Asian Empires/Early African Kingdoms

Mr. OchoaWorld History

Chapters 10 - 12

Building A Muslim Empire (pgs. 310 – 316)Early Challenges to Islam

Arabs unite under Islam• Muhammad dies – need successor– Abu Bakr (father in law)

• Becomes caliph (successor)• Followers refuse Bakr• Winning battles against rivals unites Muslims• Converted Arab tribes to Islam

Early Victories• Victory for 1st four caliphs– Defeats Byzantines & Persians

Divisions Emerge Within Islam

Sunnis & Shiites• Shiites believed Muhammad designated Ali

(son in law) to become successor– Believe true successors to prophet are decedents

of Ali & Muhammad’s daughter– Empowered to interpret the Quran & actions of

Muhammad• Sunnis – inspiration comes from example of

Muhammad as recorded by early followers

Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire

Expanding the Muslim Empire• Ali death – Meccan clan set up Umayyad

(Sunni Dynasty)– From Egypt Muslim armies defeated Byzantine

forces across N. Africa– 711, Muslim forces conquered Spain– 731, Muslim army moved into France• Lost to Franks at battle of Tours

Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire

Reasons for Muslim success• Enemies weakness– Byzantine & Persian battled each other rigorously – Many welcomed Arabs as liberators

• Fighting Methods– Camel & horse cavalry• Mobile attacks overwhelm foes

– Unified State• Brought together by religion

Umayyad Caliphs Build An Empire

Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate • Problems– Adopted, desert to city living• Tribal leaders to kings with big bureaucracies

– 700s, conquest slows• Tension increased between wealthy Arabs (less)• Resources went to caliphs lifestyle

The Rise of the Abbasids (Abu al-Abbas)

Tried to create empire based on equality• Stopped large military conquest– Reached great wealth & power– Islam becomes more diverse

• Discrimination against non-Arab Muslims ended– Moved capital (Damascus to Baghdad)

Splendors of Baghdad• Al Mansur made Baghdad capital– Poets, scholars, philosophers, & entertainers– Gardens, palaces, & mosques

Muslim Empire Declines

Seljuk Turks take control• 900, Turks take control– Adopted Islam – empire across Fertile Crescent– 1055, Seljuk Sultan controlled Baghdad

• Mongols sweep across C. Asia– Genghis Khan led Mongols across Asia– 1258 Hulagu (Khan’s grandson) burned & looted

Baghdad

India’s Muslim Empires (pgs. 324-328)The Delhi Sultanate

The Sultan of Delhi Defeats the Hindus• 1000 – Muslim, Turks, & Afghans moved to India– Fierce warriors– Mahmud of Ghazi moved North– 1100s, the Sultan (Muslim ruler) defeated Hindu armies

• Delhi new capital

The Sultans lose power• 1398 Tamerlane invaded India– Thousands of artisans were enslaved to build capital

(Samarkand)

The Delhi Sultanate/Muslim & Hindus Clash

– Sultans no longer controlled large empire• N. India fragmented

– Rivals Hindu & Muslim states

Hindu-Muslim Differences• Muslim conquest of N. India inflicted disaster on Hindu

& Buddhists– Led to decline of Buddhism

• Hinduism ancient religion (polytheistic) – Muslim (Mono)– Hindus, caste system

• Muslim, equality for all (no religious hierarchy)

A Blending of Cultures

Muslim Sultans grew tolerant of Hindus• Muslim scholars argue that behind Hindu gods were a

single power– Hinduism accepted as monotheistic religion– Hindus allowed to practice if they paid poll tax– Muslims absorbed elements of Hindu culture

• Marriage customs & caste ideas– Indian man, Nanak, sought to blend Islamic & Hindu beliefs

• Unity of god• Led to new religion Sikhism (caste, reincarnation)

Mongol India/Akbar the Great

Babur – claimed descent from Genghis Khan• Took over Delhi set up the Mongol Dynasty– 1526 – 1857

Akbar the Great (Babur’s grandson)• 1556 – 1605– Opened govt. jobs to Hindus– Treated Hindu princes as his partners– Ended tax on non-Muslims– Promoted religious tolerance

• Paid officials, encouraged trade, standardized weight & measures

Akbar the Great

Akbar’s Successors• Nur Jahan – Akbar’s son– Left most of the duties to his wife– Shah Jahan – Akbar’s grandson• Wife died at 39 after giving birth to 14 children

– Built Taj Mahal after her

The Ottoman & Safavid Empires (pgs. 329-333)

The Ottoman Empire Expands• Ottomans – Turkish speaking nomadic people– Constantinople falls to Ottomans– Mehmet II captured Constantinople (1453)• Ottomans launched ships outside Constantinople• Two month siege – cannons blasted gaps in walls• New capital of the Ottoman empire (Istanbul)• Ruled for next 200 years

The Ottoman Empire Expands

Suleiman the Magnificent (Golden Age)• Ruled from 1520 – 1566– Modernized army & conquered many lands– 1529, armies besieged Vienna (Austria)– Failed to take it over• Had most powerful empire in both Europe & the

Middle East for centuries

Ottoman Culture

Society is Organized Into Classes• Social classes– Top men of the sword – soldiers who guarded the

Sultan & defended scientists, lawyers, judges & poets

– Middle – merchants, tax collectors, & artisans– Bottom – farmers or herders

Ottoman Culture

Janizaries – The Elite Force• Ottomans recruited officers for army & govt.– Converted to Islam & put in military training– Best recruits were placed in janizaries

• Elite force of the Ottoman empires

Decline of the Ottomans• Declined after Suleiman death– Killed two sons

• Believed they were guilty of treason• 3rd son (Selim II) was successor

– Bureaucracy became corrupt

The Safavid Empire

Abbas the Great• Safavid Dynasty (Iran)– Shiite Muslims– King called the Shah– Shah Abbas ruled from 1588 to 1629• Created military force modeled on the Ottoman janizaries• Reduced taxes on farmers & herders• Tolerated non-Muslims• New capital Isfahan

The Safavid Empire

The Safavid Empire declines• Declined after Abbas’ death– Faced pressure from Ottomans– Shiite scholars challenged Shahs authority– Encouraged persecution of religious minorities• Sunni Afghans rebelled

– Late 1700s Qajars won control of Iran

Early Civilizations of Africa (340-344)The Influence of Geography

Graphic patterns• Physical features

– Tropical rain forests– Savannas – grassy plains– Sahara – largest desert in the world– Cataracts – water falls

Resources Spur Trade• Mineral wealth

– Salt, gold, iron, and copper• Camels used for trading

– Created new trade networks

People & Ideas Migrate

The Sahara dries out• 5500 B.C., domestication of plants & animals– Farming spread across N. Africa

• 2500 B.C., climate dried out Sahara– Desertification, destroyed thousands of acres – Migration ensued

The Bantu Migration• Bantu speakers – migrated into Southern Africa– Spread farming, iron working, & domestication

Nubia Flourishes Along the Nile

Nubia Rivals Egypt• Upper Nile (Nubia/Kush)– Trade led to contact between Nubia & Egypt• Rivals emerge/control of land

– 1500 B.C. Nubia was under Egyptian control (500 yrs.)• Nubians adopted Egyptian traditions

– 1100 B.C. Egyptian control declined & Nubia gained independence

– 730 B.C. Nubian King Piankhi conquered Egypt

Nubia Flourishes Along the Nile/Outside Influences

Splendor & decline• Nubian culture

– Worshiped own gods– Artistic styles showed freedom– Own writing system– 350 A.D. overtaken by the kingdom of Axum

Phoenicians Build Carthage• N. African power

– Traders founded on Mediterranean coast– 800 B.C. – 146 B.C. empire stretched from Tunisia, Algeria, & Morocco

to S. Europe– Burnt to ground after 3rd Punic War

Outside Influences

Rome rules N. Africa• Rome gained control of N. Africa– Built roads, dams, aqueducts & cities– Christianity spread to N. Africa

Islam spreads into Africa• 690s, Muslim Arabs conquered & occupied N.

Africa– Islam replaces Christianity– Cairo & Marrakesh emerge

Kingdoms of W. Africa (346-351)Trade in the Sahara

Surplus Leads to Trade• Sahara dried out– Moved to savanna area (grassland)– 100 C.E. agricultural villages were expanding

• Along Senegal & Niger Rivers– Began to produce a surplus

• Trade for products– Trade network linked savanna forest land in S. Africa

• Funneled goods across the Sahara & along the Mediterranean

Trade in the Sahara/Ghana Land of Gold

Trading Gold for Salt• Available in Ghana, Nigeria, & Senegal– Between 500-1600, 8 tons exported annually– W. Africans traded for salt

• Lost in sweat• Food preservation• Abundance of salt in Sahara

Ghana land of gold• Not present day Ghana (Mali)– Niger & Senegal

• King collected tolls on all goods flowing

The Kingdom of Mali

Mansa Musa Rules Mali• Mali “where the king dwells”– Mansa – King of Mali– Expanded influence over the gold-mining regions– Mansa Musa takes over in 1312• Expanded borders form Mali to the Atlantic• Converted to Islam

– Promoted religious freedom & tolerance

Kingdoms E. Africa (352-356)Axum: Center of Goods & Ideas

Axum• Axum people descended from African farmers &

people of Middle East– Brought Jewish traditions through Arabia

Trade Brings Wealth• Trade network (triangle) Africa, India, &

Mediterranean world– Goods & enslaved peoples funneled through

• Ivory, animal hides, & gold• Irons, spices, precious stones

Axum: Center of Goods & Ideas/Ethiopia

Axum Converts to Christianity• 300s Christianity reached Axum– King Ezana made Christianity the official religion– 600s, Islam spread across the region

• Many rulers embraced the faith– Axum remained Christian (isolated from network)– Civil War & economic decline weakened Axum

Ethiopia: Isolated• Axum’s cultural ties remained in Ethiopia

Ethiopia Isolated

• Mountains surrounded (protection)– Christianity gave identity different from neighbors– King Lalibela built churches• Carved from ground level downward (still exist)

Judaism in Ethiopia• Kings claimed descent form king Solomon

(israelite)– Some practiced Judaism rather than Christianity

East African City-States

Trading Centers Flourish• Trading goods– Ivory, leopard, skins, iron, copper, gold• Arabia, Persia, & China

– Cotton cloth, silk, spices, & porcelain• India, S.E. Asia, & China

– Merchants became wealthy & local rulers created strong city-states

East African City-States/The Stone Houses Great Zimbabwe

Trade shapes Swahili• E. African international trade system

– Swahili (language) developed– Settlers arrive

• E. African culture absorbs new elements– Architecture (E. African & Arabic designs)

Inland capital of Trade• Zimbabwe (Bantu meaning stone houses)

– Flourished between 900s – 1500• Brought iron, mining, methods & farming skills

– Archaeologists found beads from India & porcelain from China• Part of trade network across Indian Ocean

Zimbabwe falls to Ruins• 1500 begins to decline

– Some suggest population had grown too much– Civil war & dwindling trade

Societies in Medieval Africa (357-361)

Family patterns• Nuclear family – parents & children living together• Extended family – parents, children, & several generations such as

grandparents & unclesKinship• Family organizations

– Patrilineal, inheritance passed through father’s side– Matrilineal, inheritance traded through mother’s side

Extended Lineages• Lineage – group of households who claimed a common ancestor

– Several lineages = clan• Gives sense of community & responsibility to community

Political Patterns

Power sharing• As community grows, need for govt. increases• Power shared among a number of people– Some chiefs had more authority– Some elders made decisions– Some women took dominate role– Consensus – general agreement

• Older men & women opinions carry more weight

Limited power• Villages grouped into districts governed by king

Religious Beliefs/Golden Ages of China

Beliefs• Polytheistic– Identified forces of nature with divine spirits

• Rituals and ceremonies– 1000 C.E., Christianity & Islam spread to many

regionsThe Tang Dynasty Reunifies China• Han Dynasty collapses in 220• Tang Dynasty restores China 618

The Tang Dynasty Reunifies China

The Tang Build an empire• Li Yuan general of Sui Dynasty– Li Shimin (Son) urged revolt– Father & son crushed rivals – Shimin takes throne becomes Tang Tai Zong– Conquered land in C. Asia– Vietnam, Tibet, & Korea became tributary states• Acknowledged Supremacy of China

The Tang Dynasty Reunifies China

The Government & Economy Grow• Wu Zhao (only female empress) restores

uniform govt.– Built bureaucracy • Recruited talented officials

– Set up schools– Emperors created land reform• Break up large agricultural holdings & redistributed

land to peasants

The Tang Dynasty Reunifies China/China’s Ordered Society

The Tang Dynasty declines• Weakens– Lost land in C. Asia to Arabs– Corruption, high taxes, drought & famine– 907, rebel general overthrew the last Tang emperor

The Gentry value education• Scholars top of social pyramid– Most came from gentry

• Wealthy landowner class

China’s Ordered Society– Could afford years of studying Confucian classics– Song Dynasty valued education more than physical labor (Song

created gun powder)– Emphasized social order based on duty, rank & proper behavior

Peasants work the land• Most lived on what they produced

– Drought & famine always a threat– Lived in small villages– Village leader & council of elders

• Resolved disputes– Peasants could move up (education & civil service)

China’s Ordered Society

The status of women• Women ran family affairs– Wife & mother managed finances– Boys valued more than girls– Women became part of husbands family

• Could not keep dowry– Payment women bring to a marriage

– Binding feet• Only half a foot allowed to grow naturally• Tiny feet became symbol of beauty

The Mongol & Ming Empires (376-382)Mongol Armies Build An Empire

• Mongols nomadic people– Grazed their horses & sheep on steppes (treeless plain)– Genghis Khan (Universal ruler)

• Empire Pacific Ocean to E. Europe

Mongols invade China• G. Khan, strict military discipline

– Most skilled horsemen– He could order a massacre of a whole city– Conquered Asian steppe

• Easy– China created a problem

• walled cities, cannons used– G. Khan did not see fall of China, heirs dominated for next 150 yrs.

Mongol Armies Build An Empire/China Under Mongol Rule

Rulers Establish order and peace• Conquered had freedom but must pay tribute– G. Khan set precedent– 1200s & 1300s Khan relatives established peace• Pax Mongolia (Mongol peace)• Mongols controlled the Silk Road

China under Mongol Rule• Kublai Khan toppled Song Dynasty in 1279

China Under Mongol Rule

Marco Polo writes about China• Italian merchant– Visited China during the Yuan Dynasty– Spent 17 yrs. In Kublai’s service– Writings• Account of wealth & splendor of China• Efficient mail system

– City of Hang Zhou• Reported 10X bigger than Venice

The Ming Restore Chinese Rule

• Yuan declines after Kublai’s death (1294)– Heavy taxes, corruption, & natural disasters• Led to uprising

– Zhu Yuan Zhang toppled Mongols• Founded Ming Dynasty

– Restored civil service system– Confucian learning

The economy grows• 100 million population

The Ming Restore Chinese Rule/Chinese Fleets Sail

– Chang River valley• Produced rice• Farming improved

– 1500s, China receives corn & sweet potatoes– Canal system linked regions

• Trade grew

Zhang He & his fleets• 1405, He commanded 7 expeditions

– 62, large ships & 200 smaller ones• Crews of 28,000 sailors

– 1405 – 1433 explored S.E. Asia & India• Visited E. Africa• Giraffes imported

Chinese Fleets Sail

Exploration Ends• 1435 He died– Banned building of ships• Ships retired & rotted away

– Why? (Unsure)• Fleets costly/no profit• Scholars had little interest

The Emergence of Japan (387-395)Geography Sets Japan Apart

• Archipelago – chain of islandsSea protect Japan• 4/5 of land too mountainous to farm

– Most people live in narrow river valley– Surrounding seas protected & isolated Japan

• Learned from Korea & China• Too far away for China to conquer• Could reject Chinese influence

Forces of nature• Major forces of nature

– Ring of fire – chain of volcanoes that encircle the Pacific– Cause Tsunamis

Early Traditions

The Yamato Clan claims power• Japanese migrated to island 2,000 yrs. Ago• Early Japanese society divided into clans– Chief (god or goddess)

• Clan original ancestor– 500 C.E. Yamato Clan dominates

• 1st & only dynasty• Claimed direct descent from sun goddess

– Rising sun as a symbol– Later – emperors severed as living god

Early Traditions/Japan Looks to China

A religion of nature• Some clans honored superior powers (Kami)– Natural or divine– Known as Shinto (way of kami)– Still present in Japan

The Japanese visit china• Visitors stayed for year long trips– Learn negotiating, trading & studying– Visitors taught Japanese findings

• Thought, tech, art, govt. ideas• Adopted law code similar to Chinas

Japan Looks to China– 710, capital (Nara) built

• Nobles spoke Chinese• Food & fashion based on Chinese• Buddhism & Confucian ideas took root

Selective borrowing preserves culture• Discarded & modified others (selective borrowing)– Civil service never accepted

• Focused on family position– 800s, Tang China declined– 400 yrs later Japan modified

The Heian Period

Women shape the court• Women forbidden to learn Japanese– Still produced works of literature

Lady Murasaki writes world’s first novel• Best known writer– Murasaki Shikibu• The tale of Genji – world’s first full length novel • Adventures of love of Prince Genji• Sadness permeates through writing

Warriors Establish FeudalismThe ways of the warriors• Shogun distributed lands to vassal lords

– Supported vassals with army in need– Warrior lords – Daimyo

• Lesser warrior Samurai (those who serve)• Developed code of values (Bushido – honor, bravery, & loyalty)

Peasants, Artisans, & Merchants• Peasants 75% of population

– Backbone – cultivated rice– Served as foot soldiers (might become samurai)– Artisans, armor & sword makers (samurai goods)– Merchants – lowest rank

Japan Holds Off Mongols

• Japan refused Mongol rule– 1274, Kublai launched invasion• 30,000 troops, typhoon wrecked many

– 1281 larger group but typhoon came again• Credited it to Kamikaze (divine wind)