ASHRAE Standard 189.1

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ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2009Green is becoming Official

June 2011Richard D Hermans, PE HFDPDirector of Training and Advanced Applications

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What was “Green”

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What is “Green”

• Being “Green” or “Sustainable” has become the preeminent feel-good cause of the last quarter century.

• Who can be against such a combination of virtue and vagueness; economics and ecology, simple-mindedness and soothsaying?

• Greenwashing is RAMPANT!

Why is That?

One problem in defining green or sustainability is that it has come to

mean so much to so many.

What is “Green”

Std 189.1 Standard for the Design of High Performance Green

Buildings

Agenda

• What is Std 189.1?• Std 189.1 Sections

• Site• Water • Energy• IEQ• Materials and Resources• Construction and Operation

• Why all the bother?• Energy Targets• Questions

What is Standard 189.1-2009?

• An ANSI standard developed in model code language that provides minimum requirements for high-performance, green buildings• Code and Contractually enforceable

• Sponsor and co-sponsors:• ASHRAE - American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

• USGBC (U.S. Green Building Council)• IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society

of North America

How Do the Pieces Fit Together?

ASHRAE Std 90.1

ASHRAE Std 189.1

IECC

CEC Title 24

EPA Energy Star

Std 189.1 Range

SSSSSS WEWEWE EEEEEE IEQIEQIEQ MRMRMR COCOCOSustainable

SitesWater Use Efficiency

Energy Efficiency

Indoor Environmental

Quality

Bldg Impact on

Atmosphere, Mat’ls and Resources

Construction and

Operation Plans

Std 90.1 Std 62.1

30% Increase

IAQToIEQ

Minimum Compliance!

Minimum Compliance!

Std 189.1 and LEED

• Code Intended (Code enforceable)

• Minimum compliance for High Performance Bldg (If you meet 189.1 you are a high performance bldg)

• Rating System (How high performance IS your high performance bldg?)

• Not Code enforceable• Not a good tool for

setting policy (e.g. “All municipal bldgs shall be LEED Silver”)

7.4.1.1 Building projects shall contain on-site renewable energy systems that provide the annual energy production equivalent of not less than 6.0 kBtu/ft2 of conditioned space.

Relative Energy SavingsLEED v2.2LEED 2009

Standard 189 Chapter Structure

X.1Scope

X.2Compliance

X.3Mandatory

X.4Prescriptive

X.5Performance

SSSSSS

WEWEWE

EEEEEE

IEQIEQIEQ

MRMRMR

COCOCO

7.4.3.6 Fan System Power LimitationSystems shall have fan power limitations 10% below limitations specified in Table 6.5.3.1.1A of Standard 90.1…

7.5.3 Annual Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2 e)The building project shall have an annual CO2e less than or equal to that achieved by compliance with sections… Comparisons shall be made using normative Appendix D provided that the base line building is calculated in accordance with…

Recipe – handlestypical buildings

Goal – handles any building

Sustainable SitesMandatory Provisions

• Site Selection

• Brownfield, Greyfield vs. Greenfield

• Reduce Heat Island Effect

• Hardscape and wall shading, high SRI or cool roofs

• Reduction of Light Pollution• Outdoor lighting lumen limits, maximum

allowable Backlight, Uplight And Glare (BUG) ratings

SSSSSS WEWEWE EEEEEE IEQIEQIEQ MRMRMR COCOCO

brownfield site: a site documented as contaminated by means of an ASTM E1903 Phase II Environmental Site Assessment or a site classified as a brownfield by a local, State, or Federal government agency.

Sustainable SitesPrescriptive Options

• Site Development

• All sites: Minimum 40% of site area to be effective pervious surface (vegetation, green roof, porous pavers) –exceptions for areas with <10 inches annual average rainfall

• Greenfield sites:Minimum 20% of area to be native or adapted plants


greenfield site: a site of which 20% or less has been previously developed with impervious surfaces.

Sustainable SitesPerformance Option

• Site Development

• Existing Building: minimum 20%

• Greyfield Sites: minimum 40%

• All Other Sites: minimum 50%

• of the average annual rainfall on the development footprint shall be managed through infiltration, reuse, or evapotranspiration


evapotranspiration (ET): the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and water bodies. Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a plant and the subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its leaves.

Water Use EfficiencyMandatory Provisions

• Site Water Use

• Bio-diverse plantings, hydrozoning, & smart irrigation controllers

• Building Water Use

• Plumbing fixtures & fittings, appliances, HVAC systems & equipment, generally 40% lower than U.S. EPAct 1992 (ie: toilets<1.28 gpfor dual flush)

• Disallow once through cooling with potable water

• Water metering

• Sub metering


Water Use EfficiencyPrescriptive Option

• Site Water Use

• Maximum 1/3 of improved landscape can be irrigated with potable water

• Building Water Use Reduction

• Cooling towers• <200 ppm hardness to have minimum 5 cycles of

concentration

• >200 ppm hardness to have minimum 3.5 cycles of concentration

• Efficient commercial food service and laboratories

• Special Water Features

• Fountain water must be from alternate source or reclaimed (no potable water)


1000 ton chillerUses 50,000 gal/day!

Water Use EfficiencyPerformance Option

• Site Water Use Reduction • proposed potable water

for irrigation < 35% of baseline evapotranspiration

• Building Water Use• proposed water use <

mandatory plus prescriptive


Energy Efficiency Highlights

• More stringent than Standard 90.1-2007• Plug/process loads• Peak load reduction• Energy measurement for verification• Renewable energy provisions


Energy EfficiencyMandatory Provisions

• Meet 90.1 Prescriptive Requirements

• Sections 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.4 and 10.4

• Provide for future on-site renewable energy power systems

• Building projects design shall show allocated space for installation of on-site renewable energy systems.

• Energy Consumption Management

• Measurement devices with remote communication capability shall be provided to collect energy consumption data

on-site renewable energy system: photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal energy, and wind systems used to generate energy and located on the building project.


Energy EfficiencyPrescriptive Option

• CZ-3 Building Envelope (IP)

• Roof Insulation• 189.1: R- 25 c.i., R- 49 attic

• 90.1: R- 20 c.i., R- 38 attic

• Walls• 189.1: Steel framed R-13 cavity +

R-5 c.i., R-9.5 c.i. mass wall

• 90.1: Steel framed R-13 cavity + R-3.8 c.i., R-7.6 c.i. mass wall

CZ-3 Los Angeles Non-Residential Example



• CZ-3 Building Envelope (IP)• Fenestration Assemblies

90.1 189.1nonmetal frame U-0.65 U-0.45curtainwall U-0.60 U-0.50other metal U-0.65 U-0.55SHGC 0.25 0.25

CZ-3 Los Angeles Non-Residential Example



• Building Envelope

• Vertical fenestration area < 40% of the gross wall area

• W, S & E permanent projections for vertical fenestration (climate zones 1-5)

• Fenestration orientation (climate zones 1-4): (AreaN*SHGCN + AreaS*SHGCS) ≥ 1.1*(AreaW*SHGCW + AreaE*SHGCE)

Projection Factor PF ≥ 0.5



• Building Envelope

• Continuous air barrier requirement• Using individual materials that have an

air permeability ≤ 0.004 cfm/ft2 under a pressure differential of 0.3 in. W.C.

• Using assemblies of materials and components that have an average air leakage ≤ 0.04 cfm/ft2 under a pressure differential of 0.3 in. W.C.

• Testing the completed building and demonstrating that the air leakage rate of the building envelope ≤ 0.4 cfm/ft2under a pressure differential of 0.3 in. W.C.

continuous air barrier: the combination of interconnected materials, assemblies and flexible sealed joints and components of the building envelope that provide air-tightness to a specified permeability.



• On-site renewable energy systems that provide the annual energy production equivalent of 6 KBtu/ft2 of conditioned space• Exception for areas with incident

solar radiation less than 4.0 kWh/m2-day and purchase of green power of 75 kWh/ft2-yr for a period not to exceed ten years

• Could be the shade of another building


Addendum E change from

space toroof area


• Baseline is EPActefficiencies (Std 90.1)• 6 KBtu/ft2 (1.76

kW/ft2) annual renewable energy

• 10% peak load reduction

• Option for Energy Star / Appendix C efficiencies

• 4 KBtu/ft2 (1.17 kW/ft2) annual renewable energy

• 5% peak load reduction

Mechanical Minimum equipment efficiency

Use higher efficiencyequipment and reduce

your PV/Wind power requirement

by 33%!


100,000 ft2 Bldg11,000 ft2 panels

$17,600 savings/yr$1.1 Million install

100,000 ft2 Bldg7,300 ft2 panels

$11,700 savings/yr$0.73 Million install

Save money when the sun shines

Save money when the

Equipment runs


Centrifugal

Chillers

Air Cooled

Chillers <150 tons

Air Cooled Chillers

> 150 tons

Self Contained DX

Rooftop Units

WSHPs

Std 90.1

6 kBtu/ft2 Renewable

0.600 kW/ton Full

0.400 kW/ton IPLV

9.562 EER

12.5 IPLV

9.562 EER

12.75 IPLV

11.0 EER

11.2 IEER

9.7 EER

9.8 IEER

12.0 EER

Std 189.1 App. C

4 kBtu/ft2 Renewable

0.600 kW/ton Full

0.400 kW/ton IPLV

10.0 EER 12.50 IPLV

10.0 EER 12.75 IPLV

14.0 EER

14.3 IEER

9.7 EER

10.2 IEER

14.0 EER


Energy EfficiencyPrescriptive Option• Mechanical

• Demand control ventilation for densely occupied spaces

• Variable Exhaust for kitchen MUA

• Auto light/HVAC control in guest rooms

• Seal Level A duct sealing

• Additional pipe/duct insulation

densely occupied space: those spaces with a design occupant density greater than or equal to 25 people per 1000 ft2

School Classroom


Energy EfficiencyPrescriptive Option• Mechanical

• Fan power to be 10% less than Standard 90.1

• Exhaust air energy recovery• Economizer cycle for units > 33,000 Btuh• 2 stg cooling < 65 MBH• 2 spd or VFD for AHU above 5 hp • 2 spd or VFD for DX unit above 110 MBH• Peak Load Reduction



• Lighting

• Occupancy sensor controls

• Occupancy sensor controls with multi-level switching or dimming

• Interior lighting power to be 10% less the 90.1-2007 LPD

• Lighting for building security or emergency egress ≤ 0.1 W/ft2

• Automatic controls for lighting in daylight zones


Addendum a changed this to “daylight areas”.


• Other Equipment

• Supermarket waste heat recovery system on permanently installed refrigeration equipment in supermarkets 25,000 ft2or greater

• Energy Star equipment and appliances if installed prior to issuance of certificate of occupancy


Energy EfficiencyPerformance Option

• Annual Energy Cost

• Proposed ≤ mandatory plus prescriptive

• Annual Carbon DioxideEquivalent (CO2e)


• Peak Electric Demand



Energy EfficiencyPerformance Option

Building Project Energy Source CO2e lb/kWh (kg/kWh)

Grid delivered electricity and other fuels not specified in this table

1.670 (0.758)

LPG or Propane 0.602 (0.274)

Fuel oil (residual) 0.686 (0.312)

Fuel Oil (distillate) 0.614 (0.279)

Coal (except lignite) 0.822 (0.373)

Coal (lignite) 1.287 (0.583)

Gasoline 0.681 (0.309)

Natural Gas 0.510 (0.232)


IEQMandatory Provisions

• Indoor Air Quality

• Ventilation rates per ASHRAE Standard 62.1

• Outdoor air delivery monitoring

• MERV 8 filter (Std 62.1 MERV 6)

• No smoking inside building

• Thermal Environmental Conditions

• Comply with ASHRAE Std 55 Acoustical Control

• Defined STC values for exterior and interior assemblies

• Daylighting by Toplighting (skylights)

• Soil Gas Retarder System

• Brownfields or radon

• Entry mat system including scraper, absorption and finishing mats


IEQPrescriptive Option

• Daylighting by Sidelighting

• Office spaces and classrooms

• Minimum effective apertures

• Minimum interior surface visible light reflectances

• Minimum shading projection factors

• Materials

• Emissions and VOC requirements


IEQPerformance Option• Daylighting

• Physical or computer model, minimum illuminance target: 30 fc (300 lux) on work surfaces, noon equinox

• It shall be demonstrated that direct sun does not strike the workplane in any daylit space for more than 20% of the occupied hours during an equinox day in regularly occupied office spaces

• Materials

• VOC emissions model for building materials per CA/DHS/EHLB/R-174 Section 4.3


The Bldg’s Impact on AtmosphereMandatory Provisions• Construction waste management

• A minimum of 50% of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste material shall be diverted

• Total waste on new building projects shall not exceed 42 cubic yards or 12,000 lbs per 10,000 ft2 of new building area

• Wood products

• Refrigerants

• Storage and collection of recyclables and discarded goods


• Reduced Impact Materials

• The sum of post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the pre-consumer recycled content shall constitute a minimum of 10%, based on cost, of the total materials in the building project

• A minimum of 5% of building materials used, based on cost, shall be biobased products

• A minimum of 15% of building materials or products used, based on cost, shall be regionally extracted/harvested/recovered or manufactured within a radius of 500 miles of the project site

The Bldg’s Impact on Atmosphere Prescriptive Option


The Bldg’s Impact on Atmosphere Performance Option• Life Cycle Assessment

• ISO Standard 14044 of a minimum of two building alternatives

• The building alternative chosen for the project shall have a 5% improvement over the other building alternative • Life cycle inventory (LCI)

• Compare the two building alternatives using a published third-party impact indicator method

• Conduct a critical review by an external expert independent of those performing the LCA


Construction and OperationMandatory Provisions

• Plans for Construction

• Building Acceptance Testing

• Building Commissioning

• Erosion and Sediment Control

• IAQ Construction Management

• Moisture Control

• Construction Activity Pollution Prevention

• Plans for Operation

• BIM (Revit)

• Energy Efficiency Plan for Operation


Addendum a and b

• Addendum a• Revise definitions to match Std 90.1• Revise the calculation of day-lit area

• Addendum b• Modify the method of simulating day-lit area

under the performance option• Lower the day-lit plane to 2.5 feet AFF

Normative Appendix D: Energy Performance

• Mandatory provisions are still required• Variations from the prescriptive provisions

are allowed only if they can be completely and accurately modeled. E.g. air barrier

• Plug and process loads are required in both Baseline and Proposed models

• Fan power can be different in the proposed building

Normative Appendix D: Energy Performance

• Perception is not reality• “Your results may vary.”

• The performance option is a comparison of one hypothetical building to another hypothetical building

• Building additions can be modeled• The designer can choose to ignore the

existing building

Software

• DOE-2• Various flavors

• BLAST• EnergyPlus• eQuest (DOE-2)• EnergyPro (DOE-2)

Energy Targets: the new Paradigm

• Std 90.1 and Std 189.1 use energy use comparisons

• BeQ Labeling uses comparisons• EnergyStar uses comparisons• It is time to look beyond relative metrics• Targets are absolute numbers (EUI)

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Energy TargetsEnergy Targets

kbtu

• Net Zero Energy – regardless of the definition is an energy target

• Without some type of specific, measurable, objective target progress is slow and ill defined.

• The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey shows this clearly

• Market forces alone do not drive consistently increasing energy efficiency

Energy Targets abound everywhereEnergy Targets abound everywhere

Figure 2 N ational Av e rage E le ctricity P rice s(2004 D O E E IA - R e s. = 8.96, C omm. = 8.21)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Y e ar

Pric

e - c

ents

/kW

h

Com m erc ial Res idential

F ig u re 1 N atio n a l Averag e N atu ra l Gas P rices(2004 D OE E IA - R es . = 1 .23 , C o m m . = 0 .95 )

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Ye a r

Pri

ce -

$/th

erm

Res ident ia l Com m erc ial

• April 7, 2007 ASHRAE BOD approved the concept of energy targets.

• To explain what that means, a graph was produced


2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

36000

Year

Ene

r gy(k B

tu/y

r )

ASHRAE BOD Goal

Standard 90.1Standard 90.1

Standard 189 Standard 189

AEDGAEDG

Energy Reduction Proposal53


NREL Study on NZEB Potential 2007

• This study asked two questions:• How low can

you practically go in terms of energy use?

• To what extent can PV supply the remaining energy?

Results: Not all buildings can reach Net Zero

0.0

25.0 (284)

50.0 (568)

75.0 (852)

100.0 (1,135)

90 (1020) Existing commercial buildings (2003 CBECS)

79.2 (900) Models of existing stock (Griffiths et al. 2007)

70.7 (803) New buildings base scenario (90.1‐2004)

40.3 (458) Max Tech energy efficient scenario

12.2 (139) Max Tech energy efficient scenario w/ PV

Site EUI kBtu/ft2‐yr (MJ/m2‐yr)

Why all the bother? – Policy Makers

0 (0) Net Zero Energy Building

WhatWhat’’s Going On at ASHRAE? s Going On at ASHRAE?

Standard 100-2006R

CBECSMedian

EUI 1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B1 Admin/prof office 61 57 58 56 55 46 51 50 61 53 56 66 57 73 642 Bank/other financial 87 80 83 80 79 65 73 71 87 75 79 93 81 103 923 Government office 77 71 73 70 69 57 64 63 76 66 70 82 71 91 804 Medical office (non-diag) 52 48 50 48 47 39 44 43 52 45 48 56 48 62 555 Mixed-use office 71 65 68 65 64 53 59 58 71 61 65 76 66 84 756 Other office 59 55 56 55 53 44 49 48 59 51 54 64 55 70 627 Laboratory 266 255 252 244 250 210 236 227 277 247 255 299 267 331 3028 Distribution/ship center 34 49 31 32 30 24 30 25 35 32 30 40 38 48 449 Non-refrig warehouse 16 24 15 16 15 12 14 12 17 16 15 20 18 23 21

10 Convenience store 232 202 214 203 218 196 203 213 235 216 231 249 230 266 25211 Convenience store+gas 187 163 173 164 176 158 163 172 189 174 186 201 185 215 20312 Grocery/food market 193 168 179 170 182 163 169 178 196 180 193 208 192 222 21013 Other food sales 58 51 54 51 55 49 51 54 59 54 58 63 58 67 6414 Fire/police station 98 94 93 90 92 77 87 84 102 91 94 110 98 122 11115 Other public order/safety 89 85 84 82 84 70 79 76 93 83 86 100 90 111 10116 Medical office (diagnostic) 44 46 45 45 45 41 45 39 45 45 40 44 44 46 4517 Clinic/other outpatient health 67 68 68 68 67 62 68 59 68 67 60 66 66 68 6718 Refrigerated warehouse 103 99 97 94 97 81 91 88 107 96 99 116 103 128 11719 Religious worship 35 33 33 32 33 28 31 30 36 33 34 39 35 44 4020 Entertainment/culture 35 33 33 32 33 27 31 30 36 32 33 39 35 43 3921 Library 92 88 87 84 86 72 81 78 95 85 88 103 92 114 10422 Recreation 40 38 37 36 37 31 35 34 41 37 38 44 40 49 4523 Social/meeting 41 39 39 38 39 32 36 35 43 38 39 46 41 51 4724 Other public assembly 42 40 40 39 40 33 37 36 44 39 40 47 42 52 4825 College/university 97 85 86 83 86 63 80 75 103 87 92 114 96 134 11626 Elementary/middle school 55 54 53 52 52 43 49 48 57 51 51 61 54 70 6227 High school 71 62 63 61 63 46 59 54 75 63 67 83 70 98 8428 Preschool/daycare 71 69 69 67 66 55 63 61 74 66 65 79 70 90 8029 Other classroom education 40 35 35 34 35 26 33 30 42 35 37 47 39 55 4730 Fast food 419 379 389 382 398 352 384 372 432 402 408 466 428 506 47031 Restaurant/cafeteria 229 197 206 199 214 182 203 202 238 217 228 256 234 278 25932 Other food service 125 108 113 109 117 100 111 110 130 119 124 140 128 152 14233 Hospital/inpatient health 199 200 202 190 195 189 186 195 204 175 191 204 179 210 18934 Nursing home/assisted living 126 120 119 115 118 99 111 107 130 117 120 141 126 156 14235 Dormitory/fraternity/sorority 74 70 70 69 69 57 65 59 77 68 69 86 75 99 8836 Hotel 76 61 67 62 72 65 65 70 79 74 77 86 81 93 90

No.

Proposed Site-Based Energy Use Intensity Baselines for ASHRAE Standard 100

Building Type

Estimated Zonal Site EUIs by Building Type (kBtu/sf-yr) -- (ratio*CBECS medianASHRAE Climate Zone

Climate ZonesASHRAE Std 169

Includes Canada and many International locations

• In February of 2010 ASHRAE Technology Council appointed an Ad Hoc Committee to establish a plan for Energy Targets

• Report submitted June 2010


• Recommendations:• Conduct a comprehensive education program to

promote a common understanding of EUI• Develop EUI Targets for Commercial Buildings

(with and without on-site renewables)• Fulfill the Vision 2020 goal with the AEDG• Revise the NREL study with new technologies


• Status:• Implementation of the recommendations is

underway• ASHRAE will consider the Research Work

Statement next month in Montreal to begin developing the Energy Targets

• Education and Advocacy has begun

• An amendment to the Energy Conservation and Production Act (42 U.S.C. 6833) has been submitted in the Senate (May 12th) to develop definitions of energy use intensity and building types for use in model codes or in evaluating the efficiency impacts of the codes


Std 189.1 and IGCC• International Code Council (ICC) main

model code developer in USA• Reach 22,000 jurisdictions• developing model High Performance

Bldg code• Still in development

• ASHRAE has entered into an arrangement for Std 189.1 to be one of the compliance paths in IGCC• Std 189.1 will be packaged with

IGCC when it comes out• Std 189.1 is available right now

• www.ASHRAE.org

Army Adopts Std 189.1

• On Oct. 27, 2010, Katherine Hammack, assistant secretary of the Army for installations, energy and the environment (IE&E), issued a policy memorandum that incorporates ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2009, Standard for the Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.

Closing Remarks

• Std 189.1 is an excellent tool to base line a high performance building

• Std 189.1 energy performance is 30% higher than Std 90.1• There are many products and services

available today that will help you achieve 189.1 prescriptive requirements

• The Future for energy conscious design is building energy use performance metrics

Questions

Thank You!

[email protected]

ASHRAE Standard 189.1

Education

Transcript of ASHRAE Standard 189.1