Assessment of African American Students:

A Survey of School Psychologists

Presenters:Renée Dawson, Ph.D.

Jennifer Simmons, M.S., ABSNPDiagnostic Center, Northern California

Diagnostic Center Team

Mary Anne Nielsen, Director Renée Dawson, Ph.D., Assistant Director Phoebe Howard, School Psychologist Laurie Berberian, School Psychologist Jennifer Simmons, School Psychologist Marji Stivers, Ph.D., Clinical Psychologist

Purpose of Survey The Diagnostic Center team surveyed school

psychologists in Northern California to determine the following:

• What tools and methods they use to assess African American (AA) students

• Whether or not they are satisfied with these methods

• Whether or not they believe current methods adequately assess AA students

Part of a larger endeavor to improve our assessment practices for AA students at the Diagnostic Center

History of Larry P. v. Riles

Diana v. State Board of Education (1970)

1971-72 Class Action suit on behalf of “minority children” who were overrepresented in EMR classes

1975 State voluntarily placed a “moratorium on IQ testing” for placement in EMR

1979 Judge Peckham ruled standardized intelligence tests “are racially and culturally biased…” (ban on IQ testing for placement in EMR)

1984 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Peckham’s ruling

History of Larry P. v. Riles

1986 CA issued a directive to ban IQ testing of AA students for placement in all special education programs

1986 Larry P. Task Force issued general guidelines for assessment

1992 Superintendent of Education, Bill Honig issued directive reconfirming the 1979 decision

1997 Memorandum from the Department of Education reinforced the 1979 Larry P. Court decision, supported Larry P. Task Force guidelines, and listed prohibited tests based on the 1979 decision

Larry P. Task ForceRecommendations, 1989

Outlined general procedures and suggestions for assessment and consideration of AA students for special education:

Become familiar with student background and culture

Use of consultation-intervention model

Establish well defined procedures and documentation for referrals

Examine for, request, and develop representative norms for tests

Larry P. Task ForceRecommendations, 1989

Recommendations continued:

Employ alternative means of assessment; include personal history and development, adaptive behavior, classroom performance, variety of academic assessments, task analysis, learning processes and “learning potential”

Use of more professional judgment to determine discrepancy

Psychologists should meet and collaborate to establish guidelines and assessment procedures

Actual Outcome

“Unfortunately, more attention seems to have been paid to which tests the Task Force

prohibited than to the complex issues about educational equity they raised.”

Powers, K., Hagans-Murillo, K., Restori, A.

Disproportionality

Using CDE database for 2005-06 AA students represent 7.8% of the public

school enrollment and 11.5% of special education students

European American (EA) students represent 30.3% of the public school enrollment and they represent 34.8% of special education students

Consistent trend across the nation

Disproportionality

Using CDE database for 2006-07 AA students represent 7.6% of the public

school enrollment and 16.2% of special education students

European American (EA) students represent 29.4% of the public school enrollment and they represent 12.4% of special education students

Consistent trend across the nation

0.00%5.00%

10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%

GenEd

SpEd

2005-2006

AA childrenEA children

0.00%5.00%

10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%

GenEd

SpEd

2006-2007

AA childrenEA children

Disproportionality

Discrepancy Model Dilemma

Historically, school psychologists have been required to establish eligibility for Specific Learning Disability based on a discrepancy between ability and achievement

Most districts approach this as a mathematical equation

How can a psychologist establish a discrepancy without getting an ability score?

School Psychologist Survey

Survey was conducted during the 2005-06 school year

Sent to school psychologists in 345 school districts in our Northern California service area

404 surveys returned

Profile of Respondents

50% of survey respondents serve up to 10% AA students

50% of survey respondents serve between 10% and 100% AA students

Roughly representative of the school population in Northern California

Selection of two groups based on the response to the following question:

What percentage of the students you assess is African American?

0-10%

10-20%

20-30%

30-40%

40-50%

50-60%

60-70%

70-100

50% 12% 10% 6% 3% 6% 5% 7%

Percentages do not total 100 due to surveys with no response to this question

Limitations of the Survey

Problems with two-sided survey

Problems with unclear wording

Forced choice did not work for everybody

Similar comments made for yes and no responses (required us to do some interpretation)

The Survey

And the survey said….

Does your district have a standard protocol for assessing AA students?

71% of respondents reported that their districts did not have a standard protocol

We asked respondents to attach their district’s protocol; we received none

A few respondents attached the Larry P. Task Force list of banned tests

“Yes” and “No” responders described similar approaches

Spirit of Larry P.

“Standardized intelligence test” in the context of our survey means:

Concurrent validity with WISC tests

Composite score measuring global ability

Inclusion of acquired knowledge

Group differences

Cognition, intelligence, ability considered interchangeable terms

What formal and informal assessment measures and procedures do you use to determine special education eligibility for AA students?

260 of the 404 surveys (64.4%) list one or more standardized intelligence/cognitive ability tests (e.g., DAS, UNIT)

Use of Standardized Intelligence Tests

The more AA students a school psychologist serves, the more likely s/he is to use standardized intelligence tests (p ≤ 0.001)

Yes No

≤ 10%AA students

33% 67%

> 10%AA students

78% 23%

Are you generally satisfied with the current methods you are using to assess African American students?

Yes No

≤ 10%AA students

35% 65%

> 10%AA students

50% 50%

Respondents serving fewer AA students were more likely to report dissatisfaction (p ≤ 0.01)

Dissatisfaction was high in both groups Potential Factors: Extent of experience or exposure? Cognitive

dissonance? Availability of test materials?

Do you feel that you get the information you need with your current procedures?

Yes No

≤ 10%AA students

45% 55%

> 10%AA students

59% 41%

Respondents serving more AA students were more likely to report that they get the information that they need (p ≤ 0.01)

Are there areas of functioning that you feel unable to assess adequately with your current procedures?

Because the wording of the question did not specify the functioning of African American students, some responders answered in more general terms. For example, several responders mentioned inadequacies in assessing second language learners. These responses were not included.

Areas of Inadequacy

Area %

Cognition/Reasoning 54

Processing 17

Verbal Functioning 11

Benefits of a comprehensive battery 9

Social-emotional functioning 3

Effects of economic/cultural influences 3

Access to test materials 2

Adaptive behavior 0.6

Is there a relationship between using standardized intelligence tests and satisfaction among

psychologists?

Psychologists who are satisfied are slightly more likely to use standardized intelligence tests with AA students (p ≤ 0.5)

Do use Don’t use

Satisfied 62% 38%

Not satisfied 52% 48%

Conclusions Overrepresentation of AA students in special

education persists despite the Larry P. mandate School psychologists surveyed are not given

guidelines by their districts Widespread use of standardized intelligence tests

with AA students continues in Northern California Over 50% of school psychologists surveyed are

not satisfied with the status quo for assessing AA students

Our challenge

How do we conduct culturally appropriate assessments of African

American students without using standardized intelligence tests?

Work in ProgressReasoning Flexibility Concept

FormationMemory

and Learning

Planning Generalization

Observations

Interviews

Medical and school records

Work Samples

Informal Tasks

Where to find this presentation

Diagnostic Center Website:

www.dcn-cde.ca.govProfessional Development

2008 CASP Presentation