FORENSIC SCIENCE&

People of Historical Significance

Arun Kavad M.Sc. , LLBCEO ASFI

Forensic Science The term forensics is derived from the Latin forensic meaning

forum (a meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged).

Forensic Science is the science used for the purposes of law, and therefore provides impartial scientific evidence for use in the

courts of law.

e.g. in a criminal investigation and trial.

Forensic science is application of science to matters of criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the

criminal justice system.

Basic Principles

1> Principle of Individuality :

“ Everything in this universe is unique. Neither nature has repeated itself nor man can. ”2> Principle of Exchange :

EDMOND LOCARD’s principle “Every contact leaves a trace.”

Requirements/Role of a Forensic Scientist

Ability to reason during times when human emotion may attempt to override rationality

Ability to be rational in applying tenets of forensic science to real life human situations

Ability to address life’s grimmest realities while maintaining human feelings

May recover human remains Identify human remains Document the cause of human death Assist in criminal investigations

through scientific analysis of evidence

Development of Forensic Science700s AD—Chinese used fingerprints to establish identity

of documents and clay sculptures.

~1000—Roman courts determined that bloody palm prints were used to frame a man in his brother’s murder.

1149—King Richard of England introduced the idea of the coroner to investigate questionable death.

1200s—A murder in China is solved when flies were attracted to invisible blood residue on a sword of a man in the community.

1598—Fidelus was first to practice forensic medicine in Italy.

1670—Anton Van Leeuwenhoek constructed the first high-powered microscope.

1776—Paul Revere identified the body of General Joseph Warren based on the false teeth he had made for him.

1784—John Toms convicted of murder on basis of torn edge of wad of paper in pistol matching a piece of paper in his pocket.

1859—Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen developed the science of spectroscopy.

1864—Crime scene photography developed.

1879—Alphonse Bertillon developed a system to identify people using particular body measurements.

1896—Edward Henry developed first classification system for fingerprint identification.

Development of Forensic Science

Development of Forensic Science

1900—Karl Landsteiner identified human blood groups.

1904—Edmond Locard formulated his famous principle, “Every contact leaves a trace.”

1922—Francis Aston developed the mass spectrometer.

1959—James Watson and Francis Crick discover the DNA double helix.

1977—AFIS developed by FBI, fully automated in 1996.

1984—Jeffreys developed and used first DNA tests to be applied to a criminal case.

People of Historical SignificanceSIR ARTHUR IGNATIUS

CONAN DOYLE (1859-1930) British Physician and writer.

The newly developed principles of serology, fingerprints, firearm, identification, questioned document examination were exhibited through skillful literature on the respective subjects.

Sir Doyle led to development of modern forensic science.

SIR FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1991)First define the fingerprints & developed a methodology of classifying them.

In 1892 published a book of fingerprint and its statistical treatment to the uniqueness of identification.

Galton was the first to place the study on a scientific too long.

People of Historical Significance

SIR DR. KARL LANDSTEINER (1868-1843)

He was a Australian biologist and physician.

He is noted for his developed in 1901 for the modern system of classification of blood group.

In 1930 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology.

With Alexander S. Wiener, he identified the Rh factor in 1937.

The revolutionized the concept of application of blood group in criminal investigation.

People of Historical Significance

People of Historical Significance

SIR CALVIN GODDARD (1891-1955)

He developed a comparison microscope to examine the crime fired bullet, cartridge and test bullet.

Cartridge modification is indispensable tool in the hand of Ballistics expert.

People of Historical Significance

SIR ALBERT S. OSBORN

He is considered as the father of Document examination.

In 1910 he published a book on “Questioned Documents” .

Which is considered as a Bible for document examination even today.

Edmond Locard (1877-1966)

French professor.

Considered the father of criminalistics.

Built the world’s first forensic laboratory in France in 1910.

Locard Exchange Principle. Whenever two objects come into contact with

each other, traces of each are exchanged.

People of Historical Significance

People of Historical Significance

SIR MATHIEU ORFILA (1787-1853)

He is considered as the father of modern Toxicology.

In 19th century, he established methods of scientific chemical analysis of poisons.

These methods are use even till date.

People of Historical Significance

SIR ALPHONSE BERTILLON

He was French scientist who invented a scientific system for personal identification in 1879 known as Anthropometry.

He invented the technique “Portrait Parle” which is a method of identifying suspects from the information and description provided by witness and the victim.

SIR LEONE LATTES (1887-1954) He devised in 1915 a simpler method for detection of blood

group of a dried blood stain and applied it for criminal investigation.

He also prepared training manuals for police officers to educate them in forensic science.

SIR HANS GROSS (1893) He was a public prosecutor and judge.

He published a book in criminal investigation incorporating the uses of microscope, principles of physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, anthropometry, fingerprint etc. in criminal investigation.

People of Historical Significance

Forensic anthropologyForensic archaeologyForensic odontologyForensic entomologyForensic pathology

Forensic botanyForensic biology

DNA profilingBloodstain pattern analysis

Forensic chemistryForensic osteology

Forensic psychologyForensic psychiatry

BallisticsBallistic fingerprinting

Body identificationFingerprint analysisForensic accounting

Forensic artsForensic footwear evidence

Forensic toxicologyGlove print analysisPalm print analysis

Questioned document examination

Vein matching

Computer forensicsForensic data analysisDatabase forensicsMobile device forensicsNetwork forensicsForensic videoForensic audio

Fire investigationFire accelerant detectionForensic engineeringForensic linguisticsForensic materials engineeringForensic polymer engineeringForensic statisticsVehicular accident reconstruction

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