Assessing Cardiorespiratory

Endurance

A Fitness Indicator

Running Economy Factors that limit a child’s running

ability are: Gait mechanics Musculotendinous elastic energy storage Surface area-to-body mass ratio Changes in body composition Substrate utilization Ventilatory efficiency & Anaerobic capacity

Most important factor in running economy is stride frequency.

Children and Fitness Testing

FITNESSGRAM 1mile/walk run Skinfolds (calf and triceps) Curl-ups Trunk lifts Push-ups flexibility

1 mile walk/run Recommended

Performance standards not available for K-3

Complete the 1 mile at a comfortable pace for K-3

Equations

Others.. Treadmill Test Initial grade 6% Increments of 2-2.5% grade Duration of stage 2 min Speed 3.0-5.25mph

Cycle

Based on height Requires a greater attention span

than treadmill Can be used if 50 inches tall or

more

Age vs. HR

HR vs. Age

90

140

190

240

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Age (years)

HR (b

eats

/min

)

HR - max

Assessing Strength

Reps before Load

Growth plate fractures comprise 15 to 30 percent of all childhood fractures.

They occur twice as often in boys as in girls, with the greatest incidence among 14-year-old boys and 11- to 12-year-old girls.

An injury that would cause a sprain in adult can be a potentially serious growth plate injury in a young child.

http://sportsmedicine.about.com/library/bl_growthplate.htm

Osgood-Schlatter DiseaseOsgood-Schlatter Disease Caused by repetitive stress or tension on a

part of the growth area of the upper tibia. The disease most commonly affects active

young people, particularly boys between the ages of 10 and 15, who play games or sports that include frequent running and jumping.

Pain may last a few months and may recur until a child's growth is completed.

Patient is a 12 year old black male who initially presented with a history of left knee pain for 4 months.

Patient also claimed to have a "knot" over the anterior aspect of his tibia.

Patient was diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter disease and told to refrain from playing ball for 4 weeks.

Patient continued to play and ended up in an immobilizer for 4 weeks until pain decreased.

http://gait.aidi.udel.edu/res695/homepage/pd_ortho/educate/clincase/osgood.htm

Muscle Changes Muscle mass is always increasing Muscle development rate peaks at

puberty in males. This change is due to the increase in

hypertrophy and not hyperplasia (Increase in fiber number)

Muscle mass peaks at age 16-20 for females

age 18-25 for males

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System Myelination: The process of developing

the Myelin Sheath. Occurs most rapidly during childhood but

continues well beyond puberty. Full development of skill cannot happen until

the myelin sheath and nervous system is developed.

Balance, agility, and coordination improve as children’s nervous systems develop.

Issues Heavy lifting increases risk of

fracturing the epiphyseal plate Especially at the wrist with overhead lifts

Disk rupture No major Olympic lifts (power clean,

clean and jerk, squat, dead lift) Use of machines is recommended

Issues Focus on technique Use 8-10 muscle groups (no

imbalances) Should take no longer than 40-45

minutes Part of a complete program with

cardiovascular, flexibility, warm-up, cool-down

Issues No max lifting Increase Reps before Load Teach children to spot properly as

well 1 instructor for every 10 children

(still not good enough) but may need extra spotters if using free weights

Deciding to weight train Does the child believe it is

worthwhile? Does the child have a desire to

participate? Does the child have the maturity to

listen to directions? Does the child have the discipline to

lift weights several times a week?

For High School Wrestlers Will become mandatory for states to make BW

recommendations based upon body comp. Modified Equation by Lohman BD = (1.0973-

(0.000815*Sum3)+(0.00000084*Sum32)) Sites = Abdomen, Triceps, and Subscapular Based upon body comp calculate desired BWFFW/(.94)

Body Composition %fat boys = 0.735 (sum of calf and

triceps)+1.0 %fat girls = 0.610 (sum of calf and

triceps)+5.1 6-17 years

% fat Are specific equations: 13-15 males = ((5.08/BD) – 4.69) *100 13-15 fem = ((5.12/BD) – 4.69)*100 15-17 males = ((5.03/BD) – 4.59)*100 15-17 fem = ((5.08/BD) – 4.64)*100 17-20 males = ((4.98/BD) – 4.53)*100 17-20 fem = ((5.05/BD) – 4.62)*100

BIA Certain equations are OK for

estimating FFW Children have a different water

content