Assessing and repairing structural damage · Assessing and repairing structural damage Ian...
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Assessing and repairing structural damage
Ian Beecher-Jones
Soil and Water Management Centre
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Outline• Background
• Costs• Causes
• Effects of structural damage• Yield• Tillage• Runoff / Erosion/ flooding
• Assessing structural damage
• Preventing damage
• Repairing damage
• Drainage
• Summary
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Cost of the problem
The assessment explored the total costs of
soil degradation:
• The total quantified costs of soil
degradation are estimated at between
£0.9 bn and £1.2 bn per year.
• Compaction and loss of soil organic
content account for 39% and 45%
respectively of annual costs.
• Silts and sands account 67% of total
estimated erosion costs, and clays and
sands for 91% of compaction costs.
• Almost 80% of total quantified costs occur
offsite.
• In terms of soilscapes, arable farming
accounts for over 70% of erosion and
compaction related costs.
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Cost of compaction
Relationship between maize silage yield and soil bulk density (Quebec)
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Traffic control effects on energy/costs requirements (kWh/ha) (£/ha)
*After: Nix 43rd Edition (2013) c.25p/kWh
at 65% Tractive efficiency (Innes and Kilgour, 1980)
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Causes of structural damage
• Machinery
• Weather
• Livestock
• Nature
• Farming practices
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Good soil structure
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Good soil structure
• Large pores and small aggregates
• Plant roots need to push aggregates away from them as they growo They need somewhere to push the soil
that they displace
• Therefore, aggregates should be smaller than the diameter of the plant roots
• Lots of small (<1 cm diameter) aggregates are better than a few large aggregates/clods
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Aggregate Stability
Grassland Arable (60 years)
3% SOC 1.5% SOC
Highfield Arable/Grass Rotation Experiment
Rothamsted (Established 1949)
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Visual soil assessment
After: Shepherd (2000), Visual Soil Assessment, Volume 1, Landcare
Research, New Zealand
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Visual soil assessment
After: Vaderstad, TARGET on establishment
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Assessing soil structure
Penetrometer
Conductivity scanning
Profile pits
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EMI Scanning
(After: Smith, 2001)
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Random Traffic
Controlled Traffic
Assessing soil structure
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Assessing soil structure
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Assessing soil structure
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Google Earth
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Traffic management
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Visual indicators
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Visual indicators
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Soil structure
Impaired capillary movement
of water
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Visual assessment
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Investigate
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Investigate
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Investigate
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What others are saying
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What can we do
• Don’t put it in the first place
• Can we use nature to help us?
• Mechanical solutions
• Combination of both?
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Protect the soil
• Re-site gateways away from high risk areas• Reduce stocking densities when soils are wet
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Protect the soil
• Move feeders to clean areas – if you can
• Place livestock drinkers and feeders on hard bases
(e.g. option CSF007 in the UK's Capital Grants
Scheme in CSF areas)
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Feeding areas & Walkways
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Protect the soil
• Fence waterways
• Construct bridges for livestock crossing streams
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Protect the soil
• Provide alternative drinking systems for livestock
that rely on surface water; for example, pasture
nose pumps which use the cattle's own energy to
pump water
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Keep some cover on the soil
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Depth of compaction
>30cm
0 – 15cm
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Earthworms
• Improve soil structure
• Release nutrients
• Most active spring and autumn
• Improve drainage
• Mix soil
• Spread mycorrhizal spores
• Lose C – emit N2O
• Generate humus
• Support other wildlife
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Quick solutions
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Loosening devices
• Aerators
• Sward lifters
• Subsoilers
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Aerators
• Working depth – upto 10cm• Surface spikers or slitters
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Sward lifters
Working depth – 20 – 35cm
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The result
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Subsoilers
Twin leg subsoiler Conventional subsoiler High Winged subsoiler
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Hydrograph of mole drain discharge
with leg fissures
Hydrograph of mole drain discharge
without leg fissures
Time, hAfter: Leeds Harrison, Spoor & Godwin, 1982
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Tine critical depth
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After: Spoor, et al, 2003
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Wearing parts
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Tines for the job
Wide point, high wing lift
Narrow point, low wing lift
Plain tine
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After: Spoor and Godwin, 1978
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After: Spoor and Godwin, 1978
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Soil disturbance
After: Spoor & Godwin 1978
Plus shallow leading tines
Wings only
Draught
Force
(tonnes)
Area of
disturbance
(m2)
Specific
resistance
(tonnes/m2)
2.39 0.24 9.6
2.35 0.42 5.4
Similar: Almost double: 45% reduction
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Draught 20.43 kN 26.58 kN
Disturbed area 0.098 m2 0.184 m2
Specific resistance 208 kN/m2 144 kN/m2
After: Spoor and Godwin, 1978
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Leading tines
After: Spoor & Godwin, 1978
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Soil disturbance
• Simple tines = 1.5 x depth of work
• Winged tines = 2.0 x depth of work
• Winged tines + = 2. 5 x depth of work (of
shallow leading tines deeper tine)
After: Spoor & Godwin, 1978
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Cultivate at the right time
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Correct seedbed
• Timing
• Correct equipment
• Drainage
• Fine, but firm
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Infiltration / soil wetting
0 mins
Coarse/Fine Fine/Coarse
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Infiltration / soil wetting
0 mins3 mins
5 mins 8 mins
Coarse/Fine Fine/Coarse
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Infiltration / soil wetting
8 mins
Coarse/Fine Fine/Coarse
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Topsoil loosening guidelines
• Check what compaction is in the profile
• Don’t loosen on poorly drained soils
• Loosen soils in the Autumn
• Choose equipment carefully
• Set equipment correctly
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Topsoil loosening guidelines
• Beware of re-compaction• Cut or graze the site immediately before treatment
• Avoid grazing after loosening and conserve rather than graze in the first spring after treatment
• If late growth needs utilising, use sheep rather than cattle to minimise re-compaction damage
• Do not spread slurry on recently loosened fields.
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Reseeding
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Reseeding
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Reseeding
• Pick fields for reseeding carefully.
• Reseeding decisions should be based on ryegrass content,
quality, productivity and weed infestation, rather than age.
• Reseed in the autumn (August or early September) if
possible.
• Autumn seeding may encourage rapid establishment given
sufficient moisture, warm autumn soils
• Autumn sowing allows the new sward to be far more
productive in its first season.
• Old sward can be used up to July or early August
• A summer grazed brassica can be used as a short term
break crop
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Timing
• Not too late
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Reseeding
• Destroy old swards effectively and efficiently• Ensure the best soil condition before sowing• Correct nutrient indicies
• pH of at least 6 • P & K indices of more than 2
• Lime before seeding• Inspect the profile for compaction, pans and heavy poaching
too• Sub Soil wet areas to improve drainage• Select the correct mixture
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Reseeding
• A fine firm seedbed
• Moisture matters
• Plough to bury sward residues
• Shallow drill with calibrated drill
• Don’t drill if too wet or dry
• Roll afterwards to retain moisture
• Keep an eye on slugs, leatherjackets and weeds
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Compaction
Don’t create damage in the first place
• Costly to repair• Root of many growth issues• How can drainage help?• Infiltration rates
Livestock opportunities• Stock rotations• Housing• Fencing off areas near water courses
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Compaction management
• Dual wheels on the tractor• Timeliness of operation• Method of working the field• Sward lifter
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Drianage
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Completion plans
• Existing infrastructure, make sure it works
• Can anything be added?
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What can I do?
• Walk ditches – keep them clean
• Subsoil & mole drain in drier conditions, if correct soil type
• Clean current drains
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Cleaning drains
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Ditching
• £300 / day
• Move water
• Talk to drainage contractor
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Drainage does it pay?
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12 months later
Cost: €2800/acre
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Conclusions
• Look after the soil
• Keep weight off at inappropriate times
• Choose remedial action carefully
• Timeliness is key
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Conclusions
• Get the balance right