Asia and Islamic Empires in Transition

Time to pull out those maps....

Ming and Qing Empires

FIRST - On your map mark the Ming dynastySECOND - mark all the extended boundaries that make the Qing dynasty

Here is your reference point - BEIJING

MINGQing

MING

Ming Dynasty of China 1368-1600

•Early experienced sailors - used boats called junks•Spent $ on northern defense rather than explorations•fortified Great Wall in N. China.•gave land in area to soldiers for defense.

•Restored Confucian ways.•Scholar gentry most important•merit system in securing gov’t offices•farmers •artisans•merchants (lowest b/c they produce nothing)•Nothing foreign allowed - no trade - no foreign people - they considered themselves self sufficient

•DECLINE 1644 Northern tribes united under Manchurian ruler take over. Ming dynasty dies out.

Qing Dynasty of China 1644-1850

Qing

•Kept Chinese culture and society - including Confucianism•Made native traditional Han Chinese wear queue (tail) to signify submission•Traditional Manchu homeland only for Manchurian - no intermarry - keep own language

•Economy - grows, specialization in areas•canals•silk road•merchants become more important

•Society•literature flourished. Philology - study of history of languages

•Decline•corruption, disasters, foreigners pressure to be allowed to trade•White Lotus Rebellions - peasants rebel. •1796-1800 then off/on ‘til 1850•weakened Qing

China and the Europeans

Chinese culture views outsiders as inferior barbariansThe Portugueseo Early 1500 Portuguese sailors work around coast to China. Some tradeo 1557 – Trading station allowed at Macaoo Jesuit missionarieso Astronomy open imperial court (they who had to predict such things)o Powerful positions allowed.o Catholic converts w/in high officialso Influence imperial policy

Mark Macao on your map

China and the Europeans

The Britisho 1600 Tea – all the rage in Br. - British East India Tea Company monopolized tradeo Restrictions: must deal w/ only few Ch merchants. Special foreign settlementso Two changeso Free trade ideas♣Reaction to mercantilism.♣Advocated by other tea merchants not in the loop of Br East India Co♣Asked Ch to open more ports – rejectedo Opium Trade♣Trade w Ch meant lots of silver flowing out of Ch economy♣Trade was for cotton from India but not enough Ch buy♣Intro new product: Opium♣Devasted Ch society♣Huge trade imbalance. ♣Br refuse to stop

China and the EuropeansThe Britisho o Opium Waro 1839-1842. British defeat the Chineseo 1842 Treaty of Nanjingo Hong Kong to Br. Special living places, enclaves, special rules, extraterritoriality - until 1999 when it reverted back to Chinao Moreo Unequal treatieso More concessions Kwoloon land more portso Now other foreign powers – RussiaFrance, etc. but not the U.S.

Mark Hong Kong on your

map

Mark Taiwanon your map

China and the EuropeansRebellionso mid 1800s Hong Xiuguan Christian convert. Wants new dynasty. Lots of destruction lots of damange in Yangtze River Valley and in southern chinao Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 (this after the White Lotus Rebellion of earlier times (1796-1850)o Seriously weakened Qing dynastyo Foreign powers take advantage and estb more footholds

Japanese Shogunate

Mark Japan on your map

1500-1860

o Late 1500s 3 daimyo emerge as leadersBuilt a centralized feudal system in Japan

Japanese ShogunateOda NobunagaToyotomi Hideyoshio Either weakened diamyo by reducing territory and with sword hunt among peasants. o Peasants may not become warriorso Invaded Korea 2x but Chinese helped Korea defeat ToyotomiTokugawa

Ieyasuo Defeated his enemies. Capitol at Edo (now known as Tokyo). o Clearly took or expanded territories of vassals (diamyo) as neededo Tokugawa shogunate 200 yrso Feudalism + central monarchy.o Peasants paid taxes to daimyo who were supported by samuraio Tokugawa owned ¼ but didn’t rule directly. o Didn’t personally tax whole population. o *Japan remained politically and economically decentralizedo kept diamyo from making allies by requiring that they live in Edo every other year

– families in Edo as hostages – that was expensive for diamyo. o This process transformed many diamyo from warrior to courtiero *Tokugawa helped b/c strong central gov’t meant stability 200 yrso *kept trade restrictions and limited foreigners.

Japanese Shogunate

Foreign Controlo mid 1500s Portuguese in Japan. Broughto Christianity - Jesuitso Muskets – anti Samurai lifestyleo Tokugawa shoguns conclude Christianity was threat – weaken their authorityo Evicted Portugueseo *island nation meant better able to achieve isolation than China

Japanese Shogunate

Change in Japano Like China – internal economic changes – production grew and specializedo *US Pres Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry steamed into Tokyo bay in 1853 – amazing technologyo negotiated 1854 – Treaty of Kanagawa. 2 ports to US for food, sheltero signed similar treaties with GB, Fr etco foreigners estb. consulates – diplomatic officeso 1858 – allow ministers, diplomats, extraterritorialityo *1860 civil war in Japan…anti Tokuguawa forces calling for change. o New emperor – Meiji Rule

Ottoman Empire

Add to your map

Ottoman Empire1396 1st Sultanate

Elite Armyo Janissaries – young captured men, Christian slaves. Trained as Sultans personal guard. Elite. Became powerful in political arena. Elite slave troops

Timur challenges the Ottomanso Turkko-Mongol leader Timur interrupted Ottoman expansion invaded 1402o Born Uzbekistan, claim descent from Genghis Khan o Timur dieso Civil war among Ottomans as to who next Sultano Murad II took over and began to expando Mehmed II Took Constantinople 1453 – renamed Istanbulo Suleyman greatest Sultan. 1520-1566. The Magnificent. Lawgiver.o Lawgivero Conquered Hungary 1526o Nearly took Viennao Vienna limit but rule most of eastern Europe, western Asia, and Northern Africa

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Gov’t and Societyo Sultans – o Grand viziers. second in command to the sultano Two groupso Sultanso Peasants known as reaya (protected flock)o Liquid status ranko Meritocracy

Ottoman Empire

Declineo Suleyman the Magnficent died 1566. o Navy and army strong but defeats at hands of Europeanso Phillip II 1571 navy against Ottomans

o Loss control of profitable silk and spice tradeo Europeans open water trade routeso Corruption – internal bureaucratic struggleso French invaded Egypt 1798 (Napoleon) an Ottoman possessiono End 1923 when Turkey estb itself as a republic

The Safavid EmpireAdd the Ottoman and the Safavid Empire to your map

Safavid Empire is in what today is Iran

Add the Mughal Empire to your map

The Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire

♣1300 – 1500 India controlled by Turkish Muslims.

Challenge by Rajputs – Indian warrior princes♣This internal struggle drew attention of

neighbors.♣Attack by Babur the Tiger – descendent of

Mongol leader TimuroHe focused on India♣1526 attacked Sultanate of Delhi.♣Becomes core of Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire

Ruler Akbar♣1556-1603.♣Married Rajput princess♣Gave other Rajputs gov’t positions♣Used force. ♣Control most of N India♣Intro improved tax syst – done on 10 yr average of crop production- more equitable♣Religious Policyo Toleranto Repealed non muslim taxo New creed blend elements of Hindu, Islam, Jainism, Christianity

The Mughal Empire

♣Height of EmpireoShah Jahan 1628-1658oTaj Mahal at Agra and Hall of Private

Audience. – expensive

The Mughal Empire

o Mystic Nanak united – Sikh faith♣Devotion to one God♣Lack of idols♣Less rigid social sys♣Conflicted with Hindu beliefs♣1600s Sikhs become militant *enemies of

Mughal Empire and Muslims