Asian 845 china catayas

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Page 1: Asian 845 china catayas

Prepared by: Mera Catayas

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• Originally a tribe living in the lower regions of the Yellow River

during the Xia Dynasty (21st - 17th century BC), Shang was

established by King Tang in 1675 BC after overthrowing the

tyrannical rule of Jie, (Xia's last emperor).

• This dynasty lasted over 600 years and was led by 30

different emperors. As the capital of the Shang was always

based in Yin (the now Xiaotun Village, in Anyang City of Henan

Province), it is also known as 'Yin Shang'.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/shang/

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• 1st Tang - Family name: Zi; Given name:

Tang; He overthrew the tyrannical rule of Jie

of the Xia Dynasty. The society was stable

and the people lived happy lives during his

reign.

• 2nd Wai Bing - Son of Tang

• 3rd Zhong Ren - Son of Tang and younger

brother of Wai Bing

• 4th Tai Jia - grandson of Tang

• 5th Wo Ding - Son of Tai Jia

• 6th Tai Geng - Son of Tai Jia and the younger

brother of Wo Ding

• 7th Xiao Jia - Son of Tai Geng

• 8th Yong Ji - Brother of Xiao Jia; The dynasty

began to decline under his rule.

• 9th Tai Wu - Younger brother of Yong Ji

• 10th Zhong Ding - Son of Tai Wu

• 11th Wai Ren - Son of Tai Wu and younger

brother of Zhong Ding

• 12th He Dan Jia - Son of Tai Wu and

younger brother of Wai Ren

• 13th Zu Yi - Son of He Dan Jia; the Shang

Dynasty came into prosperity again.

• 14th Zu Xin - Son of Zu Yi

• 15th Wo Jia - Son of Zu Yi and the younger

brother of Zu Xin

• 16th Zu Ding - Son of zu Xin

• 17th Nan Geng - Son of Wo Jia

• 18th Yang Jia - Son of Zu Ding; the country

was in decline during his reign.

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• 19th Pan Geng - Son of Zu Ding and the

younger brother of Yang Jia; He moved the

capital to Yin, thus the dynasty is also called

Yin Shang. The country was prosperous during

his reign.

• 20th Xiao Xin - Son of Zu Ding and the

younger brother of Pan Geng. The country

declined again in his reign.

• 21st Xiao Yi - Son of Zu Ding and the

younger brother of Xiao Xin

• 22nd Wu Ding - The best emperor after Pan

Geng. He enlarged the domain of the country

through a war. Social productivity developed

to a high level, including aspects of textile,

medicine, and astronomy. There were great

achievements during his reign.

• 23rd Zu Geng - Son of Wu Ding

• 24th Zu Jia - Son of Wu Ding and younger

brother of Zu Geng

• 25th Lin Xin - Son of Zu Jia

• 26th Geng Ding - Son of Zu Jia and younger

brother of Lin Xin

• 27th Wu Yi - Son of Geng Ding

• 28th Tai Ding - Son of Wu Yi

• 29th Di Yi - Son of Tai Ding; the country was

declined even worse.

• 30th Zhou - Family name: Zi; Given name: Xin;

He acted atrociously toward his people and

doted on his imperial concubine, Daji. He was

finally defeated by the tribe of Zhou.

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Fishing began to grow as an industry as the people

fished in the fresh waters.

The most famous bronze work from this time is the

Simuwu Quadripod, weighing 832.84 kg (about

1836 pounds) it is the largest and heaviest Chinese

bronze vessel.

The improvements in the bronze casting techniques

allowed for delicate musical instruments to be

made. In Yin Xu (Yin Yuins) in Xiao Tun Village of

Anyang City, archeologists discovered musical

instruments of the Shang Dynasty including: Xun

(Ocarina made of baked clay), drums, and copper

cymbals.

Simuwu Quadripod

Xun

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• The Western Zhou was established by King Wu which included

the reigns of 13 emperors and played a very important role in

Chinese history because of its great developments, the Western

Zhou is renowned as the period which saw the height of

splendor of Prehistoric Times.

• Originally a dependency of the Shang, the Zhou developed

quickly under the reign of Wenwang and Wuwang and In 1046

BC, Wuwang defeated the Shang and established the Zhou.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/zhou/western/

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• 1st Wenwang (Ji Chang) - With the assistance of Jiang Ziya, he developed the Zhou that laid the foundation for overthrowing the Shang Dynasty. - 1097 BC - 1046 BC

• 2nd Wuwang (Ji Fa) - The son of Wenwang; He defeated the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BC and established the Western Zhou Dynasty. - 1046 BC - 1043 BC

• 3rd Chengwang (Ji Song) - The son of Wuwang; he established the capital city of Luoyi (near Luoyang in Henan Province). - 1042 BC - 1021 BC

• 4th Kangwang (Ji Zhao) - The son of Chengwang; Under his reign, the Zhou Dynasty prospered. - 1020 BC- 996 BC

• 5th Zhaowang (Ji Xia) - The son of Kangwang; the Zhou Dynasty began to decline during his rule. - 995 BC - 977 BC

• 6th Muwang (Ji Man) - The son of Zhaowang; His reign time is the longest among all the emperors in the Western Dynasty. - 976 BC - 922 BC

• 7th Gongwang (Ji Yihu) - The son of Muwang - 922 BC - 900 BC

• 8th Yiwang (Ji Jian) - The son of Gongwang. The Zhou Dynasty fell into a decline in his reign. - 899 BC - 892 BC

• 9th Xiaowang (Ji Pifang) - The son of Muwang and the younger sister of Zhou Gongwang - 891 BC - 886 BC

• 10th Yiwang (Ji Xie) - The son of Yiwang (899 BC - 892 BC) - 885 BC - 878 BC

• 11th Liwang (Ji Hu) - The son of Yiwang (885 BC - 878 BC); He was a tyrant that abused the people and was defeated in many wars. After the people's rebellion in 841 BC, he was exiled. - 877 BC - 841 BC

• 12th Gong Bohe - He was elected by other vassals to deal with the state affairs after Zhou Liwang was exiled. - 841 BC - 828 BC

• 13th Xuanwang (Ji Jing) - The son of Liwang; He carried out a series of effective innovations and succeeded. - 827 BC - 782 BC

• 14th Youwang (Ji Gongsheng) - The son of Xuanwang; he made fun of his seigneurs in order to make his concubine smile. The Western Zhou Dynasty was lost at last in his reign. - 781 BC - 771 BC

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The Zhou society was based on agricultural production.

The Zhou dynasty put field grid patterns into use, which

promoted efficient use of the land and systematic

irrigation allowing fields to be properly watered.

Iron technology also increased significantly in Zhou

Dynasty. This technology became so well-developed that

the Chinese knew how to produce cast iron a full

millennium before the same technique of producing cast

iron was discovered in Europe.

The Zhou Dynasty contributed a lot to literature. It was

one of the first dynasties to start collecting books

including some famous works such as Zhou Li (Zhou

Rituals), which became a description of how the early

Zhou government was organized and the conduct of a

gentleman.

Source: http://www.chinatraveldepot.com/C160-Zhou-Dynasty

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• Zhou Dynasty is considered the classical age. It was a time of great

philosophers. This cultural flowering is called the One Hundred Schools

Period. Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism developed during this time.

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• The Western Han (206BC - 24AD) was regarded as the first

unified and powerful empire in Chinese history. Lasting from

206 BC to 24 AD, it was established by Liu Bang, who became

Emperor Gaozu following four years of civil war started by

peasant uprisings against the despotic Qin Dynasty (221 -

207BC).

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm

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Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm

• 1st Han Gaozu(Liu Bang) - Son of a

peasant family; He revolted against the

rule of Qin. After defeating Xiangyu (his

rival) during a four-year war, he

established the Western Han in 202 BC

and ruled the country for 12 years. - 206

BC - 195 BC

• 2nd Han Huidi(Liu Ying) - Son of Liu Bang;

Because he was inept to be an emperor, the

power was held in the hand of his mother,

Lvhou. - 195 BC - 188 BC

• 3rd Han Lvhou(Lv Zhi) - Wife of Liu Bang;

After Liu Bang died, she was in the seat of

power although Liu Ying, Liu Gong and Liu

Hong were the emperors in succession. -

188 BC - 180 BC

• 4th Han Wendi(Liu Heng) - The fourth son of Liu

Bang; He lightened the taxes and paid great

importance to production thus promoting the

development of society. Also he was a famously

frugal emperor. - 180 BC - 157 BC

• 5th Han Jingdi(Liu Qi) - Son of Han Wendi; He

carried out serious measures like Wendi had

done and obtained good results. - 157 BC - 141

BC

• 6th Han Wudi(Liu Che) - The ninth son of Han

Jingdi; He subdued the ethnic Xiongnu (Hun)

invaders by wars. The Western Han was in its

most powerful period during the reign of the

Han Wudi. - 141 BC - 87 BC

• 7th Han Zhaodi(Liu Fuling) - The youngest son

of Han Wudi; He lightened the burden of the

peasants and was on good terms with Xiongnu

(Hun). - 87 BC - 74 BC

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• 8th Han Xuandi(Liu Xun) - Also called Liu Bingyi and the great grandson of Han Wudi; During his reign, the ruling position of Confucianism was strengthened and burdens of the people were reduced greatly. - 74 BC - 49 BC

• 9th Han Yuandi(Liu Shi) - Son of Han Xuandi; The Western Han began to decline during his reign. - 49 BC - 33 BC

• 10th Han Chengdi(Liu Ao) - Son of Han Yuandi; He squandered the countries wealth, which caused the country to decline. - 33 BC - 7 BC

• 11th Han Aidi(Liu Xin) - Nephew of Han Chengdi; Although all kinds of social contradictions were sharp, he only believed in ghosts and gods to solve all the problems with the result that Wang Mang stole power. - 7 BC - 1 BC

• 12th Han Pingdi(Liu Kan) - Grandson of

Han Yuandi; was really a puppet of Wang

Mang. Later, he was poisoned to death by

Wang Mang. - 1 BC - 5 AD

• 13th Ruzi(Liu Ying) - He came to the

throne when he was two years old. In 8 AD,

Wang Mang claimed himself as the

emperor and killed Ruzi in 25 AD.

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In industry, productivity was improved greatly in both

metallurgy and the textile industry. Looms were used

taking the place of manual labor in weaving.

The stability of the country and rapid development of the

arts with the invention of paper and porcelain and

industry provided commerce a favorable environment to

develop.

Literature flourished with the invention of paper, as art

flourished with the invention of the loom, and the invention

of porcelain.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm

Coins Inscribed with Characters

"Wuzhu" or "Banliang"

A Wine Vessel with Loop Handle

Pottery Horse, Burial Object

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• Regarded as a continuation of the Western Han (206 BC - 24

AD), the Eastern Han (25 AD - 220 AD) was established by Liu

Xiu, who became the Emperor Guangwu.

• With Luoyang in Henan Province as its capital city, the dynasty

was reined over by 12 emperors in a span of 195 years.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/eastern.htm

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Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/eastern.htm

• 1st Guang Wudi(Liu Xiu) - He joined the

troops to rebel against the Xin. After

defeating the army of Wang Mang, he re-

established the Han Dynasty making

Luoyang its capital city. - 25 - 57

• 2nd Mingdi(Liu Zhuang) - The fourth son of

Guang Wudi; People lived a stable life

during his reign. The famous White Horse

Temple was built under his order. - 57 - 75

• 3rd Zhangdi (Liu Da) - The fifth son of

Mingdi; He was also regarded as a

calligraphist adept at cursive scripts. - 75 -

88

• 4th Hedi(Liu Zhao) - The fourth son of

Zhangdi - 88 - 105

• 5th Shangdi (Liu Long) - The youngest son

of Hedi - 105 - 106

• 6th Andi (Liu Hu) - Grandson of Zhangdi; The social

divide was increased and all kinds of social

contradictions became sharp under his rule. - 106 - 125

• 7th Shundi (Liu Bao) - Son of Andi; Eunuch grasped the

power to deal with the state affairs under his reign. -

125 - 144

• 8th Chongdi(Liu Bing) - Son of Shundi - 144 - 145

• 9th Zhidi(Liu Zuan) - Great grandson of Zhangdi - 145

- 146

• 10th Huandi(Liu Zhi) - Great grandson of Zhangdi -

146 - 167

• 11th Lingdi(Liu Hong) - Great-great-grandson of

Zhangdi; the country was again in great disarray,

meaning that people lived a very hard life. The rule of

Lingdi intensified all kinds of social (divides)

contradictions that caused the insurgence led by Zhang

Jiao. - 168 - 189

• 12th Xiandi (Liu Xie) - Son of Lingdi; the Han Dynasty

perished under his reign. - 189 - 220

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The productivity of industry was greatly improved. A

special tool called 'Shui Pai' was invented by a local

viceroy in Nanyang.

Some crucial changes in science and culture also took

place in this dynasty. In 105, a court official named Cai

Lun improved the previous method of making paper,

which ended the use of inscribed bamboo strips.

In Eastern Han, the arts began to gain status. Calligraphy

and painting were no longer purely used as letter

symbols.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm

Three-legged Bronze Lamp, Eastern Han Dynasty

Potteries of Eastern Han Dynasty

Armillary Sphere

invented by Zhang Heng,

Eastern Han Dynasty

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• Started from 581 and ended in 618, the Sui Dynasty lasted for

only 38 years and had only three emperors. With a tyrannical

second emperor - Emperor Yang, this dynasty was often

compared to the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/sui/

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Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/sui/

• 1st Sui Wendi(Yang Jian) - He

was father-in-law of the last

emperor of Northern Zhou;

After the emperor died, he

seized the throne for himself

and established the Sui Dynasty

- 581 - 604

• 2nd Sui Yangdi(Yang Guang) -

The second son of Sui Wendi;

known as a tyrant who led the

dynasty to decline - 604 - 617

• 3rd Sui Gongdi(Yang You) -

The last emperor of Sui

Dynasty who yielded the

throne to Li Yuan (later

Emperor Gaozu of the Tang

Dynasty (618 - 907)) - 617 -

618

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The Sui Dynasty made great advances in natural science

and art. The noted astronomer Liu Zhuo wrote Huang-ji

Calendar, in which the lunisolar precession he worked out

was almost the same as that of modern times. Famous

artisan Li Chun then designed and constructed the

Zhaozhou Bridge which is the most ancient stone bridge in

existence, enjoying the fame as “the First Bridge in the

World”.

In economy, Sui ordered the rectification of the household

register, checked the population, carried out a land

equalization system, and adjusted the taxes and conscript

labor.

Yangtze Rivers

Zhaozhou Bridge

Buddha statues in Maiji

Mountain, carved in the Sui Dynasty

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/sui/

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• The Tang Dynasty was the most glistening historic period in

China's history. Founded in 618 and ending in 907, the state,

under the ruling of the Tang Emperors, became the most

powerful and prosperous country in the world.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/tang/

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• 1st Tang Kao Tsu(Li Yuan) - A chancellor of the Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) who rose in rebellion; the founder of the Tang Dynasty - 618 - 626

• 2nd Tang Taizong(Li Shimin) - The second son of Li Yuan; a bold and powerful ruler good at both military strategy and Chinese calligraphy; His reign was called the Zhenguan Reign, which started the glorious period of Tang. - 627 - 649

• 3rd Tang Gaozong (Li Zhi) - The 9th son of Li Shimin; considered a weak ruler because he was assisted by Empress Wu Zetian for most of his reign - 650 - 683

• 4th Tang Zhongzong(Li Xian) - Son of Lizhi and Wu Zetian; He was on the throne for two month in 684 before Wu deposed him. After Wu was deposed in 705, he ruled for five years with Empress Wei's interfering in court affairs - 684, 705 - 710

• 5th Tang Ruizong (Li Dan) - The eighth son of Li Zhi and Wu Zetian; the fifth and ninth emperor of the Tang Dynasty; His first ruling period came after Wu deposed Li Xian. His second period of reign began after the coup by his sister Princess Taiping and his son Li Longji (later Xuanzong). - 684 - 690, 710 - 712

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/tang/

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The Tang period was a golden age of Chinese literature

and art. Tang poem was one of the most outstanding

ones.

Tang Tri-colored Glazed

Pottery

Mural of a Banquet, Tang Dynasty

Agate Cup with Animal Head, Tang Dynasty

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/tang/

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• In 960, a military general of the Latter Zhou Dynasty (951 -

960) named Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chenqiao

County. After forcing the last emperor of the Latter Zhou to

yield the throne, he established the Northern Song in Kaifeng.

• In 1125, the Northern Song court was invaded by the army of

the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234). With weak military strength,

Emperor Huizong was not able to withstand the fierce attack of

the Jin army and had to flee the capital city.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song.htm

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• 1st Song Taizu(Zhao Kuangyin) - Formerly

the leading general of the Latter Zhou (951 -

960); He usurped the throne and founded the

Song Dynasty by launching a coup. - 960 -

976

• 2nd Song Taizong(Zhao Guangyi) - The

younger brother of Zhao Kuangyin; during

his reign, the whole China was unified by

his defeating the Northern Han (951 - 979). -

976 - 997

• 3rd Song Zhenzong(Zhao Heng) - Son of

Emperor Taizong; In his reign, the military

power of Song was strengthened but he

signed the first humiliating treaty with the

Liao (916 - 1125). Especially, he founded the

famous ceramic kiln in Jingdezhen. - 997 -

1022

• 4th Song Renzong(Zhao Zhen) - Son of

Emperor Zhenzong; His reign was the turning

point of the Song Dynasty from the prosperity

to the disintegration. - 1022 - 1063

• 5th Song Yingzong (Zhao Shu) - Son of one of

the imperial clansmen and was adopted by

Emperor Renzong; Actually, Emperor

Yingzong's father was the first cousin of

Emperor Renzong. - 1063 - 1067

• 6th Song Shenzong(Zhao Xu1) - During his

reign, he appointed Wang Anshi as

Chancellor who presented a series of reform

policy. He tried to expel Xixia (a

contemporary kingdom of the Northern Song)

troops out of the Song's territory but it was in

vain. - 1067 - 1085

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song.htm

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• 7th Song Zhezong(Zhao Xu3) - Son of

Emperor Zhenzong; In his reign, a

conventional chancellor named Sima

Guang was appointed, who once halted

the reform policy put forth by Wang

Anshi. - 1085 – 1100

• 8th Song Huizong(Zhao Ji) - The 11th son

of Emperor Shenzong; one of the few

monarchs who favored Taoism and

against Buddhism; As an emperor, he

was more well-known as a painter, poet,

calligrapher and musician. - 1100 - 1125

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song.htm

9th Song Qinzong(Zhao Huan) - The eldest son

of Emperor Huizong; He ascended to the

throne after his father abdicated. However, the

Song court was defeated by the Jin army in

1127 after which both Qinzong and Huizong

were demoted to commoner. - 1126 - 1127

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the development of science, culture, and art during this

period was as advanced as that of the Tang Dynasty

(618 - 907).

In science, the world's earliest typography was invented

by a man named Bi Sheng. In addition, gunpowder was

first applied to military affairs.

Ruins of Song Great Wall

in Kelan County, Shanxi

Porcelain, Northern Song Dynasty

Zhao Kuangyin,

the first emperor of Northern Song Dynasty

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song.htm

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• After the downfall of the Northern Song (960 - 1127), the Jin

army captured many members of the imperial family, except

Zhao Gou, the younger brother of the last emperor. In 1127,

the Jin dynasty withdrew its troops from Kaifeng (capital of the

Northern Song) and enthroned a puppet emperor.

• After the death of the former king of the Mongolians, his

younger brother - Kublai Khan - became the new king.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song/southern.htm

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• 1st Song Gaozong(Zhao Gou) - The ninth son

of Emperor Huizong who escaped the capture

of the Jin court; He founded the weak

Northern Song in Lin'an (currently Hangzhou).

- 1127 - 1162

• 2nd Song Xiaozong(Zhao Shen) - He belonged

to the seventh generation descendants of

Emperor Taizu. - 1162 - 1189

• 3rd Song Guangzong(Zhao Dun) - The present

Chongqing City was originally named by

Guangzong, meaning ‘double celebration'. -

1189 - 1194

• 4th Song Ningzong(Zhao Kuo) - In his reign,

the cultural and intellectual achievements

were abundant. - 1194 - 1224

• 5th Song Lizong(Zhao Yun) - He was not interested

in state affairs. In his reign, the Jin (1115 - 1234)

was destroyed in 1234. - 1224 - 1264

• 6th Song Duzong(Zhao Qi) - Nephew of Emperor

Lizong; His reign was full of rebellions and war

affairs. - 1264 - 1274

• 7th Song Gongdi (Zhao Xian) - Son of Emperor

Duzong; His reign lasted for only two years then

he abdicated to his elder brother. - 1275 – 1276

• 8th Song Duanzong(Zhao Shi) - Son of Emperor

Duzong; His reign also lasted for two years till his

death. - 1276 - 1278

• 9th Song Weiwang(Zhao Bing) - Younger brother

of Duanzong and died at eight; Chancellor Lu Xiu

carried him jumping into the sea after the Yuan

army's invasion. - 1278 - 1279

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song.htm

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Iron statues of Zhang Jun and Mo Qixie,

who murdered Yue Fei

together with Qin Hui and his wife

Tomb of General Yue Fei, Hangzhou

Statue of Yue Fei,

a famous general in

the Southern Song Dynasty

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/song.htm

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• Great Yuan Empire was the first of two time periods where the entire area of China was ruled by minorities, in this case, the Mongols. It ended hundreds years of dispute in China afterTang Dynasty and reunified the country as a whole. It is considered both as a division and continuation of the Mongol Empire and as an imperial dynasty of China.

• Genghis Khan led the Mongols in their defeat over most of China. However, it was his grandson, Kublai Khan who became the emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty. Genghis Khan was placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty (Emperor Taizu). The Yuan Dynasty was famous for its incomparable military genius.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/

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• 1st Yuan Shizu(Borjigin Kublai) - Grandson of

Genghis Khan, and founder of the Yuan

Dynasty. He moved the capital to Beijing and

settled there. In 1279, he defeated the

Southern Song (960 - 1279). - 1260 - 1294

• 2nd Yuan Chengzong (Borjigin Temür) -

Grandson of Kublai Khan; a conventional

emperor - 1295 - 1307

• 3rd Yuan Wuzong(Borjigin Qayshan) -

Nephew of Chengzong - 1308 - 1311

• 4th Yuan Renzong(Borjigin Ayurparibhadra) -

Younger brother of Wuzong; he ascended the

throne after Wuzong died - 1312 - 1320

• 5th Yuan Yingzong(Borjigin Suddhipala) - Son

of Renzong; he was killed by political enemies

in a coup. - 1321 - 1323

• 6th Taiding Di(Borjigin Yesün-Temür) - Grandson of

Kublai Khan; an unremarkable emperor - 1324 -

1328

• 7th Tianshun Di(Borjigin Arigaba) - The youngest son of

Taiding Di; he was placed on the throne following a

coup, but ruled for only a month. - 1328

• 8th Yuan Wenzong(Borjigin Toq-Temür) - The second

son of Wuzong; he died of illness in 1332. - 1328 -

1332

• 9th Yuan Mingzong(Borjigin Qoshila) - The eldest son

of Wuzhong; He was poisoned by Wenzong and

reigned for only eight months. - 1329

• 10th Yuan Ningzong(Borjigin Irinchibal) - The second

son of Mingzong; after ruling for less than two months,

he died of illness. - 1332

• 11th Yuan Huizong(Borjigin Toghan-Temür) - The eldest

son of Mingzong; during his reign, the Hongjinjun

Uprising broke out and subsequently the capital was

captured by Zhu Yuanzhang. - 1333 - 1368

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/

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In the area of science, astronomy, mathematics and

medicine reached a very high level. In literature, the Yuan

drama, along with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem of the

Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), was considered another

heritage of Chinese literature.

Genghis Khan's Mausoleum,

Baotou, Inner Mongolia

Nadam Fair on Gegentala

Grassland, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia

Statue of Genghis Khan

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/

Page 51: Asian 845 china catayas

• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) was the last dynasty in China

ruled by ethnic Hans. Ming was another peak in China’s dynastic

history. It was established by Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Hongwu,

who led the revolution against the Mongols and the Yuan

Dynasty.

• Zhu Yuanzhang, a great strategist and politician with a

legendary life, reached his dream of emperor step by step.

Instead of the traditional way of naming a dynasty after the

first ruler's home district, Zhu's choice of “Ming” or “Brilliant” for

his dynasty followed a Mongol precedent of an uplifting title.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/ming.htm

Page 52: Asian 845 china catayas
Page 53: Asian 845 china catayas

• 1st Ming Taizu / Emperor Hongwu(Zhu Yuanzhang)

- Founder of the Ming Dynasty; once entered a

monastery and later a leader of the peasant's

uprising army. In 1368, he proclaimed himself

emperor in Yingtian (today's Nanjing). - 1368 -

1398

• 2nd Ming Huizong(Zhu Yunwen) - Grandson of Zhu

Yuanzhang; Originally, his father Zhu Biao was

designated as the heir. He came to the throne

because of Zhu Biao's early death. - 1399 - 1402

• 3rd Ming Chengzu(Zhu Di) - The fourth son of Zhu

Yuanzhang; He usurped the throne by from the

hands of Zhu Yunwen. His reign was said to be the

most prosperous period of the Ming Dynasty. -

1403 - 1424

• 4th Ming Renzong(Zhu Gaochi ) - The eldest son of

Zhu Di; His reign was short because of his early

death. But he was remembered as an innovative

emperor. - 1425

• 5th Ming Xuanzong(Zhu Zhanji) - Son of Emperor

Renzong; ruled for ten years and died of illness -

1426 - 1435

• 6th Ming Yingzong(Zhu Qizhen) - Son of Emperor

Xuanzong; He ascended the throne at eight and was

later imprisoned by Mongols. After being house

arrested for seven years, his launched a coup and

regained his second reign. - 1436 - 1449,1457 -

1464

• 7th Ming Daizong(Zhu Qiyu) - Younger brother of

Yingzong; He was put on the throne after his brother

was captured by Mongols. - 1450 - 1457

• 8th Ming Xianzong(Zhu Jianshen) - Son of Emperor

Yingzong; He ascended the throne at 17 and was

once infatuated with a consort who was 19 years old

than he was. - 1465 – 1487

• 9th Ming Xiaozong(Zhu Youtang) - Son of Emperor

Xianzong; He was the sole perpetually monogamous

emperor in the whole of Chinese history. - 1488 -

1505

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/ming.htm

Page 54: Asian 845 china catayas

• 10th Ming Wuzong(Zhu Houzhao) - The eldest son

of Emperor Xiaozong; He was irresponsible and

indulged himself in playing with women. - 1506 -

1521

• 11th Ming Shizong(Zhu Houcong) - Cousin of

Emperor Wuzong and nephew of Emperor

Xiaozong; He was also infatuated with women as

well as Taoist alchemical pursuits. - 1522 - 1566

• 12th Ming Muzong(Zhu Zaihou) - Son of Emperor

Shizong; He was considered as an open-minded

emperor since he used to adopt a series of

positive policies the reverse the declining situation.

- 1567 – 1572

• 13th Ming Shenzong(Zhu Yijun) - Son of Emperor

Muzong; His reign was the longest one among the

Ming emperors. He also received Matteo Ricci the

first christian missionary. - 1573 - 1620

• 14th Ming Guangzong(Zhu Changluo) - The eldest

son of Shenzong; His reign was less than a half year

due to his mysterious death which was probably

caused by the so-called red pills. - 1620

• 15th Ming Xizong(Zhu Youxiao) - The eldest son of

Guangzong; He came to the throne at 15 and his

reign was controlled by a treacherous court official

named Wei Zhongxian. - 1621 - 1627

• 16th Ming Weizong(Zhu Youjian) - Son of Guangzong

and younger brother of Xizong; He reign was

thought to hasten the end of the Ming Dynasty. In

1644, he committed suicide in Jingshan Park after Li

Zicheng captured Beijing. - 1628 - 1644

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/ming.htm

Page 55: Asian 845 china catayas
Page 56: Asian 845 china catayas

The Ming Dynasty was a period of cultural restoration

and expansion. The reestablishment of an

indigenous Han ruling house led to the imposition of court-

dictated styles in culture.

In Ming painting, the traditions of both the Southern Song

painting academy and the Yuan scholar-artist were

developed further.

Stone Camel on Sacred Way,

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Nanjing

Badaling Great Wall, Ming Dynasty

Statue of Zhu Di,

the third emperor of Ming Dynasty

Yongle Encyclopedia

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/ming.htm

Page 57: Asian 845 china catayas

• Qing Dynasty (1644-1911AD) was the last feudal dynasty in

Chinese history drew to a close established by the Manchu

People (Nuzhen People). Overview the 268 years of reign,

there were altogether 11 emperors in addition to the ruling

Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji in Shenyang.

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/qing.htm

Page 58: Asian 845 china catayas
Page 59: Asian 845 china catayas

• 1st Emperor Taizu (Nurhachu) - Founder of the

Latter Jin regime which later turned into the Qing

regime; He created the military organization

called Banner System. - 1616 - 1626

• 2nd Emperor Taizong (Huang Taiji) - The eighth son

of Nurhachu; actually the first emperor of the

Qing Dynasty. He moved the capital to Shenyang.

- 1626 - 1643

• 3rd Emperor Shunzhi (Fulin) - Son of Huang Taiji; In

his reign, the Qing army defeated the Ming

Dynasty (1368 - 1644) and moved the capital

into Beijing. - 1643 - 1661

• 4th Emperor Kangxi (Xuanye) - The third son of

Emperor Shunzhi; One of the greatest emperors in

the Qing Dynasty; His reign was the beginning of

the heyday of the dynasty. - 1661 - 1722

• 5th Emperor Yongzheng (Yinzhen) - The fourth son of

Emperor Kangxi; A fairly wise and competent

emperor who maintained the prosperity of the Qing

Dynasty - 1722 - 1735

• 6th Emperor Qianlong (Hongli) - Son of Emperor

Yongzheng; Inheriting the prosperity brought by his

predecessors, his reign reached the zenith. - 1735 -

1796

• 7th Emperor Jiaqing (Yongyan) - Son of Emperor

Qianlong; He prosecuted the infamous corrupt

official, He Shen, who used to be a favorite

chancellor of Emperor Qianlong. - 1796 - 1820

• 8th Emperor Daoguang (Minning) - Son of Emperor

Jiaqing; His reign saw the outbreak of the First

Opium War in 1840, from which China entered the

modern history. - 1820 - 1850

• 9th Emperor Xianfeng (Yizhu) - Son of Emperor

Daoguang; In his reign, the Qing Dynasty apparently

began to decline. The well-known Taiping Rebellion

broke out in that period. - 1850 - 1861

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/qing.htm

Page 60: Asian 845 china catayas

• 10th Emperor Tongzhi (Zaichun) - Son of Emperor

Xianfeng and Empress Dowager Cixi; died early -

1861 - 1875

• 11th Emperor Guangxu (Zaitian) - Grandson of

Emperor Daoguang; a progressive emperor who

tried lots of methods to save the declining Qing

Dynasty - 1875 - 1908

• 12th Emperor Xuantong (Puyi) - The last emperor

of the Qing Dynasty and the last feudal monarch

of China; He was imprisoned at Shenyang till

1959 when Chairman Mao remitted him. - 1908 -

1911

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/qing.htm

Page 61: Asian 845 china catayas
Page 62: Asian 845 china catayas

By the middle of the 18th century, the feudal economy of

the Qing Dynasty reached a zenith, spanning the reign of

Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor

Qianlong.

In that period, both culture and science were much more

prosperous than any other periods.

Forbidden City, Beijing

Old Summer Palace was destroyed

by British and French troop in 1860

Animal’s Head

Summer Palace, Beijing

Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/qing.htm

Page 63: Asian 845 china catayas

• http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/china_timeline.htm

• http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/china/tp/ChineseDynasties0

33009.htm

• http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/chinadynasties/a/chinesedyn

asty.htm

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang

• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/

• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/shang/

• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/shang/

• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/western.htm