666 31.4888333 الزيتون –غزة

6 GM071 34.4198028 31.4790917 الزهراء –غزة

7 GC125 34.4319667 31.5117917 مقابل جامعة القدس -تل الهوا -غزة

8 GC136 34.4271944 31.5162583 الشاليهات –غزة

9 GC012B 34.4631611 31.5406611 شارع المخابرات -غزة

10 GC128 34.4586333 31.5405944 شمال ابراج الفيروز -المشتل

11 GC011C 34.4492083 31.5406555 معسكر الشاطئ

12 GC108 34.4776083 31.5116055 شارع صلاح الدين -غزة

13 GC109 34.4407472 31.5319222 نادي خدمات الشاطئ -الشاطئ -غزة

14 GC101 34.4886527 31.5180333 مقابل مسجد الصديق -القرم دوار -غزة

15 GC044B 34.4347138 31.5240305 غزة_الميناء_ش الرشيد مقابل فندق ادم

16 GC062 34.4852916 31.4979222 غزة/الشجاعية/مخزن شركة الكهرباء

17 GC022 34.4566861 31.52245 غزة/الرمال الشمالي/مسجد فلسطين

18 GC043 34.4658666 31.4983333 غزة/الشجاعية/ش عياد

19 GC079 34.4661166 31.4887277 غزة/الشجاعية/بيارة الحاج عادل الشوا

20 GC072 34.4750027 31.5206416 غزة/التفاح/الزرقا

21 GC008B 34.4467222 31.5055611 غزة/الصبرة/ش المغربي

22 GC064 34.4790833 31.5038611 غزة/تل الشعف

23 GC033B 34.4336111 31.4878888 غزة/المسلخ

24 GC088 34.4373889 31.4992528 غزة/تل الهوا

25 GC056 34.4354166 31.5043611 غزة/جامعة الأقصى/كلية التربية/مبنى الإداره

26 GC078B 34.4286666 31.5036527 غزة/تل الهوا/جنوب مستشفى الهلال

27 GC137 34.4541638 31.5148972 المال الشمالي -غزة

28 GC002B 34.4685083 31.5298083 الجلاء مع الشيخ رضوان. غزة_تقاطع ش

29 GC087B 34.4467027 31.5162555 الرمال الشمالي -غزة

30 GC020B 34.4589555 31.5338666 مفترق العيون -النصر -غزة

31 GC157B 34.4588861 31.5063666 الدرج –غزة

32 GC140 34.4583944 31.4991388 البرهام الشارع الثالث -الزيتون -غزة

33 GC039 34.4499833 31.5331166 الشاطئ –غزة

34 GC163 34.466425 31.5064861 الدرج –غزة

35 GC133 34.45375 31.5032388 الدهشانارع ش –عسقولة -غزة

36 GC130 34.4561722 31.5164222 بجوار الملعب -اليرموك شارع –غزة

37 GC009B 34.4449833 31.5230528 بجوار الشفا -شارع الوحدة -غزة

38 GC041B 34.4687333 31.5051305 ساحة الشوا -التفاح -غزة

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39 GC116 خلف عيادة الشيخ -الشيخ رضوان -غزة

34.4706611 31.5323 رضوان

40 GC113B 34.4791777 31.4958611 الجميزة –الشجاعية -غزة

41 GC105 34.46055 31.497575 شارع صلاح الدين -الزيتون -غزة

42 GC114 34.4560694 31.5347138 بالقرب من دوار درابيه -النصر -غزة

43 GC074 غرب مدرسة -الرمال الشمالي -غزة

34.4487722 31.5232749 فلسطين

44 GC068 34.475775 31.4952027 مقابل مسجد بسيسو - الشجاعيةغزة

45 GC091 34.4481888 31.5307472 غزة/م.الشاطئ/ميدان الشهداء

46 GC047 34.4482083 31.5142194 غزة/الرمال/ش مصطفى حافظ

47 GC003 34.4681777 31.5239416 غزة/شارع النفق/منطقة اليازجي

48 GC004 34.464625 31.5245055 غزة/الجلاء /الغفري

49 GC081B 34.456525 31.5135027 مكتبة البلدية -شارع الوحدة -غزة

50 GN008 34.4640166 31.5341611 غزة/الشيخ رضوان/الشارع الأول

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Annex (2): A consent form all participants to ensure their voluntary

الرحيمبسم الله الرحمن

السيد/ة المشارك:

:تحية طيبة وبعد

ادرس في كلية العلوم بالجامعة الإسلامية بغزة، محمد صبري مصلحانا الطالب

وكمتطلب للحصول على درجة الماجستير أقوم بإعداد بحث بعنوان:

Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation levels Emitted

from Mobile Phones Base Stations in Accordance with

Palestinian Protocol in Gaza Governorate.

المنبعث من محطات الهاتف المحمول في الكهرومغناطيسيتقييم مستوى الإشعاع

محافظة غزة طبقا للبروتوكول الفلسطيني

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى قياس مستوى الاشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي المنبعث عن محطات

الهاتف المحمول في غزة ومقارنتها ببروتوكلول الاشتراطات الفلسطيني, ومعايير

منظمة الصحة العالمية.

ارجو المشاركة في هذه الدراسة بالإجابة عن الأسئلة, حيث ان المشاركة طوعية

ويحق الامتناع عن إجابة أي سؤال.

قة وسرية تامة انوه ان المعلومات التي سوف يتم الحصول عليها ستكون مصدر ث

وسوف تستخدم فقط بغرض البحث العلمي, وبدون ذكر أسماء, لذا ارجو ان تكون

الإجابة دقيقة.

شكرا على حسن تعاونكم معنا

الباحث: محمد صبري مصلح

0597700241

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Annex (3): Arabic version of form of observation

ةـــات المحطــ: بيانأولا

اسم المحطة

الموقع

..…………………………………… :Y: ……………………………………… X احداثيات الموقع

ثلاث اثنان واحد عدد الهوائيات

برج حديدي مؤسسة برج سكني خاص نوع المبنى

تاريخ الانشاء

تاريخ التركيب

اعاتـــرتفثانياً: الإ

. ارتفاع المحطة 1

)المبنى+الهوائي( متر 51اكثر من متر 51- 15من متر 15اقل من

C هوائي B هوائي Aهوائي الهوائيات

ارتفاع الهوائيات على السارية من سطح المبنى .2

)متر(

6أكثر من 6اقل من 6أكثر من 6اقل من 6أكثر من 6اقل من

ثالثاً: الأبـــعاد

المسافة بين السياج الواقي .1

م ( 5والصاري ) متر 5أكثر من متر5اقل من

متر 5أكثر من متر 5اقل من المسافة بين الصاري وأقرب جار .2

ارتفاع الهوائي عن اقرب مبنى في دائرة .3

متر2متر وارتفاع 11نصف قطرها متر 2أكثر من متر 2اقل من

اساتــــالقيرابعاً:

معايير القياسات :

2S=0.45mw/cmH= 0.11A/m, E=41V/m & H

(A/m) E

(V/m) )2S (mw/cm

A الهوائي .1

متر 3 البعد عن الهوائي عند القياس

متر 6البعد عن الهوائي عند القياس

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Bالهوائي .2




Cالهوائي . 3




خامساً: معاييــر عامــــة

لا نعم

؟المحطة حاصلة على ترخيص. هل 1

هل السطح مغلق بالكامل؟ .1

a. في حالة الإجابة ب )لا(هل يوجد سور

متر من مركز القاعدة وسط 5واقي على مسافة

متر على حافة 2المبنى، وسور على بعد

المبنى)الصاري(

هل يوجد إشارات تحذيرية .2

.هل يوجد اكثر من محطة على المبنى .3

a. المسافة كم تقدر الإجابة ب )نعم( في حالة

.بين العمودين متر12اكثر من متر 12اقل من

هل الهوائي موجه باتجاه فناء مدرسة .4

. ملاحظات عامة:5

..............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

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Annex (4): English version of form of observation

94

Annex (5): Arabic Version of Questionnaire

أولاً: الأسئلة المتعلقة بقياس مستوى المعرفة حول اخطار الاشعة

سنة 51اكبر من 49 – 41 39 – 31 29 – 21العمر:

الجنس: ذكر انثى

بكالوريوس دراسات عليا دبلوم متوسط ثانوية عامة فاقل المؤهل العلمي:

12اكثر من سنوات 12 – 9من سنوات 8 – 5من سنوات 4اقل من عمر المحطة

لا نعم لا

اعرف

. هل تعتقد ان كل الاشعاع يعني الخطر؟1

هل تعرف نوع الاشعة الصادرة عن محطات الهاتف المحمول؟ .2

هل تعتقد ان الاشعة الصادرة عن محطة الهاتف المحمول تسبب ضرر .3

على صحة الانسان ؟

الصادر عن . هل تعتقد بوجود علاقة بين مرض السرطان والاشعاع 4

؟المحطة

. هلا ظهرت حالات سرطان في المنطقة بعد تركيب المحطة؟5

aفي حالة الإجابة بنعم، كم عدد الحالات المصابة؟ .

حالات 9 – 7حالات 6 – 4حالات 3اقل من

البروتوكول والتقييمثانياً: الأسئلة المتعلقة بمعرفة

. هل تعتقد بان آلية تركيب المحطات تخضع لاشتراطات خاصة.1

. هل سمعت عن برتوكول الاشتراطات الخاصة بتركيب محطات 2

الهاتف المحمول؟

. هل زاركم أي من المؤسسات الحكومية، المشرفة على تركيب وتشغيل 3

المحطات؟

هي المؤسسة التي زارتكم؟ . في حالة الإجابة بنعم، ما4

سلطة جودة البيئة وزارة الاتصالات الاثنين معا

اخر زيار كانت في أي عام؟ كل عام 2112عام 2113عام 2114خلال هذا العام

لرقابة الحكومية على المحطات؟. تقييمك لعملية ا5

ضعيفة مقبولة جيدة جيدة جدا

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Annex (6): English Version of Questionnaire

96

Annex (7): Environmental Protocol for Mobile Macro cell

Installation

Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation levels Emitted

Documents

Transcript of Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation levels Emitted