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ASCP-NCOA FALLS RISK REDUCTION TOOLKITREFERENCES

Get to Know Your Patient ................................ 2Transitions of Care ............................................. 2Medical Conditions ............................................ 3

Anemia .......................................................................... 3

Arrhythmias ............................................................... 3

Arthritis ........................................................................ 4

Cardiovascular Disease/MI ............................. 6

Cerebellar Ataxia ................................................... 6

Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke ................7

Dementia ..................................................................... 8

Delirium ........................................................................ 9

Depression ................................................................. 9

Diabetes ......................................................................10

Hemophilia .................................................................11

Impaired Hepatic Function ..............................11

Impaired Renal Function ..................................12

Incontinence ............................................................12

Infections ...................................................................13

Lower Extremity Arthroplasty .....................14

Lower Extremity injury/Pain .........................14

Lower Extremity Neuropathy .......................15

Malnutrition/Dehydration ...............................15

Multiple Sclerosis .................................................16

Obesity ........................................................................17

Pain ................................................................................18

Parkinson’s Disease ............................................19

Seizures/Epilepsy ............................................. 20

Vertigo ....................................................................... 20

Medication Assessment .................................21Prescribing Tools .................................................22

Falls Risk Inducing Drugs (FRIDs) .............23Anticholinergics ...................................................23

Anticholinergic Scales .................................... 24

Anticonvulsants ................................................... 24

Antihypertensives ..............................................25

Antidepressants ...................................................26

Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics ......................27

Benzodiazepines .................................................28

CNS Depressants .................................................29

Dopaminergic Agents .......................................29

Hypoglycemic Agents.......................................29

Muscle Relaxants ................................................ 30

Opioids ...................................................................... 30

Sedative/Hypnotics ............................................31

Over-the-Counter ..............................................32

Alternatives .............................................................32

Miscellaneous ........................................................32

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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GET TO KNOW YOUR PATIENTClerencia-Sierra M, Calderón-Larrañaga A, Martínez-Velilla N, Vergara-Mitxeltorena I, Aldaz-Herce P, Poblador-Plou B, Machón-Sobrado M, Egüés-Olazabal N, Abellán-van Kan G, Prados-Torres A. Multimorbidity Patterns in Hospitalized Older Patients: Associations among Chronic Diseases and Geriatric Syndromes. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 24;10(7):e0132909. PMID: 26208112

De Almeida Abreu HC, Reiners AA, de Souza Azevedo RC, da Silva AM, de Oliveira Moura Abreu DR, de Oliveira AD. Incidence and predicting factors of falls of older inpatients. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:37. PMID: 26083943

De Buyser SL, Petrovic M, Taes YE, Vetrano DL, Onder G. A multicomponent approach to identify predictors of hospital outcomes in older in-patients: a multicentre, observational study. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 26;9(12):e115413. PMID: 25542042

Gell NM, Wallace RB, LaCroix AZ, Mroz TM, Patel KV. Mobility device use in older adults and incidence of falls and worry about falling: findings from the 2011-2012 national health and aging trends study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 May;63(5):853-9. PMID: 25953070

Onder G, Lattanzio F, Battaglia M, Cerullo F, Sportiello R, Bernabei R, Landi F. The risk of adverse drug reactions in older patients: beyond drug metabolism. Curr Drug Metab. 2011 Sep;12(7):647-51. PMID: 21495971

Onder G, van der Cammen TJ, Petrovic M, Somers A, Rajkumar C. Strategies to reduce the risk of iatrogenic illness in complex older adults. Age Ageing. 2013 May;42(3):284-91. PMID: 23537588

Stubbs B, West E, Patchay S, Schofield P. Is there a relationship between pain and psychological concerns related to falling in community dwelling older adults? A systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(23):1931-42. PMID: 24467675

Wang MY, Rousseau J, Boisjoly H, Schmaltz H, Kergoat MJ, Moghadaszadeh S, Djafari F, Freeman EE. Activity limitation due to a fear of falling in older adults with eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Dec 3;53(13):7967-72. PMID: 23132799

White UE, Black AA, Wood JM, Delbaere K. Fear of falling in vision impairment. Optom Vis Sci. 2015 Jun;92(6):730-5. PMID: 25930978

WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Age-Friendly PHC Centres Toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. PMID: 26269874

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TRANSITIONS OF CARECary MP Jr, Hall RK, Anderson AL, Burd A, McConnell ES, Anderson RA, Colón-Emeric CS. Management Team Perceptions of Risks and Strategies for Preventing Falls Among Short-Stay Patients in Nursing Homes. Health Care Manag (Frederick). 2018 Jan/Mar;37(1):76-85. PMID: 29266090

Shuman CJ, Montie M, Hoffman GJ, Powers KE, Doettl S, Anderson CA, Titler MG. Older Adults’ Perceptions of Their Fall Risk and Prevention Strategies After Transitioning from Hospital to Home. J Gerontol Nurs. 2019 Jan 1;45(1):23-30. PMID: 30653234

Tzeng HM, Okpalauwaekwe U, Lyons EJ. Barriers and Facilitators to Older Adults Participating in Fall-Prevention Strategies After Transitioning Home from Acute Hospitalization: A Scoping Review. Clin Interv Aging. 2020 Jun 25;15:971-989. PMID: 32612356

Mixon AS, Myers AP, Leak CL, Lou Jacobsen JM, Cawthon C, Goggins KM, Nwosu S, Schildcrout JS, Schnelle JF, Speroff T, Kripalani S. Characteristics associated with postdischarge medication errors. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014 Aug;89(8):1042-51. PMID: 24998906

Stitt DM, Elliott DP, Thompson SN. Medication discrepancies identified at time of hospital discharge in a geriatric population. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 Aug;9(4):234-40. PMID: 21763215

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MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Dharmarajan TS, Avula S, Norkus EP. Anemia increases risk for falls in hospitalized older adults: an evaluation of falls in 362 hospitalized, ambulatory, long-term care, and community patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006 Jun;7(5):287-93. PMID: 16765864

Steinberg KE. Anemia and falls. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006 Jun;7(5):327. PMID: 16765871

Son KY, Shin DW, Lee JE, Kim SH, Yun JM, Cho B. Association of anemia with mobility capacity in older adults: a Korean nationwide population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Nov 13;20(1):469. PMID: 33187476

Hopstock LA, Utne EB, Horsch A, Skjelbakken T. The association between anemia and falls in community-living women and men aged 65 years and older from the fifth Tromsø Study 2001-02: a replication study. BMC Geriatr. 2017 Dec 27;17(1):292. PMID: 29282000

Weber P, Weberova D, Matejovska-Kubesova H, Meluzinova H, Jarkovsky J, Bielakova K, Hrubanova J, Polcarova V. Falls in anaemic and non-anaemic hospitalized elderly patients in 2012-2016 - mutual relationships. Adv Gerontol. 2019;32(5):787-794. PMID: 32145171

Balducci L. Anemia, fatigue and aging. Transfus Clin Biol. 2010 Dec;17(5-6):375-81. PMID: 21067951

Thaler-Kall K, Döring A, Peters A, Thorand B, Grill E, Koenig W, Horsch A, Meisinger C. Association between anemia and falls in community-dwelling older people: cross-sectional results from the KORA-Age study. BMC Geriatr. 2014 Mar 7;14:29. PMID: 24602338

Artz AS. Anemia and the frail elderly. Semin Hematol. 2008 Oct;45(4):261-6. PMID: 18809097

Anemia (added 2021)

Bhangu J, McMahon CG, Hall P, Bennett K, Rice C, Crean P, Sutton R, Kenny RA. Long-term cardiac monitoring in older adults with unexplained falls and syncope. Heart. 2016 May;102(9):681-6. PMID: 26822427

Bhat PK, Pantham G, Laskey S, Como JJ, Rosenbaum DS. Recognizing cardiac syncope in patients presenting to the emergency department with trauma. J Emerg Med. 2014 Jan;46(1):1-8. PMID: 24063875

Damián J, Pastor-Barriuso R, Valderrama-Gama E, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Factors associated with falls among older adults living in institutions. BMC Geriatr. 2013 Jan 15;13:6. PMID: 23320746

O’Neal WT, Qureshi WT, Judd SE, Bowling CB, Howard VJ, Howard G, Soliman EZ. Effect of Falls on Frequency of Atrial Fibrillation and Mortality Risk (from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study). Am J Cardiol. 2015 Oct 15;116(8):1213-8. PMID: 26279105

Sanders NA, Ganguly JA, Jetter TL, Daccarett M, Wasmund SL, Brignole M, Hamdan MH. Atrial fibrillation: an independent risk factor for nonaccidental falls in older patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012 Aug;35(8):973-9. PMID: 22694347

Hagerty T, Rich MW. Fall risk and anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the elderly: A delicate balance. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017 Jan;84(1):35-40. PMID: 28084982

Wiseman T, et al. The association between unexplained falls and cardiac arrhythmias: A scoping literature review. Aust Crit Care. 2019 Sep;32(5):434-441. PMID: 30420209

Malik V, Gallagher C, Linz D, Elliott AD, Emami M, Kadhim K, Mishima R, Hendriks JML, Mahajan R, Arnolda L, Sanders P, Lau DH. Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With Syncope and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Apr;95(4):676-687. PMID: 32247342

Akama J, Suzuki S, Kato Y, Arita T, Yagi N, Otsuka T, Semba H, Kishi M, Kano H, Matsuno S, Uejima T, Oikawa Y, Matsuhama M, Yajima J, Takeishi Y, Yamashita T. Differences in treatment and prognosis by the experience of falls or bone fracture in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Vessels. 2020 Sep;35(9):1234-1242. PMID: 32266477

Arrhythmia

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Rao MP, Vinereanu D, Wojdyla DM, Alexander JH, Atar D, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Wallentin L, Lopes RD, Gersh BJ, Granger CB; Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) Investigators. Clinical Outcomes and History of Fall in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Treated with Oral Anticoagulation: Insights From the ARISTOTLE Trial. Am J Med. 2018 Mar;131(3):269-275. PMID: 29122636 Ceccofiglio A, Fumagalli S, Mussi C, Mossello E, Bo M, Martone AM, Bellelli G, Nicosia F, Riccio D, Langellotto A, Tava G, Boccardi V, Tonon E, Abete P, Ungar A. Atrial Fibrillation in Older Patients with Syncope and Dementia: Insights from the Syncope and Dementia Registry. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 Sep;21(9):1238-1242. PMID: 32179002

Dalgaard F, Pallisgaard JL, Numé AK, Lindhardt TB, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C, Ruwald MH. Rate or Rhythm Control in Older Atrial Fibrillation Patients: Risk of Fall-Related Injuries and Syncope. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Oct;67(10):2023-2030. PMID: 31339174

Saedon NI, Zainal-Abidin I, Chee KH, Khor HM, Tan KM, Kamaruzzaman SK, Chin AV, Poi PJ, Tan MP. Postural blood pressure electrocardiographic changes are associated with falls in older people. Clin Auton Res. 2016 Feb;26(1):41-8. PMID: 26695401

Gumprecht J, Lip GYH. In older patients with AF, antiarrhythmic drugs were linked to fall-related injuries and syncope vs rate-lowering drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Dec 17;171(12):JC71. PMID: 31842229

Koca M, Yavuz BB, Tuna Doğrul R, Çalışkan H, Şengül Ayçiçek G, Özsürekçi C, Balcı C, Eşme M, Ünsal P, Halil M, Cankurtaran M. Impact of atrial fibrillation on frailty and functionality in older adults. Ir J Med Sci. 2020 Aug;189(3):917-924. PMID: 31997061

Arita T, Suzuki S, Yagi N, Otsuka T, Semba H, Kano H, Matsuno S, Kato Y, Uejima T, Oikawa Y, Matsuhama M, Yajima J, Yamashita T. Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Falls in Older Patients: Which is a Problem, Existence or Persistence? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019 Jun;20(6):765-769. PMID: 30470574

Brenton-Rule A, Dalbeth N, Bassett S, Menz HB, Rome K. The incidence and risk factors for falls in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015 Feb;44(4):389-98. PMID: 25216947

Doré AL, Golightly YM, Mercer VS, Shi XA, Renner JB, Jordan JM, Nelson AE. Lower-extremity osteoarthritis and the risk of falls in a community-based longitudinal study of adults with and without osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015 May;67(5):633-9. PMID: 25331686

Ng CT, Tan MP. Osteoarthritis and falls in the older person. Age Ageing. 2013 Sep;42(5):561-6. PMID: 23864423

Scott D, Blizzard L, Fell J, Jones G. Prospective study of self-reported pain, radiographic osteoarthritis, sarcopenia progression, and falls risk in community-dwelling older adults. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Jan;64(1):30-7. PMID: 21739619

Stanmore EK, Oldham J, Skelton DA, O’Neill T, Pilling M, Campbell AJ, Todd C. Risk factors for falls in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013 Aug;65(8):1251-8. PMID: 23436687

Byun M, Kim J, Kim M. Physical and Psychological Factors Affecting Falls in Older Patients with Arthritis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 9;17(3):1098. PMID: 32050468

Ikutomo H, Nagai K, Tagomori K, Miura N, Nakagawa N, Masuhara K. Incidence and Risk Factors for Falls in Women With End-Stage Hip Osteoarthritis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2019 Jul/Sep;42(3):161-166. PMID: 29351126

Lourenço MA, Carli FVBO, de Assis MR. Characterization of falls in adults with established rheumatoid arthritis and associated factors. Adv Rheumatol. 2018 Jul 27;58(1):16. PMID: 30657096

Yoo JS, Kim CG, Yim J, Jeon MY. Factors influencing falls in the frail elderly individuals in urban and rural areas. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016 Aug;28(4):687-97. Epub 2015 Oct 13. PMID: 26462845

Arthritis

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Lo-Ciganic WH, Floden L, Lee JK, Ashbeck EL, Zhou L, Chinthammit C, Purdy AW, Kwoh CK. Analgesic use and risk of recurrent falls in participants with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017 Sep;25(9):1390-1398. Epub 2017 Apr 4. PMID: 28385483

Teder-Braschinsky A, Märtson A, Rosenthal M, Taba P. Parkinson’s Disease and Symptomatic Osteoarthritis Are Independent Risk Factors of Falls in the Elderly. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Oct 31 PMID: 31700249 Quach LT, Burr JA. Arthritis, Depression, and Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study. J Appl Gerontol. 2018 Sep;37(9):1133-1149. Epub 2016 May 12. PMID: 27178205. Zonzini Gaino J, Barros Bértolo M, Silva Nunes C, de Morais Barbosa C, Sachetto Z, Davitt M, de Paiva Magalhães E. Disease-related outcomes influence prevalence of falls in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2019 Mar;62(2):84-91. Epub 2018 Sep 29. PMID: 30278237 Mamoto K, Inui K, Okano T, Sugioka Y, Tada M, Koike T, Nakamura H. Incidence rate of falls and its risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to controls: Four years of the TOMORROW study. Mod Rheumatol. 2017 Jan;27(1):8-14. Epub 2016 May 4. PMID: 27142648 Brenton-Rule A, Dalbeth N, Menz HB, Bassett S, Rome K. Foot and ankle characteristics associated with falls in adults with established rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016 Jan 13;17:22. PMID: 26762210 Zhao YL, Alderden J, Lind BK, Kim H. A Comprehensive Assessment of Risk Factors for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol Nurs. 2018 Oct 1;44(10):40-48.. PMID: 30257023. – homebound, arthritis, or D/A Tasci Bozbas G, Sendur OF, Aydemir AH. Primary knee osteoarthritis increases the risk of falling. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017;30(4):785-789. PMID: 28372310 Nevitt MC, Tolstykh I, Shakoor N, Nguyen US, Segal NA, Lewis C, Felson DT; Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Investigators. Symptoms of Knee Instability as Risk Factors for Recurrent Falls. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 Aug;68(8):1089-97. PMID: 26853236 Riddle DL, Golladay GJ. A longitudinal comparative study of falls in persons with knee arthroplasty and persons with or at high risk for knee osteoarthritis. Age Ageing. 2016 Nov;45(6):794-800. Epub 2016 Jul 4. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 2017 Jan 13; PMID: 27496934 Smith TO, Higson E, Pearson M, Mansfield M. Is there an increased risk of falls and fractures in people with early diagnosed hip and knee osteoarthritis? Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018 Jun;21(6):1193-1201. Epub 2016 May 6. PMID: 27153388

Mat S, Ng CT, Fadzil F, Rozalli FI, Tan MP. The mediating role of psychological symptoms on falls risk among older adults with osteoarthritis. Clin Interv Aging. 2017 Nov 28;12:2025-2032. PMID: 29238177

Jordan: Al-Momani M, Al-Momani F, Alghadir AH, Alharethy S, Gabr SA. Factors related to gait and balance deficits in older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2016 Aug 9;11:1043-9. PMID: 27570449

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Frisoli A Jr, Ingham SJ, Paes ÂT, Tinoco E, Greco A, Zanata N, Pintarelli V4, Elber I, Borges J, Camargo Carvalho AC. Frailty predictors and outcomes among older patients with cardiovascular disease: Data from Fragicor. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Jul-Aug;61(1):1-7. PMID: 25921097

Gnjidic D, Bennett A, Le Couteur DG, Blyth FM, Cumming RG, Waite L, Handelsman D, Naganathan V, Matthews S, Hilmer SN. Ischemic heart disease, prescription of optimal medical therapy and geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling older men: A population-based study. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Aug 1;192:49-55. PMID: 25988541

Grosmaitre P, Le Vavasseur O, Yachouh E, Courtial Y, Jacob X, Meyran S, Lantelme P.Significance of atypical symptoms for the diagnosis and management of myocardial infarction in elderly patients admitted to emergency departments. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Nov;106(11):586-92. PMID: 24200926

Jansen S, Frewen J, Finucane C, de Rooij SE, van der Velde N, Kenny RA. AF is associated with self-reported syncope and falls in a general population cohort. Age Ageing. 2015 Jul;44(4):598-603. PMID: 25712516 Jansen S, Kenny RA, de Rooij SE, van der Velde N. Self-reported cardiovascular conditions are associated with falls and syncope in community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing. 2015 May;44(3):525-9. PMID: 25331976 O’Neal WT, Qureshi WT, Judd SE, Bowling CB, Howard VJ, Howard G, Soliman EZ. Effect of Falls on Frequency of Atrial Fibrillation and Mortality Risk (from the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study). Am J Cardiol. 2015 Oct 15;116(8):1213-8. PMID: 26279105

Jansen S, Bhangu J, Rooij SD, Daams J, Kenny RA, Velde N. The Association of Cardiovascular Disorders and Falls: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Mar 1;17(3):193-9. PMID: 26455926 Manemann SM, Chamberlain AM, Boyd CM, Miller DM, Poe KL, Cheville A, Weston SA, Koepsell EE, Jiang R, Roger VL. Fall Risk and Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With Cardiovascular Disease in the Community. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2018 Aug;11(8):e004199. PMID: 30354374; PMCID: PMC6205191

Peeters G, Tett SE, Hollingworth SA, Gnjidic D, Hilmer SN, Dobson AJ, Hubbard RE. Associations of Guideline Recommended Medications for Acute Coronary Syndromes With Fall-Related Hospitalizations and Cardiovascular Events in Older Women With Ischemic Heart Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Feb;72(2):259-265. Epub 2016 Jul 6. PMID: 27384327

Cardiovascular Disease/Myocardial Infarction

Schniepp R, Wuehr M, Schlick C, Huth S, Pradhan C, Dieterich M, Brandt T, Jahn K. Increased gait variability is associated with the history of falls in patients with cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol. 2014 Jan;261(1):213-23. PMID: 24263407

Winser S, Pang MYC, Rauszen JS, Chan AYY, Chen CH, Whitney SL. Does integrated cognitive and balance (dual-task) training improve balance and reduce falls risk in individuals with cerebellar ataxia? Med Hypotheses. 2019 May;126:149-153. Epub 2019 Mar 5. PMID: 31010491.

• Proposition of a study only

Schniepp R, Schlick C, Pradhan C, Dieterich M, Brandt T, Jahn K, Wuehr M. The interrelationship between disease severity, dynamic stability, and falls in cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol. 2016 Jul;263(7):1409-17. Epub 2016 May 9. PMID: 27159995

Jahn K, Freiberger E, Eskofier BM, Bollheimer C, Klucken J. Balance and mobility in geriatric patients : Assessment and treatment of neurological aspects. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 Jul;52(4):316-323. English. Epub 2019 Jun 3. PMID: 31161336

Cerebellar Ataxia (and other neurodegenerative disorders)

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Jalayondeja C, Sullivan PE, Pichaiyongwongdee S. Six-month prospective study of fall risk factors identification in patients post-stroke. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014 Oct;14(4):778-85. PMID: 24666687

Minet LR, Peterson E, von Koch L, Ytterberg C. Occurrence and Predictors of Falls in People With Stroke: Six-Year Prospective Study. Stroke. 2015 Sep;46(9):2688-90. PMID: 26243230

Tsang CS, Liao LR, Chung RC, Pang MY. Psychometric properties of the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) in community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke. Phys Ther. 2013 Aug;93(8):1102-15. PMID: 23559522

Cox R, Buckholtz B, Bradas C, Bowden V, Kerber K, McNett MM. Risk Factors for Falls Among Hospitalized Acute Post-Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Neurosci Nurs. 2017 Dec;49(6):355-360. PMID: 29117031 Beghi E, Gervasoni E, Pupillo E, Bianchi E, Montesano A, Aprile I, Agostini M, Rovaris M, Cattaneo D; NEUROFALL Group. Prediction of Falls in Subjects Suffering From Parkinson Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Apr;99(4):641-651. Epub 2018 Feb 1. PMID: 29102438 Goh HT, Nadarajah M, Hamzah NB, Varadan P, Tan MP. Falls and Fear of Falling After Stroke: A Case-Control Study. PM R. 2016 Dec;8(12):1173-1180. Epub 2016 Jun 4. PMID: 27268565 Alenazi AM, Alshehri MM, Alothman S, Rucker J, Dunning K, D’Silva LJ, Kluding PM. Functional Reach, Depression Scores, and Number of Medications Are Associated With Number of Falls in People With Chronic Stroke. PM R. 2018 Aug;10(8):806-816. Epub 2017 Dec 26. PMID: 29288141 Wei TS, Liu PT, Chang LW, Liu SY. Gait asymmetry, ankle spasticity, and depression as independent predictors of falls in ambulatory stroke patients. PLoS One. 2017 May 23;12(5):e0177136. PMID: 28542281

Xu T, Clemson L, O’Loughlin K, Lannin NA, Dean C, Koh G. Risk Factors for Falls in Community Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Mar;99(3):563-573.e5. Epub 2017 Aug 7. PMID: 28797618 Paliwal Y, Slattum PW, Ratliff SM. Chronic Health Conditions as a Risk Factor for Falls among the Community-Dwelling US Older Adults: A Zero-Inflated Regression Modeling Approach. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5146378. Epub 2017 Mar 28. PMID: 28459060 Westerlind EK, Lernfelt B, Hansson PO, Persson CU. Drug Treatment, Postural Control, and Falls: An Observational Cohort Study of 504 Patients With Acute Stroke, the Fall Study of Gothenburg. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019 Jul;100(7):1267-1273. Epub 2019 Jan 3. PMID: 30610872 Wei WE, De Silva DA, Chang HM, Yao J, Matchar DB, Young SHY, See SJ, Lim GH, Wong TH, Venketasubramanian N. Post-stroke patients with moderate function have the greatest risk of falls: a National Cohort Study. BMC Geriatr. 2019 Dec 26;19(1):373. PMID: 31878876

Honeycutt CF, Nevisipour M, Grabiner MD. Characteristics and adaptive strategies linked with falls in stroke survivors from analysis of laboratory-induced falls. J Biomech. 2016 Oct 3;49(14):3313-3319. Epub 2016 Aug 31. PMID: 27614614

Shovlin E, Kunkel D. A survey to explore what information, advice and support community-dwelling people with stroke currently receive to manage instability and falls. Disabil Rehabil. 2018 Dec;40(26):3191-3197. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28903613

Whitney DG, Dutt-Mazumder A, Peterson MD, Krishnan C. Fall risk in stroke survivors: Effects of stroke plus dementia and reduced motor functional capacity. J Neurol Sci. 2019 Jun 15;401:95-100. Epub 2019 Apr 26. PMID: 31075685 Wing JJ, Burke JF, Clarke PJ, Feng C, Skolarus LE. The role of the environment in falls among stroke survivors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017 Sep;72:1-5. Epub 2017 May 1. PMID: 28482268

Samuelsson CM, Hansson PO, Persson CU. Early prediction of falls after stroke: a 12-month follow-up of 490 patients in The Fall Study of Gothenburg (FallsGOT). Clin Rehabil. 2019 Apr;33(4):773-783. Epub 2018 Dec 20. PMID: 30569752

Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke

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Sullivan R, Harding K. Do patients with severe poststroke communication difficulties have a higher incidence of falls during inpatient rehabilitation? A retrospective cohort study. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2019 May;26(4):288-293. Epub 2019 Mar 20. PMID: 30890038 Goljar N, Globokar D, Puzić N, Kopitar N, Vrabič M, Ivanovski M, Vidmar G. Effectiveness of a fall-risk reduction programme for inpatient rehabilitation after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2016 Sep;38(18):1811-9. Epub 2016 Jan 4. PMID: 26727977 Pinto EB, Nascimento C, Monteiro M, Castro M, Maso I, Campos A, Marinho C, Barreto-Neto NJ, Lopes AA, Jesus PA, Oliveira-Filho J. Proposal for a New Predictive Scale for Recurrent Risk of Fall in a Cohort of Community-Dwelling Patients with Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016 Nov;25(11):2619-2626. Epub 2016 Jul 27. PMID: 27475520

Salot P, Patel P, Bhatt T. Reactive Balance in Individuals With Chronic Stroke: Biomechanical Factors Related to Perturbation-Induced Backward Falling. Phys Ther. 2016 Mar;96(3):338-47. Epub 2015 Jul 23. PMID: 26206220

Epstein NU, Guo R, Farlow MR, Singh JP, Fisher M. Medication for Alzheimer’s disease and associated fall hazard: a retrospective cohort study from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Drugs Aging. 2014 Feb;31(2):125-9. PMID: 24357133

Mignardot JB, Beauchet O, Annweiler C, Cornu C, Deschamps T. Postural sway, falls, and cognitive status: a cross-sectional study among older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(2):431-9. PMID: 24625801

Seraji-Bzorgzad N, Paulson H, Heidebrink J. Neurologic examination in the elderly. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;167:73-88. PMID: 31753158 Ansai JH, Andrade LP, Rossi PG, Takahashi ACM, Vale FAC, Rebelatto JR. Gait, dual task and history of falls in elderly with preserved cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and mild Alzheimer’s disease. Braz J Phys Ther. 2017 Mar-Apr;21(2):144-151. Epub 2017 Mar 17. PMID: 28460713 Delgado J, Jones L, Bradley MC, Allan LM, Ballard C, Clare L, Fortinsky RH, Hughes CM, Melzer D. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in dementia, multi-morbidity and incidence of adverse health outcomes. Age Ageing. 2020 Sep 18:afaa147. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32946561

Shea YF, Chu LW, Lee SC. A descriptive study of Lewy body dementia with functional imaging support in a Chinese population: a preliminary study. Hong Kong Med J. 2017 Jun;23(3):222-30. Epub 2017 May 5. PMID: 28473650

Kanagaratnam L, Dramé M, Trenque T, Oubaya N, Nazeyrollas P, Novella JL, Jolly D, Mahmoudi R. Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients with cognitive disorders: A systematic review. Maturitas. 2016 Mar;85:56-63. Epub 2015 Dec 29. PMID: 26857880

Macfarlane S, O’Connor D. Managing behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia. Aust Prescr. 2016 Aug;39(4):123-125. Epub 2016 Aug 1. PMID: 27756974 Perttila NM, Öhman H, Strandberg TE, Kautiainen H, Raivio M, Laakkonen ML, Savikko N, Tilvis RS, Pitkala KH. How Do Community-Dwelling Persons with Alzheimer Disease Fall? Falls in the FINALEX Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2017 Jun 19;7(2):195-203. PMID: 28690633 Sharma S, Mueller C, Stewart R, Veronese N, Vancampfort D, Koyanagi A, Lamb SE, Perera G, Stubbs B. Predictors of Falls and Fractures Leading to Hospitalization in People With Dementia: A Representative Cohort Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Jul;19(7):607-612. Epub 2018 May 9. PMID: 29752159

Castrillo A, Olmos LM, Rodríguez F, Duarte J. Gait Disorder in a Cohort of Patients With Mild and Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2016 May;31(3):257-62. Epub 2015 Sep 22. PMID: 26395024

Toots A, Wiklund R, Littbrand H, Nordin E, Nordström P, Lundin-Olsson L, Gustafson Y, Rosendahl E. The Effects of Exercise on Falls in Older People With Dementia Living in Nursing Homes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019 Jul;20(7):835-842.e1. Epub 2018 Nov 28. PMID: 30503589

Alzheimer’s Disease/Dementia

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9

Allali G, Launay CP, Blumen HM, Callisaya ML, De Cock AM, Kressig RW, Srikanth V, Steinmetz JP, Verghese J, Beauchet O; Biomathics Consortium. Falls, Cognitive Impairment, and Gait Performance: Results From the GOOD Initiative. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017 Apr 1;18(4):335-340. Epub 2016 Nov 30. PMID: 27914848

Ansai JH, Andrade LP, Masse FAA, Gonçalves J, Takahashi ACM, Vale FAC, Rebelatto JR. Risk Factors for Falls in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer Disease. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2019 Jul/Sep;42(3):E116-E121. PMID: 28786910

Hsu, B, Bleicher, K, Waite, LM, et al. Community - dwelling older men with dementia are at high risk of hip fracture, but not any other fracture: The Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2018; 18: 1479– 1484

Sillner AY, Holle CL, Rudolph JL. The Overlap Between Falls and Delirium in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Clin Geriatr Med. 2019 May;35(2):221-236. Epub 2019 Mar 5. PMID: 30929884 Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, Puelle M, Dowal S, Travison T, Inouye SK. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):512-20. Erratum in: JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):659. PMID: 25643002 Morley JE. Dehydration, Hypernatremia, and Hyponatremia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015 Aug;31(3):389-99. Epub 2015 May 11. PMID: 26195098

Babine RL, Hyrkäs KE, Hallen S, Wierman HR, Bachand DA, Chapman JL, Fuller VJ. Falls and delirium in an acute care setting: A retrospective chart review before and after an organisation-wide interprofessional education. J Clin Nurs. 2018 Apr;27(7-8):e1429-e1441. Epub 2018 Mar 13. PMID: 29314374

Hshieh TT, Yang T, Gartaganis SL, Yue J, Inouye SK. Hospital Elder Life Program: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Effectiveness. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;26(10):1015-1033. Epub 2018 Jun 26. PMID: 30076080 Ferguson A, Uldall K, Dunn J, Blackmore CC, Williams B. Effectiveness of a Multifaceted Delirium Screening, Prevention, and Treatment Initiative on the Rate of Delirium Falls in the Acute Care Setting. J Nurs Care Qual. 2018 Jul/Sep;33(3):213-220. PMID: 29035906

Babine RL, Hyrkäs KE, Bachand DA, Chapman JL, Fuller VJ, Honess CA, Wierman HR. Falls in A Tertiary Care Hospital-Association With Delirium: A Replication Study. Psychosomatics. 2016 May-Jun;57(3):273-82. Epub 2016 Jan 12. PMID: 27063812

Delirium (added 2021)

Kvelde T, Lord SR, Close JC, Reppermund S, Kochan NA, Sachdev P, Brodaty H, Delbaere K. Depressive symptoms increase fall risk in older people, independent of antidepressant use, and reduced executive and physical functioning. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Jan-Feb;60(1):190-5. PMID: 25262556

Launay C, De Decker L, Annweiler C, Kabeshova A, Fantino B, Beauchet O. Association of depressive symptoms with recurrent falls: a cross-sectional elderly population based study and a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013 Feb;17(2):152-7. PMID: 23364494

Lohman MC, Mezuk B, Dumenci L. Depression and frailty: concurrent risks for adverse health outcomes. Aging Ment Health. 2015 Oct 21:1-10. PMID: 26488225

Stuart AL, Pasco JA, Jacka FN, Berk M, Williams LJ. Falls and Depression in Men: A Population-Based Study. Am J Mens Health. 2015 Oct 5 PMID: 26438469 {This is listed as an e-pub ahead of print}

Briggs R, Kennelly SP, Kenny RA. Does baseline depression increase the risk of unexplained and accidental falls in a cohort of community-dwelling older people? Data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;33(2):e205-e211. Epub 2017 Aug 2. PMID: 28766755

Marrero J, Fortinsky RH, Kuchel GA, Robison J. Risk Factors for Falls Among Older Adults Following Transition From Nursing Home to the Community. Med Care Res Rev. 2019 Feb;76(1):73-88. Epub 2017 Mar 6. PMID: 29148330

Depression

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10

Umegaki H, Makino T, Uemura K, Shimada H, Cheng XW, Dodge H, Kuzuya M. Falls in community-dwelling prefrail older adults. Health Soc Care Community. 2020 Jan;28(1):110-115. Epub 2019 Sep 2. PMID: 31476096

Lee DA, Lalor AF, Russell G, Stolwyk R, Brown T, McDermott F, Haines TP. Understanding temporal relationships between depression, falls, and physical activity in a cohort of post-hospitalized older adults - a breakthrough or a conundrum? Int Psychogeriatr. 2017 Oct;29(10):1681-1692. Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28625203

Menant JC, Wong AK, Trollor JN, Close JC, Lord SR. Depressive Symptoms and Orthostatic Hypotension Are Risk Factors for Unexplained Falls in Community-Living Older People. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 May;64(5):1073-8. PMID: 27225359 Pellicer-García B, Antón-Solanas I, Ramón-Arbués E, García-Moyano L, Gea-Caballero V, Juárez-Vela R. Risk of Falling and Associated Factors in Older Adults with a Previous History of Falls. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jun 8;17(11):4085. PMID: 32521701 Gimm GW, Kitsantas P. Falls, Depression, and Other Hospitalization Risk Factors for Adults in Residential Care Facilities. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2016 Jun;83(1):44-62. PMID: 27147680

Vinik AI, Camacho P, Reddy S, Valencia WM, Trence D, Matsumoto AM, Morley JE. AGING, DIABETES, AND FALLS. Endocr Pract. 2017 Sep;23(9):1117-1139. Epub 2017 Jul 13. PMID: 2870410

Yang Y, Hu X, Zhang Q, Zou R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2016 Nov;45(6):761-767. Epub 2016 Aug 11. PMID: 27515679 Hewston P, Deshpande N. Falls and Balance Impairments in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Thinking Beyond Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Can J Diabetes. 2016 Feb;40(1):6-9. Epub 2016 Jan 6. PMID: 26778679 Sarodnik C, Bours SPG, Schaper NC, van den Bergh JP, van Geel TACM. The risks of sarcopenia, falls and fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Maturitas. 2018 Mar;109:70-77. Epub 2017 Dec 15. PMID: 29452785 Gu Y, Dennis SM. Are falls prevention programs effective at reducing the risk factors for falls in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Feb;31(2):504-516. Epub 2016 Oct 8. PMID: 27825536

Rinkel WD, van Nieuwkasteele S, Castro Cabezas M, van Neck JW, Birnie E, Coert JH. Balance, risk of falls, risk factors and fall-related costs in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Dec;158:107930. Epub 2019 Nov 16. PMID: 31738998 Blackwood J. Cognitive Function and Falls in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2019 Oct/Dec;42(4):E91-E96. PMID: 30001266 Singh DKA, Shahar S, Vanoh D, Kamaruzzaman SB, Tan MP. Diabetes, arthritis, urinary incontinence, poor self-rated health, higher body mass index and lower handgrip strength are associated with falls among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: Pooled analyses from two cross-sectional Malaysian datasets. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019 Aug;19(8):798-803. Epub 2019 Jun 25. PMID: 31237103

Hewston P, Deshpande N. Fear of Falling and Balance Confidence in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review. Can J Diabetes. 2018 Dec;42(6):664-670. Epub 2018 Mar 6. PMID: 29914779

Diabetes (added 2021)

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11

Fearn M, Hill K, Williams S, Mudge L, Walsh C, McCarthy P, Walsh M, Street A. Balance dysfunction in adults with haemophilia. Haemophilia. 2010 Jul 1;16(4):606-14. PMID: 20331756

Sammels M, Vandesande J, Vlaeyen E, Peerlinck K, Milisen K. Falling and fall risk factors in adults with haemophilia: an exploratory study. Haemophilia. 2014 Nov;20(6):836-45. PMID: 25354771

Angelini D, Konkle BA, Sood SL. Aging among persons with hemophilia: contemporary concerns. Semin Hematol. 2016 Jan;53(1):35-9. Epub 2015 Oct 28. PMID: 26805905 Flaherty LM, Schoeppe J, Kruse-Jarres R, Konkle BA. Balance, falls, and exercise: Beliefs and experiences in people with hemophilia: A qualitative study. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2017 Dec 4;2(1):147-154. PMID: 30046715

Rehm H, Schmolders J, Koob S, Bornemann R, Goldmann G, Oldenburg J, Pennekamp P, Strauss AC. Falling and fall risk in adult patients with severe haemophilia. Hamostaseologie. 2017 May 10;37(2):97-103. Epub 2016 Sep 23. PMID: 27658358

Hemophilia

Bertolotti M, Lonardo A, Mussi C, Baldelli E, Pellegrini E, Ballestri S, Romagnoli D, Loria P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and aging: epidemiology to management. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct 21;20(39):14185-204. PMID: 25339806

Román E, Córdoba J, Torrens M, Guarner C, Soriano G. Falls and cognitive dysfunction impair health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jan;25(1):77-84. PMID: 22954704

Soriano G, Román E, Córdoba J, Torrens M, Poca M, Torras X, Villanueva C, Gich IJ, Vargas V, Guarner C. Cognitive dysfunction in cirrhosis is associated with falls: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2012 Jun;55(6):1922-30. PMID: 22213000

Wadd S, Papadopoulos C. Drinking behaviour and alcohol-related harm amongst older adults: analysis of existing UK datasets. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Oct 20;7:741. PMID: 25332101

Rabiee A, Ximenes RO, Nikayin S, Hickner A, Juthani P, Rosen RH, Garcia-Tsao G. Factors associated with health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review. Liver Int. 2021 Jan;41(1):6-15. Epub 2020 Nov 2. PMID: 32998172 Labenz C, Toenges G, Schattenberg JM, Nagel M, Sprinzl MF, Nguyen-Tat M, Zimmermann T, Huber Y, Marquardt JU, Galle PR, Wörns MA. Clinical Predictors for Poor Quality of Life in Patients With Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;53(7):e303-e307. PMID: 30439761 Urios A, Mangas-Losada A, Gimenez-Garzó C, González-López O, Giner-Durán R, Serra MA, Noe E, Felipo V, Montoliu C. Altered postural control and stability in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy correlate with cognitive deficits. Liver Int. 2017 Jul;37(7):1013-1022. Epub 2017 Feb 3. PMID: 27988985

Amodio P. Hepatic encephalopathy: Diagnosis and management. Liver Int. 2018 Jun;38(6):966-975. Epub 2018 Apr 24. PMID: 29624860

Krishnarao A, Gordon FD. Prognosis of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis. 2020 May;24(2):219-229. Epub 2020 Mar 2. PMID: 32245529 Labenz C, Toenges G, Schattenberg JM, Nagel M, Huber Y, Marquardt JU, Galle PR, Wörns MA. Health-related quality of life in patients with compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis. Eur J Intern Med. 2019 Dec;70:54-59. Epub 2019 Sep 14. PMID: 31530418 Ezaz G, Murphy SL, Mellinger J, Tapper EB. Increased Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Falls Among Patients with Cirrhosis. Am J Med. 2018 Jun;131(6):645-650.e2. Epub 2018 Feb 14. PMID: 29453941

Impaired Hepatic Function/Liver Disease

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12

López-Soto PJ, De Giorgi A, Senno E, Tiseo R, Ferraresi A, Canella C, Rodríguez-Borrego MA, Manfredini R, Fabbian F. Renal disease and accidental falls: a review of published evidence. BMC Nephrol. 2015 Oct 29;16(1):176. PMID: 26510510

McAdams-DeMarco MA, Suresh S, Law A, Salter ML, Gimenez LF, Jaar BG, Walston JD, Segev DL. Frailty and falls among adult patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2013 Oct 16;14:224. PMID: 24131569

Kistler BM, Khubchandani J, Jakubowicz G, Wilund K, Sosnoff J. Falls and Fall-Related Injuries Among US Adults Aged 65 or Older With Chronic Kidney Disease. Prev Chronic Dis. 2018 Jun 21;15:E82. PMID: 29935079 Sedaghat S, Darweesh SKL, Verlinden VJA, van der Geest JN, Dehghan A, Franco OH, Hoorn EJ, Ikram MA. Kidney function, gait pattern and fall in the general population: a cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018 Dec 1;33(12):2165-2172. PMID: 29566168

Song YH, Cai GY, Xiao YF, Chen XM. Risk factors for mortality in elderly haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2020 Aug 31;21(1):377. PMID: 32867718 Tekkarismaz N, Doruk Analan P, Ozelsancak R, Torun D, Caliskan K, Haberal M. Effect of Kidney Transplant on Balance and Fall Risk. Exp Clin Transplant. 2020 Jan;18(Suppl 1):73-77. PMID: 32008501

Zanotto T, Mercer TH, van der Linden ML, Rush R, Traynor JP, Petrie CJ, Doyle A, Chalmers K, Allan N, Shilliday I, Koufaki P. The relative importance of frailty, physical and cardiovascular function as exercise-modifiable predictors of falls in haemodialysis patients: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2020 Mar 14;21(1):99. PMID: 32169050 Zanotto T, Gobbo S, Bullo V, Vendramin B, Roma E, Duregon F, Bocalini DS, Di Blasio A, Cugusi L, Furian L, Di Bella C, Neunhaeuserer D, Battista F, Bergamin M, Ermolao A. Postural balance, muscle strength, and history of falls in end-stage renal disease patients living with a kidney transplant: A cross-sectional study. Gait Posture. 2020 Feb;76:358-363. Epub 2019 Dec 28. PMID: 31901763

Canney M, O’Connell MDL, Sexton DJ, O’Leary N, Kenny RA, Little MA, O’Seaghdha CM. Graded Association Between Kidney Function and Impaired Orthostatic Blood Pressure Stabilization in Older Adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 May 4;6(5):e005661. PMID: 28473404

Impaired Renal Function/Kidney Disease

Bresee C, Dubina ED, Khan AA, Sevilla C, Grant D, Eilber KS, Anger JT. Prevalence and correlates of urinary incontinence among older community-dwelling women. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2014 Nov-Dec;20(6):328-33. PMID: 25185631

Godmaire GC, Grenier S, Tannenbaum C. An independent association between urinary incontinence and falls in chronic benzodiazepine users. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 May;63(5):1035-7. PMID: 25989570

Luo X, Chuang CC, Yang E, Zou KH, Araiza AL, Bhagnani T. Prevalence, management and outcomes of medically complex vulnerable elderly patients with urinary incontinence in the United States. Int J Clin Pract. 2015 Dec;69(12):1517-24 PMID: 26355637

Kim SY, Bang W, Kim MS, Park B, Kim JH, Choi HG. Nocturia Is Associated with Slipping and Falling. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 6;12(1):e0169690. PMID: 28060916 Hung CH, Wang CJ, Tang TC, Chen LY, Peng LN, Hsiao FY, Chen LK. Recurrent falls and its risk factors among older men living in the veterans retirement communities: A cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017 May-Jun;70:214-218. Epub 2017 Feb 4. PMID: 28214764 Pahwa AK, Andy UU, Newman DK, Stambakio H, Schmitz KH, Arya LA. Noctural Enuresis as a Risk Factor for Falls in Older Community Dwelling Women with Urinary Incontinence. J Urol. 2016 May;195(5):1512-1516. Epub 2015 Nov 26. PMID: 26626218

Incontinence

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13

Sayabalian A, Easton-Garrett S, Kassabian A, Kunze MB. Incontinence affects every aspect and stakeholder of an assisted living community. Geriatr Nurs. 2019 May-Jun;40(3):338-341. PMID: 31202425 Noguchi N, Chan L, Cumming RG, Blyth FM, Naganathan V. A systematic review of the association between lower urinary tract symptoms and falls, injuries, and fractures in community-dwelling older men. Aging Male. 2016 Sep;19(3):168-174. Epub 2016 Apr 12. PMID: 27068237

Kim HJ, Kim JW, Jang SN, Kim KD, Yoo JI, Ha YC. Urinary Incontinences Are Related with Fall and Fragility Fractures in Elderly Population: Nationwide Cohort Study. J Bone Metab. 2018 Nov;25(4):267-274. Epub 2018 Nov 30. PMID: 30574471 Schluter PJ, Arnold EP, Jamieson HA. Falls and hip fractures associated with urinary incontinence among older men and women with complex needs: A national population study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018 Apr;37(4):1336-1343. Epub 2017 Nov 11. PMID: 29130513 Soliman Y, Meyer R, Baum N. Falls in the Elderly Secondary to Urinary Symptoms. Rev Urol. 2016;18(1):28-32. PMID: 27162509

Infectious Diseases Society of America. “Tripped up by a bug: Infection may cause falls, especially in older people, study suggests.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 October 2015

Limpawattana P, Phungoen P, Mitsungnern T, Laosuangkoon W, Tansangworn N. Atypical presentations of older adults at the emergency department and associated factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016 Jan-Feb;62:97-102. PMID: 26323650

Kallin K, Jensen J, Olsson LL, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Why the elderly fall in residential care facilities, and suggested remedies. J Fam Pract. 2004 Jan;53(1):41-52. PMID: 14709266

Rhoads J, Clayman A, Nelson S. The relationship of urinary tract infections and falls in a nursing home. Director. 2007 Winter;15(1):22-6. PMID: 19348053

Steinmeyer Z, Vienne-Noyes S, Bernard M, Steinmeyer A, Balardy L, Piau A, Sourdet S. Acute Care of Older Patients with COVID-19: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes. Geriatrics (Basel). 2020 Sep 27;5(4):65. PMID: 32992602 Erlandson KM, Plankey MW, Springer G, Cohen HS, Cox C, Hoffman HJ, Yin MT, Brown TT. Fall frequency and associated factors among men and women with or at risk for HIV infection. HIV Med. 2016 Nov;17(10):740-748. PMID: 27028463 Manian FA, Hsu F, Huang D, Blair A, Mosarla R, Mulugeta W, Lipartia M. Coexisting Systemic Infections in Patients Hospitalized Because of a Fall: Prevalence and Risk Factors. J Emerg Med. 2020 May;58(5):733-740. Epub 2020 Mar 21. PMID: 32205000

Infections

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14

Johnson RL, Duncan CM, Ahn KS, Schroeder DR, Horlocker TT, Kopp SL. Fall-prevention strategies and patient characteristics that impact fall rates after total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg. 2014 Nov;119(5):1113-8. PMID: 25211392

Mallinson T, Leland NE, Chan TH. The need for uniform quality reporting across post-acute care rehabilitation settings: an examination of accidental falls. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):195-7. PMID: 25597580

Matsumoto H, Okuno M, Nakamura T, Yamamoto K, Osaki M, Hagino H. Incidence and risk factors for falling in patients after total knee arthroplasty compared to healthy elderly individuals. Yonago Acta Med. 2014 Dec;57(4):137-45. PMID: 25901101

Swinkels A, Newman JH, Allain TJ. A prospective observational study of falling before and after knee replacement surgery. Age Ageing. 2009 Mar;38(2):175-81. PMID: 19029071

Zak M, Krupnik S, Puzio G, Staszczak-Gawelda I, Czesak J. Assessment of functional capability and on-going falls-risk in older institutionalized people after total hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fractures. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Jul-Aug;61(1):14-20. PMID: 25912891

Lo CWT, Tsang WWN, Yan CH, Lord SR, Hill KD, Wong AYL. Risk factors for falls in patients with total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019 Jul;27(7):979-993. Epub 2019 Apr 24. PMID: 31028883

Chan ACM, Jehu DA, Pang MYC. Falls After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Frequency, Circumstances, and Associated Factors-A Prospective Cohort Study. Phys Ther. 2018 Sep 1;98(9):767-778. PMID: 29931164

Riddle DL, Golladay GJ. Preoperative Risk Factors for Postoperative Falls in Persons Undergoing Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Longitudinal Study of Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 May;99(5):967-972. Epub 2018 Jan 31. PMID: 29407516

Ikutomo H, Nagai K, Tagomori K, Miura N, Nakagawa N, Masuhara K. Gait Abnormality Predicts Falls in Women After Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2018 Oct;33(10):3215-3219. Epub 2018 Jun 6. PMID: 29941382

Si HB, Zeng Y, Zhong J, Zhou ZK, Lu YR, Cheng JQ, Ning N, Shen B. The effect of primary total knee arthroplasty on the incidence of falls and balance-related functions in patients with osteoarthritis. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 29;7(1):16583. PMID: 29185496

Hunter SW, Bobos P, Somerville L, Howard J, Vasarhelyi EM, Lanting B. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Falls in Adults 1 Year After Total Hip Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020 Sep;99(9):853-857. PMID: 32332196

Lower Extremity Arthroplasty

Munch T, Harrison SL, Barrett-Connor E, Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Schousboe JT, Stefanick M, Cawthon PM. Pain and falls and fractures in community-dwelling older men. Age Ageing. 2015 Nov;44(6):973-9. PMID: 26396181

Stubbs B, Binnekade T, Eggermont L, Sepehry AA, Patchay S, Schofield P. Pain and the risk for falls in community-dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Jan;95(1):175-187. PMID: 24036161

Wong AY, Karppinen J, Samartzis D. Low back pain in older adults: risk factors, management options and future directions. Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2017 Apr 18;12:14. PMID: 28435906 Marshall` LM, Litwack-Harrison S, Cawthon PM, Kado DM, Deyo RA, Makris UE, Carlson HL, Nevitt MC; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) Research Group. A Prospective Study of Back Pain and Risk of Falls Among Older Community-dwelling Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016 Sep;71(9):1177-83. Epub 2016 Jan 12. PMID: 26757988

Lower Extremity Injury/Pain

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15

Callaghan B, Kerber K, Langa KM, Banerjee M, Rodgers A, McCammon R, Burke J, Feldman E. Longitudinal patient-oriented outcomes in neuropathy: Importance of early detection and falls. Neurology. 2015 Jul 7;85(1):71-9. PMID: 26019191

Toosizadeh N, Mohler J, Armstrong DG, Talal TK, Najafi B. The influence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy on local postural muscle and central sensory feedback balance control. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 10;10(8):e0135255. PMID: 26258497

Beaulieu ML, Müller MLTM, Bohnen NI. Peripheral neuropathy is associated with more frequent falls in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018 Sep;54:46-50. Epub 2018 Apr 3. PMID: 29625874

Bouche P. Neuropathy of the elderly. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2020 Nov;176(9):733-738. Epub 2020 Sep 23. PMID: 32980155

Gu Y, Dennis SM. Are falls prevention programs effective at reducing the risk factors for falls in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Feb;31(2):504-516. Epub 2016 Oct 8. PMID: 27825536

Fino PC, Horak FB, El-Gohary M, Guidarelli C, Medysky ME, Nagle SJ, Winters-Stone KM. Postural sway, falls, and self-reported neuropathy in aging female cancer survivors. Gait Posture. 2019 Mar;69:136-142. Epub 2019 Jan 17. PMID: 30716669 Lipsitz LA, Manor B, Habtemariam D, Iloputaife I, Zhou J, Travison TG. The pace and prognosis of peripheral sensory loss in advanced age: association with gait speed and falls. BMC Geriatr. 2018 Nov 12;18(1):274. PMID: 30419857; PMCID: PMC6233369 Timar B, Timar R, Gaiță L, Oancea C, Levai C, Lungeanu D. The Impact of Diabetic Neuropathy on Balance and on the Risk of Falls in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 27;11(4):e0154654. PMID: 27119372

Kang GE, Yang J, Najafi B. Does the Presence of Cognitive Impairment Exacerbate the Risk of Falls in People with Peripheral Neuropathy? An Application of Body-Worn Inertial Sensors to Measure Gait Variability. Sensors (Basel). 2020 Feb 29;20(5):1328. PMID: 32121396

Randolph AC, Lin YL, Volpi E, Kuo YF. Tricyclic Antidepressant and/or γ-Aminobutyric Acid-Analog Use Is Associated With Fall Risk in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Jun;67(6):1174-1181. Epub 2019 Jan 29. PMID: 30694557

Lower Extremity Neuropathy

Cumming K, Hoyle GE, Hutchison JD, Soiza RL. Prevalence, incidence and etiology of hyponatremia in elderly patients with fragility fractures. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 5;9(2):e88272. PMID: 24505459

Meijers JM, Halfens RJ, Neyens JC, Luiking YC, Verlaan G, Schols JM. Predicting falls in elderly receiving home care: the role of malnutrition and impaired mobility. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012 Jul;16(7):654-8. PMID: 22836709

Morley JE. Dehydration, Hypernatremia, and Hyponatremia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015 Aug;31(3):389-99. PMID: 26195098

Moudouni DK, Phillips CD. In-hospital mortality and unintentional falls among older adults in the United States. J Appl Gerontol. 2013 Dec;32(8):923-35. PMID: 25474822

Westergren A, Hagell P, Sjödahl Hammarlund C. Malnutrition and risk of falling among elderly without home-help service—a cross sectional study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014 Dec;18(10):905-11. PMID: 25470807

Nash L, Bergin N. Nutritional strategies to reduce falls risk in older people. Nurs Older People. 2018 Mar 23;30(3):20-24. PMID: 29569861

van Rijssen NM, Rojer AGM, Trappenburg MC, Reijnierse EM, Meskers CGM, Maier AB, de van der Schueren MAE. Is being malnourished according to the ESPEN definition for malnutrition associated with clinically relevant outcome measures in geriatric outpatients? Eur Geriatr Med. 2018;9(3):389-394. Epub 2018 May 3. PMID: 29887925

Malnutrition/Dehydration

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Trevisan C, Crippa A, Ek S, Welmer AK, Sergi G, Maggi S, Manzato E, Bea JW, Cauley JA, Decullier E, Hirani V, LaMonte MJ, Lewis CE, Schott AM, Orsini N, Rizzuto D. Nutritional Status, Body Mass Index, and the Risk of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019 May;20(5):569-582.e7. Epub 2018 Dec 13. PMID: 30554987

Soysal P, Smith L, Dokuzlar O, Isik AT. Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Insomnia Severity in Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019 Dec;20(12):1593-1598. Epub 2019 May 17. PMID: 31109907 Nagai T, Tanimoto K, Tomizuka Y, Uei H, Nagaoka M. Nutrition status and functional prognosis among elderly patients with distal radius fracture: a retrospective cohort study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020 Apr 7;15(1):133. PMID: 32264913

Ishida Y, Maeda K, Nonogaki T, Shimizu A, Yamanaka Y, Matsuyama R, Kato R, Mori N. Malnutrition at Admission Predicts In-Hospital Falls in Hospitalized Older Adults. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 20;12(2):541. PMID: 32093144

Misu S, Asai T, Doi T, Sawa R, Ueda Y, Saito T, Nakamura R, Murata S, Sugimoto T, Yamada M, Ono R. Association between gait abnormality and malnutrition in a community-dwelling elderly population. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017 Aug;17(8):1155-1160. Epub 2016 Jul 18. PMID: 27426987

Lackoff AS, Hickling D, Collins PF, Stevenson KJ, Nowicki TA, Bell JJ. The association of malnutrition with falls and harm from falls in hospital inpatients: Findings from a 5-year observational study. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Feb;29(3-4):429-436. Epub 2019 Dec 1. PMID: 31715045 Eglseer D, Hoedl M, Schoberer D. Malnutrition risk and hospital-acquired falls in older adults: A cross-sectional, multicenter study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020 Apr;20(4):348-353. Epub 2020 Feb 9. PMID: 32036627 Mundi MS, Patel J, McClave SA, Hurt RT. Current perspective for tube feeding in the elderly: from identifying malnutrition to providing of enteral nutrition. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 Aug 1;13:1353-1364. PMID: 30122907

Corish CA, Bardon LA. Malnutrition in older adults: screening and determinants. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019 Aug;78(3):372-379. Epub 2018 Dec 3. PMID: 30501651

Coote S, Finlayson M, Sosnoff JJ. Level of mobility limitations and falls status in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 May;95(5):862-6. PMID: 24215991

Hoang PD, Cameron MH, Gandevia SC, Lord SR. Neuropsychological, balance, and mobility risk factors for falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a prospective cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Mar;95(3):480-6. PMID: 24096187

Hayes S, Galvin R, Kennedy C, Finlayson M, McGuigan C, Walsh CD, Coote S. Interventions for preventing falls in people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 28;11(11):CD012475. PMID: 31778221

Carling A, Forsberg A, Gunnarsson M, Nilsagård Y. CoDuSe group exercise programme improves balance and reduces falls in people with multiple sclerosis: A multi-centre, randomized, controlled pilot study. Mult Scler. 2017 Sep;23(10):1394-1404. Epub 2016 Nov 12. PMID: 27834736

Sung J, Shen S, Motl RW, Sosnoff JJ. Bladder function and falls in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2016 Nov;38(22):2193-7. Epub 2016 Jan 10. PMID: 27553916

Comber L, Quinn G, McGuigan C, Galvin R, Coote S. Medication usage and falls in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018 Jun;24(7):995-998. Epub 2017 Sep 18. PMID: 28920765

Brandstadter R, Ayeni O, Krieger SC, Harel NY, Escalon MX, Katz Sand I, Leavitt VM, Fabian MT, Buyukturkoglu K, Klineova S, Riley CS, Lublin FD, Miller AE, Sumowski JF. Detection of subtle gait disturbance and future fall risk in early multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2020 Mar 31;94(13):e1395-e1406. Epub 2020 Feb 26. PMID: 32102980 Carling A, Forsberg A, Nilsagård Y. Falls in people with multiple sclerosis: experiences of 115 fall situations. Clin Rehabil. 2018 Apr;32(4):526-535. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28901164

Multiple Sclerosis

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Vister E, Tijsma ME, Hoang PD, Lord SR. Fatigue, Physical Activity, Quality of Life, and Fall Risk in People with Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2017 Mar-Apr;19(2):91-98. PMID: 32607067 Kalron A, Aloni R, Allali G. The relationship between depression, anxiety and cognition and its paradoxical impact on falls in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018 Oct;25:167-172. Epub 2018 Jul 27. PMID: 30086536

Mitchell RJ, Lord SR, Harvey LA, Close JC. Associations between obesity and overweight and fall risk, health status and quality of life in older people. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2014 Feb;38(1):13-8. PMID: 24494939 Mitchell RJ, Lord SR, Harvey LA, Close JC. Obesity and falls in older people: mediating effects of disease, sedentary behavior, mood, pain and medication use. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Jan-Feb;60(1):52-8. PMID: 25307955

Neri SGR, Harvey LA, Tiedemann A, Gadelha AB, Lima RM. Obesity and falls in older women: Mediating effects of muscle quality, foot loads and postural control. Gait Posture. 2020 Mar;77:138-143. Epub 2020 Feb 1. PMID: 32036318 Melzer I, Oddsson LI. Altered characteristics of balance control in obese older adults. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2016 Mar-Apr;10(2):151-8. Epub 2015 Jun 16. PMID: 26092493

Gonzalez M, Gates DH, Rosenblatt NJ. The impact of obesity on gait stability in older adults. J Biomech. 2020 Feb 13;100:109585. Epub 2019 Dec 17. PMID: 31911052 Rossi-Izquierdo M, Santos-Pérez S, Faraldo-García A, Vaamonde-Sánchez-Andrade I, Gayoso-Diz P, Del-Río-Valeiras M, Lirola-Delgado A, Soto-Varela A. Impact of obesity in elderly patients with postural instability. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016 Jun;28(3):423-8. Epub 2015 Jul 18. PMID: 26187012 Hooker ER, Shrestha S, Lee CG, Cawthon PM, Abrahamson M, Ensrud K, Stefanick ML, Dam TT, Marshall LM, Orwoll ES, Nielson CM; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. Obesity and Falls in a Prospective Study of Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. J Aging Health. 2017 Oct;29(7):1235-1250. Epub 2016 Jul 27. PMID: 27469600

Waters DL, Qualls CR, Cesari M, Rolland Y, Vlietstra L, Vellas B. Relationship of Incident Falls with Balance Deficits and Body Composition in Male and Female Community-Dwelling Elders. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(1):9-13. PMID: 30569062 G R Neri S, S Oliveira J, B Dario A, M Lima R, Tiedemann A. Does Obesity Increase the Risk and Severity of Falls in People Aged 60 Years and Older? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Apr 17;75(5):952-960. PMID: 31750880 Lee JJ, Hong DW, Lee SA, Soh Y, Yang M, Choi KM, Won CW, Chon J. Relationship Between Obesity and Balance in the Community-Dwelling Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020 Jan;99(1):65-70. PMID: 31464747 Cho BY, Seo DC, Lin HC, Lohrmann DK, Chomistek AK. BMI and Central Obesity With Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Am J Prev Med. 2018 Apr;54(4):e59-e66. Epub 2018 Feb 9. PMID: 29433954

Obesity

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Patel KV, Phelan EA, Leveille SG, Lamb SE, Missikpode C, Wallace RB, Guralnik JM, Turk DC. High prevalence of falls, fear of falling, and impaired balance in older adults with pain in the United States: findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Oct;62(10):1844-52. PMID: 25283473

Stubbs B, Binnekade T, Eggermont L, Sepehry AA, Patchay S, Schofield P. Pain and the risk for falls in community-dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Jan;95(1):175-187. PMID: 24036161

Stubbs B, Schofield P, Binnekade T, Patchay S, Sepehry A, Eggermont L. Pain is associated with recurrent falls in community-dwelling older adults: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Med. 2014 Jul;15(7):1115-28. PMID: 24837341

Tomita Y, Arima K, Kanagae M, Okabe T, Mizukami S, Nishimura T, Abe Y, Goto H, Horiguchi I, Aoyagi K. Association of Physical Performance and Pain With Fear of Falling Among Community-Dwelling Japanese Women Aged 65 Years and Older. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Sep;94(35):e1449. PMID: 26334906

Gálvez-Barrón C, Formiga F, Miñarro A, Macho O, Narvaiza L, Dapena MD, Pujol R, Rodríguez-Molinero A. Pain and recurrent falls in the older and oldest-old non-institutionalized population. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jan 14;20(1):15. PMID: 31937248

Welsh VK, Clarson LE, Mallen CD, McBeth J. Multisite pain and self-reported falls in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019 Feb 22;21(1):67. PMID: 30795790

Pan F, Tian J, Aitken D, Cicuttini F, Jones G. Pain at Multiple Sites Is Associated With Prevalent and Incident Fractures in Older Adults. J Bone Miner Res. 2019 Nov;34(11):2012-2018. Epub 2019 Aug 19. PMID: 31237964

Crowe M, Jordan J, Gillon D, McCall C, Frampton C, Jamieson H. The prevalence of pain and its relationship to falls, fatigue, and depression in a cohort of older people living in the community. J Adv Nurs. 2017 Nov;73(11):2642-2651. Epub 2017 May 22. PMID: 28475222

Cai Y, Leveille SG, Shi L, Chen P, You T. Chronic Pain and Risk of Injurious Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Sep 30:glaa249. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33000168

Hicks C, Levinger P, Menant JC, Lord SR, Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Sturnieks DL. Reduced strength, poor balance and concern about falls mediate the relationship between knee pain and fall risk in older people. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Mar 6;20(1):94. PMID: 32138672

Cai Y, Leveille SG, Hausdorff JM, Bean JF, Manor B, McLean RR, You T. Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Foot Reaction Time in Older Adults. J Pain. 2021 Jan;22(1):76-85. Epub 2020 Jun 26. PMID: 32599155

Welmer AK, Rizzuto D, Calderón-Larrañaga A, Johnell K. Sex Differences in the Association Between Pain and Injurious Falls in Older Adults: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2017 Nov 1;186(9):1049-1056. PMID: 28535169

Hirase T, Makizako H, Okubo Y, Lord SR, Okita M, Nakai Y, Takenaka T, Kubozono T, Ohishi M. Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Lower Back or Knee Pain Are Associated with Cognitive and Emotional Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 9;17(14):4960. PMID: 32660067

Awale A, Hagedorn TJ, Dufour AB, Menz HB, Casey VA, Hannan MT. Foot Function, Foot Pain, and Falls in Older Adults: The Framingham Foot Study. Gerontology. 2017;63(4):318-324. Epub 2017 May 9. PMID: 28482340

Pain

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19

Mayor S. Parkinson’s disease diagnosis is preceded by increased risk of falls, study finds. BMJ. 2016 Feb 4;352:i695. PMID: 26849893

Paul SS, Allen NE, Sherrington C, Heller G, Fung VS, Close JC, Lord SR, Canning CG. Risk factors for frequent falls in people with Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4(4):699-703. PMID: 25271238

Paul SS, Canning CG, Sherrington C, Lord SR, Close JC, Fung VS. Three simple clinical tests to accurately predict falls in people with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013 May;28(5):655-62. PMID: 23450694 Paul SS, Sherrington C, Canning CG, Fung VS, Close JC, Lord SR.The relative contribution of physical and cognitive fall risk factors in people with Parkinson’s disease: a large prospective cohort study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014 Mar-Apr;28(3):282-90. PMID: 24243915

Bansal S, Hirdes JP, Maxwell CJ, Papaioannou A, Giangregorio LM. Identifying Fallers among Home Care Clients with Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease. Can J Aging. 2016 Sep;35(3):319-31. Epub 2016 Jul 18. PMID: 27426223

Dahodwala N, Nwadiogbu C, Fitts W, Partridge H, Karlawish J. Parkinsonian signs are a risk factor for falls. Gait Posture. 2017 Jun;55:1-5. Epub 2017 Apr 4. PMID: 28407503 Paul SS, Harvey L, Canning CG, Boufous S, Lord SR, Close JC, Sherrington C. Fall-related hospitalization in people with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Mar;24(3):523-529. Epub 2017 Jan 24. PMID: 28117538

Lord S, Galna B, Yarnall AJ, Morris R, Coleman S, Burn D, Rochester L. Natural history of falls in an incident cohort of Parkinson’s disease: early evolution, risk and protective features. J Neurol. 2017 Nov;264(11):2268-2276. doi: 10.1007/s00415-017-8620-y. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28948348

Gazibara T, Kisic Tepavcevic D, Svetel M, Tomic A, Stankovic I, Kostic VS, Pekmezovic T. Near-falls in people with Parkinson’s disease: Circumstances, contributing factors and association with falling. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2017 Oct;161:51-55. Epub 2017 Aug 24. PMID: 28858631

Lamont RM, Morris ME, Menz HB, McGinley JL, Brauer SG. Falls in people with Parkinson’s disease: A prospective comparison of community and home-based falls. Gait Posture. 2017 Jun;55:62-67. Epub 2017 Apr 4. PMID: 28419875

Tassorelli C, Berlangieri M, Buscone S, Bolla M, De Icco R, Baricich A, Pacchetti C, Cisari C, Sandrini G. Falls, fractures and bone density in Parkinson’s disease - a cross-sectional study. Int J Neurosci. 2017 Apr;127(4):299-304. Epub 2016 Jul 20. PMID: 27356592

LeWitt PA, Kymes S, Hauser RA. Parkinson Disease and Orthostatic Hypotension in the Elderly: Recognition and Management of Risk Factors for Falls. Aging Dis. 2020 May 9;11(3):679-691.PMID: 32489712

Michalska J, Kamieniarz A, Brachman A, Marszałek W, Cholewa J, Juras G, Słomka KJ. Fall-related measures in elderly individuals and Parkinson’s disease subjects. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 13;15(8):e0236886. PMID: 32790749

Pelicioni PHS, Menant JC, Latt MD, Lord SR. Falls in Parkinson’s Disease Subtypes: Risk Factors, Locations and Circumstances. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jun 23;16(12):2216. PMID: 31234571

Lord S, Galna B, Yarnall AJ, Coleman S, Burn D, Rochester L. Predicting first fall in newly diagnosed Parkinson’s disease: Insights from a fall-naïve cohort. Mov Disord. 2016 Dec;31(12):1829-1836. Epub 2016 Sep 13. PMID: 27621153

Parkinson’s Disease

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Homann B, Plaschg A, Grundner M, Haubenhofer A, Griedl T, Ivanic G, Hofer E, Fazekas F, Homann CN. The impact of neurological disorders on the risk for falls in the community dwelling elderly: a case-controlled study. BMJ Open. 2013 Nov 25;3(11):e003367 PMID: 24282241

Kepez A, Erdogan O. Arrhythmogenic epilepsy and pacing need: A matter of controversy. World J Clin Cases. 2015 Oct 16;3(10):872-5. PMID: 26488022

Nguyen-Michel VH, Bornand A, Balathazar AM, Kinugawa K, Lâm XY, Piette F, Mariani J, Dupont S. Fall related to epileptic seizures in the elderly. Epileptic Disord. 2015 Sep 1;17(3):287-91. PMID: 26170208

Camara-Lemarroy CR, Ortiz-Zacarías D, Peña-Avendaño JJ, Estrada-Bellmann I, Villarreal-Velázquez HJ, Díaz-Torres MA. Alterations in balance and mobility in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017 Jan;66:53-56. Epub 2016 Dec 26. PMID: 28033546

Leppik IE, Yang H, Williams B, Zhou S, Fain R, Patten A, Bibbiani F, Laurenza A. Analysis of falls in patients with epilepsy enrolled in the perampanel phase III randomized double-blind studies. Epilepsia. 2017 Jan;58(1):51-59. Epub 2016 Nov 21. PMID: 27869305

Cengiz O, Atalar AÇ, Tekin B, Bebek N, Baykan B, Gürses C. Impact of seizure-related injuries on quality of life. Neurol Sci. 2019 Mar;40(3):577-583. Epub 2019 Jan 5. PMID: 30612277

Seizures/Epilepsy

Balatsouras DG, Koukoutsis G, Fassolis A, Moukos A, Apris A. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly: current insights. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 Nov 5;13:2251-2266. PMID: 30464434 Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, Edlow JA, El-Kashlan H, Fife T, Holmberg JM, Mahoney K, Hollingsworth DB, Roberts R, Seidman MD, Steiner RW, Do BT, Voelker CC, Waguespack RW, Corrigan MD. Clinical Practice Guideline: Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Mar;156(3_suppl):S1-S47. PMID: 28248609

Dieterich M, Brandt T. Perception of Verticality and Vestibular Disorders of Balance and Falls. Front Neurol. 2019 Apr 3;10:172. PMID: 31001184 Jumani K, Powell J. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: Management and Its Impact on Falls. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2017 Aug;126(8):602-605. PMID: 28718303

Zwergal A, Feil K, Schniepp R, Strupp M. Cerebellar Dizziness and Vertigo: Etiologies, Diagnostic Assessment, and Treatment. Semin Neurol. 2020 Feb;40(1):87-96. Epub 2019 Dec 30. PMID: 31887755

Jahn K. The Aging Vestibular System: Dizziness and Imbalance in the Elderly. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;82:143-149. Epub 2019 Jan 15. PMID: 30947233

Brosel S, Strupp M. The Vestibular System and Ageing. Subcell Biochem. 2019;91:195-225. PMID: 30888654

Ribeiro KM, Freitas RV, Ferreira LM, Deshpande N, Guerra RO. Effects of balance Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy in elderly with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2017 Jun;39(12):1198-1206. Epub 2016 Jun 24. PMID: 27340939

Fernández L, Breinbauer HA, Delano PH. Vertigo and Dizziness in the Elderly. Front Neurol. 2015 Jun 26;6:144. PMID: 26167157

Sulway S, Whitney SL. Advances in Vestibular Rehabilitation. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;82:164-169. Epub 2019 Jan 15. PMID: 30947180

Jahn K. The Aging Vestibular System: Dizziness and Imbalance in the Elderly. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;82:143-149. Epub 2019 Jan 15. PMID: 30947233

Alyono JC. Vertigo and Dizziness: Understanding and Managing Fall Risk. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018 Aug;51(4):725-740. Epub 2018 May 24. PMID: 29803531

Vertigo (added 2021)

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MEDICATION ASSESSMENTChen Y, Zhu LL, Zhou Q. Effects of drug pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, characteristics of medication use, and relevant pharmacological interventions on fall risk in elderly patients. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014 Jun 13;10:437-48. PMID: 24966681

Gnjidic D, Hilmer SN, Blyth FM, Naganathan V, Waite L, Seibel MJ, McLachlan AJ, Cumming RG, Handelsman DJ, Le Couteur DG. Polypharmacy cutoff and outcomes: five or more medicines were used to identify community-dwelling older men at risk of different adverse outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012 Sep;65(9):989-95. PMID: 22742913

Ham AC, Swart KM, Enneman AW, van Dijk SC, Oliai Araghi S, van Wijngaarden JP, van der Zwaluw NL, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, van Schoor NM, van der Cammen TJ, Lips P, de Groot LC, Uitterlinden AG, Witkamp RF, Stricker BH, van der Velde N. Medication-related fall incidents in an older, ambulant population: the B-PROOF study. Drugs Aging. 2014 Dec;31(12):917-27. PMID: 25398701

Kouladjian L, Gnjidic D, Chen TF, Mangoni AA, Hilmer SN. Drug Burden Index in older adults: theoretical and practical issues. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Sep 9;9:1503-15. PMID: 25246778

Laflamme L, Monárrez-Espino J, Johnell K, Elling B, Möller J. Type, number or both? A population-based matched case-control study on the risk of fall injuries among older people and number of medications beyond fall-inducing drugs. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 27;10(3):e0123390. PMID: 25815483

Lattanzio F, Landi F, Bustacchini S, Abbatecola AM, Corica F, Pranno L, Corsonello A. Geriatric conditions and the risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults: a review. Drug Saf. 2012 Jan;35 Suppl 1:55-61. PMID: 23446786

Nishtala PS, Narayan SW, Wang T, Hilmer SN. Associations of drug burden index with falls, general practitioner visits, and mortality in older people. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014 Jul;23(7):753-8. PMID: 24723335

Sino CG, Bouvy ML, Jansen PA, Schop IM, Egberts TC, Schuurmans MJ. Signs and symptoms indicative of potential adverse drug reactions in homecare patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Dec;14(12):920-5. PMID: 24286711

Terri R. Fried, MD, John O’Leary, MS, Virginia Towle, MPhil, Mary K. Goldstein, MD, MS, Mark Trentalange, MD, MPH, and Deanna K. Martin, MPH. Health Outcomes Associated with Polypharmacy in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Dec; 62(12): 2261–2272. PMCID: PMC4270076

Thorell K, Ranstad K, Midlöv P, Borgquist L, Halling A. Is use of fall risk-increasing drugs in an elderly population associated with an increased risk of hip fracture, after adjustment for multimorbidity level: a cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2014 Dec 4;14:131. PMID: 25475854

Woolcott JC, Richardson KJ, Wiens MO, Patel B, Marin J, Khan KM, Marra CA.Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Nov 23;169(21):1952-60. PMID: 19933955

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PRESCRIBING TOOLSBy the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Nov;63(11):2227-46. PMID: 26446832

Fitzgerald LS, Hanlon JT, Shelton PS, Landsman PB, Schmader KE, Pulliam CC, Williams ME. Reliability of a modified medication appropriateness index in ambulatory older persons. Ann Pharmacother. 1997 May;31(5):543-8. PMID: 9161645

Gallagher P, Ryan C, Byrne S, Kennedy J, O’Mahony D. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Person’s Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment). Consensus validation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;46(2):72-83. PMID: 18218287

Hill-Taylor B, Sketris I, Hayden J, Byrne S, O’Sullivan D, Christie R. Application of the STOPP/START criteria: a systematic review of the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing in older adults, and evidence of clinical, humanistic and economic impact. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2013 Oct;38(5):360-72. PMID: 23550814

Strand LM, Morley PC, Cipolle RJ, Ramsey R, Lamsam GD. Drug-related problems: their structure and function. DICP. 1990 Nov;24(11):1093-7. PMID: 2275235

Lavan AH, Gallagher P. Predicting risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2016 Feb;7(1):11-22. PMID: 26834959 Blalock SJ, Renfro CP, Robinson JM, Farley JF, Busby-Whitehead J, Ferreri SP. Using the Drug Burden Index to identify older adults at highest risk for medication-related falls. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jun 12;20(1):208. PMID: 32532276

Hill-Taylor B, Walsh KA, Stewart S, Hayden J, Byrne S, Sketris IS. Effectiveness of the STOPP/START (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ potentially inappropriate Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to the Right Treatment) criteria: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2016 Apr;41(2):158-69. Epub 2016 Mar 17. PMID: 26990017

Manias E, Maier A, Krishnamurthy G. Inappropriate medication use in hospitalised oldest old patients across transitions of care. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019 Nov;31(11):1661-1673. Epub 2019 Jan 10. PMID: 30632078

Mott DA, Martin B, Breslow R, Michaels B, Kirchner J, Mahoney J, Margolis A. Impact of a medication therapy management intervention targeting medications associated with falling: Results of a pilot study. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2016 Jan;56(1):22-8. PMID: 26802916

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FALLS RISK INDUCING DRUGS (FRIDS)

Crispo JA, Willis AW, Thibault DP, Fortin Y, Hays HD, McNair DS, Bjerre LM, Kohen DE, Perez-Lloret S, Mattison DR, Krewski D. Associations between Anticholinergic Burden and Adverse Health Outcomes in Parkinson Disease. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 3;11(3):e0150621 PMID: 26939130

Landi F, Dell’Aquila G, Collamati A, Martone AM, Zuliani G, Gasperini B, Eusebi P, Lattanzio F, Cherubini A. Anticholinergic drug use and negative outcomes among the frail elderly population living in a nursing home. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(11):825-9. PMID: 25282629

Richardson K, Bennett K, Maidment ID, Fox C, Smithard D, Kenny RA. Use of Medications with Anticholinergic Activity and Self-Reported Injurious Falls in Older Community-Dwelling Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Aug;63(8):1561-9. PMID: 26200894

Marcum ZA, Wirtz HS, Pettinger M, LaCroix AZ, Carnahan R, Cauley JA, Bea JW, Gray SL. Anticholinergic medication use and falls in postmenopausal women: findings from the women’s health initiative cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2016 Apr 2;16:76. PMID: 27038789 Collamati A, Martone AM, Poscia A, Brandi V, Celi M, Marzetti E, Cherubini A, Landi F. Anticholinergic drugs and negative outcomes in the older population: from biological plausibility to clinical evidence. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016 Feb;28(1):25-35. Epub 2015 May 1. PMID: 25930085 Jean-Bart E, Moutet C, Dauphinot V, Krolak-Salmon P, Mouchoux C. Exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medicines as indicators of high-risk prescriptions in the elderly. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017 Dec;39(6):1237-1247. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29086145

Ailabouni N, Mangin D, Nishtala PS. DEFEAT-polypharmacy: deprescribing anticholinergic and sedative medicines feasibility trial in residential aged care facilities. Int J Clin Pharm. 2019 Feb;41(1):167-178. Epub 2019 Jan 18. PMID: 30659492

van der Meer HG, Wouters H, Pont LG, Taxis K. Reducing the anticholinergic and sedative load in older patients on polypharmacy by pharmacist-led medication review: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Jul 19;8(7):e019042. PMID: 30030308 Lozano-Ortega G, Schermer CR, Walker DR, Szabo SM, Rogula B, Deighton AM, Gooch KL, Campbell NL. Fall/Fracture-Related Healthcare Costs and Their Association with Cumulative Anticholinergic Burden in People with Overactive Bladder. Pharmacoecon Open. 2020 Apr 14. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32291728

Green AR, Reifler LM, Boyd CM, Weffald LA, Bayliss EA. Medication Profiles of Patients with Cognitive Impairment and High Anticholinergic Burden. Drugs Aging. 2018 Mar;35(3):223-232. PMID: 29404965

Chatterjee S, Bali V, Carnahan RM, Chen H, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Anticholinergic Medication Use and Risk of Fracture in Elderly Adults with Depression. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 Jul;64(7):1492-7. Epub 2016 Jun 13. PMID: 27294403

Anticholinergics

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Pasina L, Djade CD, Lucca U, Nobili A, Tettamanti M, Franchi C, Salerno F, Corrao S, Marengoni A, Iorio A, Marcucci M, Violi F, Mannucci PM. Association of anticholinergic burden with cognitive and functional status in a cohort of hospitalized elderly: comparison of the anticholinergic cognitive burden scale and anticholinergic risk scale: results from the REPOSI study. Drugs Aging. 2013 Feb;30(2):103-12. PMID: 23239364

Salahudeen MS, Duffull SB, Nishtala PS. Anticholinergic burden quantified by anticholinergic risk scales and adverse outcomes in older people: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2015 Mar 25;15:31. PMID: 25879993

Naharci MI, Tasci I. Frailty status and increased risk for falls: The role of anticholinergic burden. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020 Sep-Oct;90:104136. Epub 2020 Jun 6. PMID: 32563737

Zia A, Kamaruzzaman S, Myint PK, Tan MP. Anticholinergic burden is associated with recurrent and injurious falls in older individuals. Maturitas. 2016 Feb;84:32-7. Epub 2015 Oct 23. PMID: 26531071

Suehs BT, Caplan EO, Hayden J, Ng DB, Gaddy RR. The Relationship Between Anticholinergic Exposure and Falls, Fractures, and Mortality in Patients with Overactive Bladder. Drugs Aging. 2019 Oct;36(10):957-967. PMID: 31359329

Squires P, Pahor M, Manini TM, Vouri S, Brown JD. Impact of Anticholinergic Medication Burden on Mobility and Falls in the Lifestyle Interventions for Elders (LIFE) Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Sep 16;9(9):2989. PMID: 32947839

Anticholinergic Scales

Carbone LD, Johnson KC, Robbins J, Larson JC, Curb JD, Watson K, Gass M, Lacroix AZ. Antiepileptic drug use, falls, fractures, and BMD in postmenopausal women: findings from the women’s health initiative (WHI). J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Apr;25(4):873-81. PMID: 19839772

Classen S, Crizzle AM, Winter SM, Silver W, Eisenschenk S. Evidence-based review on epilepsy and driving. Epilepsy Behav. 2012 Feb;23(2):103-12. PMID: 22227593

Gold PW, Pavlatou MG, Michelson D, Mouro CM, Kling MA, Wong ML, Licinio J, Goldstein SA. Chronic administration of anticonvulsants but not antidepressants impairs bone strength: clinical implications. Transl Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 2;5:e576 PMID: 26035060

Saengsuwan J, Laohasiriwong W, Boonyaleepan S, Sawanyawisuth K, Tiamkao S, Talkul A; Integrated Epilepsy Research Group. Seizure-related vehicular crashes and falls with injuries for people with epilepsy (PWE) in northeastern Thailand. Epilepsy Behav. 2014 Mar;32:49-54. PMID: 24480154

Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O’Brien TJ, Gorelik A, Habib N, Wark JD. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2012 Jul 10;79(2):145-51. PMID: 22700806

Pisani LR, Nikanorova M, Landmark CJ, Johannessen SI, Pisani F. Specific Patient Features Affect Antiepileptic Drug Therapy Decisions: Focus on Gender, Age, and Psychiatric Comorbidities. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(37):5639-5648. PMID: 28950817 Haasum Y, Johnell K. Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of falls in old age: A systematic review. Epilepsy Res. 2017 Dec;138:98-104. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29096135

Watt JA, Goodarzi Z, Veroniki AA, Nincic V, Khan PA, Ghassemi M, Thompson Y, Lai Y, Treister V, Tricco AC, Straus SE. Safety of pharmacologic interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jun 16;20(1):212. PMID: 32546202

Anticonvulsants

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Butt DA, Harvey PJ. Benefits and risks of antihypertensive medications in the elderly. J Intern Med. 2015 Dec;278(6):599-626. PMID: 26497967

Lipsitz LA, Habtemariam D, Gagnon M, Iloputaife I, Sorond F, Tchalla AE, Dantoine TF, Travison TG. Reexamining the Effect of Antihypertensive Medications on Falls in Old Age. Hypertension. 2015 Jul;66(1):183-9. PMID: 25941341

Mills P, Gray D, Krassioukov A. Five things to know about orthostatic hypotension and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Sep;62(9):1822-3. PMID: 25243704

Porto Gautério D1, Zortea B1, Costa Santos SS1, da Silva Tarouco B1, Lopes MJ2, João Fonseca C3. Risk Factors for new accidental falls in elderly patients at traumatology ambulatory center. Invest Educ Enferm. 2015;33(1):35-43. PMID: 26148154

Tinetti ME, Han L, Lee DS, McAvay GJ, Peduzzi P, Gross CP, Zhou B, Lin H. Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Apr;174(4):588-95. PMID: 24567036 Tinetti ME, Han L, McAvay GJ. Risks and benefits of antihypertensive medications in older adults--reply. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Nov;174(11):1873-4. PMID: 25365161

Zia A, Kamaruzzaman SB, Tan MP. Blood pressure lowering therapy in older people: Does it really cause postural hypotension or falls? Postgrad Med. 2015 Mar;127(2):186-93. PMID: 25622817

Juraschek SP, Simpson LM, Davis BR, Beach JL, Ishak A, Mukamal KJ. Effects of Antihypertensive Class on Falls, Syncope, and Orthostatic Hypotension in Older Adults: The ALLHAT Trial. Hypertension. 2019 Oct;74(4):1033-1040. Epub 2019 Sep 3. PMID: 31476905 Ham AC, van Dijk SC, Swart KMA, Enneman AW, van der Zwaluw NL, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, van Schoor NM, Zillikens MC, Lips P, de Groot LCPGM, Hofman A, Witkamp RF, Uitterlinden AG, Stricker BH, van der Velde N. Beta-blocker use and fall risk in older individuals: Original results from two studies with meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Oct;83(10):2292-2302. Epub 2017 Jul 4. PMID: 28589543 Cai A, Calhoun DA. Antihypertensive Medications and Falls in the Elderly. Am J Hypertens. 2018 Feb 9;31(3):281-283. Erratum in: Am J Hypertens. 2018 Mar 10;31(4):513. PMID: 29186306 Bromfield SG, Ngameni CA, Colantonio LD, Bowling CB, Shimbo D, Reynolds K, Safford MM, Banach M, Toth PP, Muntner P. Blood Pressure, Antihypertensive Polypharmacy, Frailty, and Risk for Serious Fall Injuries Among Older Treated Adults With Hypertension. Hypertension. 2017 Aug;70(2):259-266. Epub 2017 Jun 26. PMID: 28652459; PMCID: PMC5667360 Biaggioni I. Orthostatic Hypotension in the Hypertensive Patient. Am J Hypertens. 2018 Nov 13;31(12):1255-1259. PMID: 29982276 Song W, Intrator O, Lee S, Boockvar K. Antihypertensive Drug Deintensification and Recurrent Falls in Long-Term Care. Health Serv Res. 2018 Dec;53(6):4066-4086. Epub 2018 Oct 23. PMID: 30353536 Margolis KL, Buchner DM, LaMonte MJ, Zhang Y, Di C, Rillamas-Sun E, Hunt J, Ikramuddin F, Li W, Marshall S, Rosenberg D, Stefanick ML, Wallace R, LaCroix AZ. Hypertension Treatment and Control and Risk of Falls in Older Women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Apr;67(4):726-733. Epub 2019 Jan 7. PMID: 30614525 Kahlaee HR, Latt MD, Schneider CR. Association Between Chronic or Acute Use of Antihypertensive Class of Medications and Falls in Older Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2018 Mar 10;31(4):467-479. PMID: 29087440

Antihypertensives

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Omer HMRB, Hodson J, Pontefract SK, Martin U. Inpatient falls in older adults: a cohort study of antihypertensive prescribing pre- and post-fall. BMC Geriatr. 2018 Feb 23;18(1):58. PMID: 29471792

Reeve E, Jordan V, Thompson W, Sawan M, Todd A, Gammie TM, Hopper I, Hilmer SN, Gnjidic D. Withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 10;6(6):CD012572. PMID: 32519776

Ang HT, Lim KK, Kwan YH, Tan PS, Yap KZ, Banu Z, Tan CS, Fong W, Thumboo J, Ostbye T, Low LL. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of the Association Between Anti-Hypertensive Classes and the Risk of Falls Among Older Adults. Drugs Aging. 2018 Jul;35(7):625-635. PMID: 29936694

Shimbo D, Barrett Bowling C, Levitan EB, Deng L, Sim JJ, Huang L, Reynolds K, Muntner P. Short-Term Risk of Serious Fall Injuries in Older Adults Initiating and Intensifying Treatment With Antihypertensive Medication. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2016 May;9(3):222-9. Epub 2016 May 10. PMID: 27166208; PMCID: PMC4871744

Banu Z, Lim KK, Kwan YH, Yap KZ, Ang HT, Tan CS, Fong W, Thumboo J, Lee KH, Ostbye T, Low LL. Anti-hypertensive medications and injurious falls in an older population of low socioeconomic status: a nested case-control study. BMC Geriatr. 2018 Aug 28;18(1):195. PMID: 30153807; PMCID: PMC6114512

Boyce RD, Handler SM, Karp JF, Hanlon JT. Age-related changes in antidepressant pharmacokinetics and potential drug-drug interactions: a comparison of evidence-based literature and package insert information. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012 Apr;10(2):139-50. PMID: 22285509

Coupland CA, Dhiman P, Barton G, Morriss R, Arthur A, Sach T, Hippisley-Cox J. A study of the safety and harms of antidepressant drugs for older people: a cohort study using a large primary care database. Health Technol Assess. 2011 Aug;15(28):1-202, iii-iv PMID: 21810375

Kerse N, Flicker L, Pfaff JJ, Draper B, Lautenschlager NT, Sim M, Snowdon J, Almeida OP. Falls, depression and antidepressants in later life: a large primary care appraisal. PLoS One. 2008 Jun 18;3(6):e2423. PMID: 18560599

Sultana J, Spina E, Trifirò G. Antidepressant use in the elderly: the role of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015 Jun;11(6):883-92. PMID: 25736834

Sobieraj DM, Martinez BK, Hernandez AV, Coleman CI, Ross JS, Berg KM, Steffens DC, Baker WL. Adverse Effects of Pharmacologic Treatments of Major Depression in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Aug;67(8):1571-1581. Epub 2019 May 29. PMID: 31140587 Wei YJ, Simoni-Wastila L, Lucas JA, Brandt N. Fall and Fracture Risk in Nursing Home Residents With Moderate-to-Severe Behavioral Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Initiating Antidepressants or Antipsychotics. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 May 1;72(5):695-702. PMID: 27247274; PMCID: PMC6279128

Johnell K, Jonasdottir Bergman G, Fastbom J, Danielsson B, Borg N, Salmi P. Psychotropic drugs and the risk of fall injuries, hospitalisations and mortality among older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;32(4):414-420. Epub 2016 Apr 25. PMID: 27113813; PMCID: PMC5347947 Macri JC, Iaboni A, Kirkham JG, Maxwell C, Gill SS, Vasudev A, Whitehead M, Seitz DP. Association between Antidepressants and Fall-Related Injuries among Long-Term Care Residents. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017 Dec;25(12):1326-1336. Epub 2017 Sep 1. PMID: 28943234 Naples JG, Kotlarczyk MP, Perera S, Greenspan SL, Hanlon JT. Non-tricyclic and Non-selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants and Recurrent Falls in Frail Older Women. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016 Dec;24(12):1221-1227. Epub 2016 Aug 17. PMID: 27743842; PMCID: PMC5136325 Martinez-Ramirez D, Giugni JC, Almeida L, Walz R, Ahmed B, Chai FA, Rundle-Gonzalez V, Bona AR, Monari E, Wagle Shukla A, Hess CW, Hass CJ, Okun MS. Association between antidepressants and falls in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2016 Jan;263(1):76-82. Epub 2015 Oct 29. PMID: 26514836

Antidepressants

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Cameron EJ, Bowles SK, Marshall EG, Andrew MK. Falls and long-term care: a report from the care by design observational cohort study. BMC Fam Pract. 2018 May 24;19(1):73. PMID: 29793427; PMCID: PMC5968500

Carrière I, Farré A, Norton J, Wyart M, Tzourio C, Noize P, Pérès K, Fourrier-Réglat A, Ancelin ML. Patterns of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and risk of falls and fractures in community-dwelling elderly people: the Three-City cohort. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Nov;27(11):3187-3195. Epub 2016 Jun 16. PMID: 27311722

Lenze EJ, Stark S, Avidan MS. Alternative Facts? Antidepressants and Falls in Older Adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017 Dec;25(12):1337-1338. Epub 2017 Sep 1. PMID: 28947167 Taipale H, Koponen M, Tanskanen A, Lavikainen P, Sund R, Tiihonen J, Hartikainen S, Tolppanen AM. Risk of head and traumatic brain injuries associated with antidepressant use among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer’s disease: a nationwide matched cohort study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017 Aug 1;9(1):59. PMID: 28764750; PMCID: PMC5540546 Iaboni A, Mulsant BH. Why Do Older Adults Taking Antidepressants Fall? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020 Mar;28(3):285-287. Epub 2019 Nov 9. PMID: 31786145 Yoo JS, Kim CG, Yim JE, Jeon MY. Risk factors of repeated falls in the community dwelling old people. J Exerc Rehabil. 2019 Apr 26;15(2):275-281. PMID: 31111013; PMCID: PMC6509467

Lin SM, Borges MK, de Siqueira ASS, Biella MM, Jacob-Filho W, Cesari M, Voshaar RCO, Aprahamian I. Serotonin receptor inhibitor is associated with falls independent of frailty in older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2019 Oct 11:1-6. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 31603040

Chatterjee S, Chen H, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Risk of falls and fractures in older adults using atypical antipsychotic agents: a propensity score-adjusted, retrospective cohort study. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012 Apr;10(2):83-94. PMID: 22306198

Lavsa SM, Fabian TJ, Saul MI, Corman SL, Coley KC. Influence of medications and diagnoses on fall risk in psychiatric inpatients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010 Aug;67(15):1274-80. PMID: 20651318

Mehta S, Chen H, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Risk of falls and fractures in older adults using antipsychotic agents: a propensity-matched retrospective cohort study. Drugs Aging. 2010 Oct 1;27(10):815-29. PMID: 20883062

Wedmann F, Himmel W, Nau R. Medication and medical diagnosis as risk factors for falls in older hospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Aug;75(8):1117-1124. Epub 2019 Mar 26. PMID: 30915520

Axmon A, Sandberg M, Ahlström G, Midlöv P. Fall-risk-increasing drugs and falls requiring health care among older people with intellectual disability in comparison with the general population: A register study. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 19;13(6):e0199218. PMID: 29920564; PMCID: PMC6007903 Seppala LJ, Wermelink AMAT, de Vries M, Ploegmakers KJ, van de Glind EMM, Daams JG, van der Velde N; EUGMS task and Finish group on fall-risk-increasing drugs. Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: II. Psychotropics. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Apr;19(4):371.e11-371.e17. PMID: 29402652 Hamza SA, Adly NN, Abdelrahman EE, Fouad IM. The relation between falls and medication use among elderly in assisted living facilities. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019 Jun;28(6):849-856. Epub 2019 Mar 28. PMID: 30920085

Antipsychotics/neuroleptics

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Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R et al. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d1199. PMID: 21398351

Darker CD, Sweeney BP, Barry JM, Farrell MF, Donnelly-Swift E. Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD009652. PMID: 26106751

de Vries OJ, Peeters G, Elders P, Sonnenberg C, Muller M, Deeg DJ, Lips P. The elimination half-life of benzodiazepines and fall risk: two prospective observational studies. Age Ageing. 2013 Nov;42(6):764-70. PMID: 23900130

Guaiana G, Barbui C. Discontinuing benzodiazepines: best practices. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2016 Jun;25(3):214-6. PMID: 26818890

Blachman NL, Leipzig RM, Mazumdar M, Poeran J. High-Risk Medications in Hospitalized Elderly Adults: Are We Making It Easy to Do the Wrong Thing? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Mar;65(3):603-607. Epub 2016 Nov 28. PMID: 27891571 Berry SD, Placide SG, Mostofsky E, Zhang Y, Lipsitz LA, Mittleman MA, Kiel DP. Antipsychotic and Benzodiazepine Drug Changes Affect Acute Falls Risk Differently in the Nursing Home. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016 Feb;71(2):273-8. Epub 2015 Aug 5. PMID: 26248560; PMCID: PMC4881828

Airagnes G, Pelissolo A, Lavallée M, Flament M, Limosin F. Benzodiazepine Misuse in the Elderly: Risk Factors, Consequences, and Management. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016 Oct;18(10):89. PMID: 27549604 Markota M, Rummans TA, Bostwick JM, Lapid MI. Benzodiazepine Use in Older Adults: Dangers, Management, and Alternative Therapies. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Nov;91(11):1632-1639.PMID: 27814838 Díaz-Gutiérrez MJ, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M, Sáez de Adana E, Cano AI, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa MT, Besga A, Segarra R, González-Pinto A. Relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and falls in older adults: A systematic review. Maturitas. 2017 Jul;101:17-22. Epub 2017 Apr 5. PMID: 28539164 Marron L, Segurado R, Kenny RA, McNicholas T. The association between benzodiazepine use and falls, and the impact of sleep quality on this association: data from the TILDA study. QJM. 2020 Jan 1;113(1):31-36. PMID: 31424520

de Ruiter SC, Biesheuvel SS, van Haelst IMM, van Marum RJ, Jansen RWMM. To STOPP or to START? Potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients with falls and syncope. Maturitas. 2020 Jan;131:65-71. Epub 2019 Nov 7. PMID: 31787149 Cordovilla-Guardia S, Molina TB, Franco-Antonio C, Santano-Mogena E, Vilar-López R. Association of benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants use and falls in trauma patients: Conditional effect of age. PLoS One. 2020 Jan 15;15(1):e0227696. PMID: 31940406; PMCID: PMC6961940 Laberge S, Crizzle AM. A Literature Review of Psychotropic Medications and Alcohol as Risk Factors for Falls in Community Dwelling Older Adults. Clin Drug Investig. 2019 Feb;39(2):117-139. PMID: 30560350 Ćurković M, Dodig-Ćurković K, Erić AP, Kralik K, Pivac N. Psychotropic medications in older adults: a review. Psychiatr Danub. 2016 Mar;28(1):13-24. PMID: 26938816 Pérez-Ros P, Martínez-Arnau FM, Orti-Lucas RM, Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ. A predictive model of isolated and recurrent falls in functionally independent community-dwelling older adults. Braz J Phys Ther. 2019 Jan-Feb;23(1):19-26. Epub 2018 Jun 8. PMID: 29914855; PMCID: PMC6546906

Haddad YK, Luo F, Karani MV, Marcum ZA, Lee R. Psychoactive medication use among older community-dwelling Americans. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2019 Sep-Oct;59(5):686-690. Epub 2019 Jun 14. PMID: 31204201; PMCID: PMC6830519

Benzodiazepines

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Masud T, Frost M, Ryg J, Matzen L, Ibsen M, Abrahamsen B, Brixen K. Central nervous system medications and falls risk in men aged 60-75 years: the Study on Male Osteoporosis and Aging (SOMA). Age Ageing. 2013 Jan;42(1):121-4 PMID: 22931902

Richardson K, Bennett K, Kenny RA. Polypharmacy including falls risk-increasing medications and subsequent falls in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. Age Ageing. 2015 Jan;44(1):90-6. PMID: 25313240 Woolcott JC, Richardson KJ, Wiens MO, Patel B, Marin J, Khan KM, Marra CA. Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Nov 23;169(21):1952-60. PMID: 19933955

Hanlon JT, Zhao X, Naples JG, Aspinall SL, Perera S, Nace DA, Castle NG, Greenspan SL, Thorpe CT. Central Nervous System Medication Burden and Serious Falls in Older Nursing Home Residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Jun;65(6):1183-1189. Epub 2017 Feb 2. PMID: 28152179; PMCID: PMC5478454 Aspinall SL, Springer SP, Zhao X, Cunningham FE, Thorpe CT, Semla TP, Shorr RI, Hanlon JT. Central Nervous System Medication Burden and Risk of Recurrent Serious Falls and Hip Fractures in Veterans Affairs Nursing Home Residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Jan;67(1):74-80. Epub 2018 Oct 11. PMID: 30306541 Gray SL, Marcum ZA, Dublin S, Walker R, Golchin N, Rosenberg DE, Bowles EJ, Crane P, Larson EB. Association Between Medications Acting on the Central Nervous System and Fall-Related Injuries in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A New User Cohort Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Apr 17;75(5):1003-1009. PMID: 31755896; PMCID: PMC7164522

CNS Depressants

Thorell K, Ranstad K, Midlöv P, Borgquist L, Halling A. Is use of fall risk-increasing drugs in an elderly population associated with an increased risk of hip fracture, after adjustment for multimorbidity level: a cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2014 Dec 4;14:131. PMID: 25475854

During EH, Winkelman JW. Drug Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome in Older Adults. Drugs Aging. 2019 Oct;36(10):939-946. PMID: 31347095 Smulders K, Dale ML, Carlson-Kuhta P, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Pharmacological treatment in Parkinson’s disease: Effects on gait. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Oct;31:3-13. Epub 2016 Jul 17. PMID: 27461783; PMCID: PMC5048566

Dopaminergic Agents

Berlie HD, Garwood CL. Diabetes medications related to an increased risk of falls and fall-related morbidity in the elderly. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Apr;44(4):712-7. PMID: 20215495

Kachroo S, Kawabata H, Colilla S, Shi L, Zhao Y, Mukherjee J, Iloeje U, Fonseca V. Association between hypoglycemia and fall-related events in type 2 diabetes mellitus: analysis of a U.S. commercial database. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2015 Mar;21(3):243-53. PMID: 25726033

Lapane KL, Jesdale BM, Dubé CE, Pimentel CB, Rajpathak SN. Sulfonylureas and risk of falls and fractures among nursing home residents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015 Aug;109(2):411-9. PMID: 26008723

Lapane KL, Yang S, Brown MJ, Jawahar R, Pagliasotti C, Rajpathak S. Sulfonylureas and risk of falls and fractures: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 2013 Jul;30(7):527-47. PMID: 23609875 Signorovitch JE, Macaulay D, Diener M, Yan Y, Wu EQ, Gruenberger JB, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia and accident risk in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with non-insulin antidiabetes drugs. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013 Apr;15(4):335-41. PMID: 23121373

Freeman, J. Management of hypoglycemia in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med. 2019 May;131(4):241-250. PMID: 30724638

Hypoglycemic/Glucose Lowering

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Billups SJ, Delate T, Hoover B. Injury in an elderly population before and after initiating a skeletal muscle relaxant. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Apr;45(4):485-91. PMID: 21487082

Spence MM, Shin PJ, Lee EA, Gibbs NE. Risk of injury associated with skeletal muscle relaxant use in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2013 Jul-Aug;47(7-8):993-8. PMID: 23821610

Derner MM, Linhart CA, Pederson LM, Saju SM, Heiden AM, Wohlford LA, Swanoski MT, Lutfiyya MN. Injuries in Adults 65 Years of Age and Older Prescribed Muscle Relaxants. Consult Pharm. 2016 Sep;31(9):511-7 Walker BS, Collier BR, Bower KL, Lollar DI, Faulks ER, Matos M, Nussbaum MS, Hamill ME. The Prevalence of Beers Criteria Medication Use and Associations with Falls in Geriatric Patients at a Level 1 Trauma Center. Am Surg. 2019 Aug 1;85(8):877-882. PMID: 31560307

Muscle Relaxants

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Hung YC, Lin CC, Chen HJ, Chang MP, Huang KC, Chen YH, Chen CC. Severe hypoglycemia and hip fracture in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Jul;28(7):2053-2060. Epub 2017 Apr 3. PMID: 28374044

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Dowell D, Haegerich TM. Using the CDC Guideline and Tools for Opioid Prescribing in Patients with Chronic Pain. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Jun 15;93(12):970-2. PMID: 27304765

Hao J, Lucido D, Cruciani RA. Potential impact of abrupt opioid therapy discontinuation in the management of chronic pain: a pilot study on patient perspective. J Opioid Manag. 2014 Jan-Feb;10(1):9-20. PMID: 24604565

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Pergolizzi J, Böger RH, Budd K, Dahan A, Erdine S, Hans G, Kress HG, Langford R, Likar R, Raffa RB, Sacerdote P. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone). Pain Pract. 2008 Jul-Aug;8(4):287-313. PMID: 18503626 Rolita L, Spegman A, Tang X, Cronstein BN. Greater number of narcotic analgesic prescriptions for osteoarthritis is associated with falls and fractures in elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Mar;61(3):335-40. PMID: 23452054

Söderberg KC, Laflamme L, Möller J. Newly initiated opioid treatment and the risk of fall-related injuries. A nationwide, register-based, case-crossover study in Sweden. CNS Drugs. 2013 Feb;27(2):155-61 PMID: 23345030

Opioids

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Krebs EE, Paudel M, Taylor BC, Bauer DC, Fink HA, Lane NE, Ensrud KE; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group. Association of Opioids with Falls, Fractures, and Physical Performance among Older Men with Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2016 May;31(5):463-9. Epub 2016 Jan 11. PMID: 26754689; PMCID: PMC4835377 Daoust R, Paquet J, Moore L, Émond M, Gosselin S, Lavigne G, Choinière M, Boulanger A, Mac-Thiong JM, Chauny JM. Recent opioid use and fall-related injury among older patients with trauma. CMAJ. 2018 Apr 23;190(16):E500-E506. PMID: 29685910; PMCID: PMC5915247

Seppala LJ, van de Glind EMM, Daams JG, Ploegmakers KJ, de Vries M, Wermelink AMAT, van der Velde N; EUGMS Task and Finish Group on Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs. Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: III. Others. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Apr;19(4):372.e1-372.e8. Epub 2018 Mar 2. PMID: 29402646

Hunnicutt JN, Hume AL, Liu SH, Ulbricht CM, Tjia J, Lapane KL. Commonly Initiated Opioids and Risk of Fracture Hospitalizations in United States Nursing Homes. Drugs Aging. 2018 Oct;35(10):925-936. PMID: 30187291; PMCID: PMC6785836

Cotton BP, Lohman MC, Brooks JM, Whiteman KL, Bao Y, Greenberg RL, Bruce ML. Prevalence of and Factors Related to Prescription Opioids, Benzodiazepines, and Hypnotics Among Medicare Home Health Recipients. Home Healthc Now. 2017 Jun;35(6):304-313. PMID: 28562400; PMCID: PMC5505646 Yarborough BJH, Stumbo SP, Stoneburner A, Smith N, Dobscha SK, Deyo RA, Morasco BJ. Correlates of Benzodiazepine Use and Adverse Outcomes Among Patients with Chronic Pain Prescribed Long-term Opioid Therapy. Pain Med. 2019 Jun 1;20(6):1148-1155. PMID: 30204893; PMCID: PMC6544552

Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D, Polard E, Akwa Y, Patat A. Postural instability and consequent falls and hip fractures associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly: a comparative review. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(9):749-65. PMID: 16156679

Gunja N. In the Zzz zone: the effects of Z-drugs on human performance and driving. J Med Toxicol. 2013 Jun;9(2):163-71. PMID: 23456542 National Sleep Foundation https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need (accessed 9-22-16)

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Andrade C. Sedative Hypnotics and the Risk of Falls and Fractures in the Elderly. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 May/Jun;79(3):18f12340. PMID: 29873951 Dore DD, Zullo AR, Mor V, Lee Y, Berry SD. Age, Sex, and Dose Effects of Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics on Hip Fracture in Nursing Home Residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Apr;19(4):328-332.e2. Epub 2017 Nov 7. PMID: 29126858; PMCID: PMC5871542 Beunza-Sola M, Hidalgo-Ovejero ÁM, Martí-Ayerdi J, Sánchez-Hernández JG, Menéndez-García M, García-Mata S. Study of fall risk-increasing drugs in elderly patients before and after a bone fracture. Postgrad Med J. 2018 Feb;94(1108):76-80. Epub 2017 Sep 15. PMID: 28916557

Westerlind B, Östgren CJ, Mölstad S, Midlöv P, Hägg S. Use of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics is associated with falls in nursing home residents: a longitudinal cohort study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019 Aug;31(8):1087-1095. Epub 2018 Oct 19. PMID: 30341643

Sedative/Hypnotics

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Ryba N, Rainess R. Z-drugs and Falls: A Focused Review of the Literature. Sr Care Pharm. 2020 Dec 1;35(12):549-554. PMID: 33258763

Treves N, Perlman A, Kolenberg Geron L, Asaly A, Matok I. Z-drugs and risk for falls and fractures in older adults-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018 Mar 1;47(2):201-208. PMID: 29077902 Walsh ME, Boland F, Moriarty F, Fahey T. Modification of Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing Following Fall-Related Hospitalizations in Older Adults. Drugs Aging. 2019 May;36(5):461-470. PMID: 30834489 Min Y, Kirkwood CK, Mays DP, Slattum PW. The Effect of Sleep Medication Use and Poor Sleep Quality on Risk of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the US: A Prospective Cohort Study. Drugs Aging. 2016 Feb;33(2):151-8. PMID: 26833349

Hart LA, Phelan EA, Yi JY, Marcum ZA, Gray SL. Use of Fall Risk-Increasing Drugs Around a Fall-Related Injury in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 Jun;68(6):1334-1343. Epub 2020 Feb 17. PMID: 32064594; PMCID: PMC7299782

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[No authors listed] Sleep complaints: Whenever possible, avoid the use of sleeping pills. Prescrire Int. 2008 Oct;17(97):206-12. PMID: 19536941

Over the Counter

Ferreri S, Roth MT, Casteel C, Demby KB, Blalock SJ. Methodology of an ongoing, randomized controlled trial to prevent falls through enhanced pharmaceutical care. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;6(2):61-81. PMID: 18675765

Hanlon JT, Semla TP, Schmader KE. Alternative Medications for Medications in the Use of High-Risk Medications in the Elderly and Potentially Harmful Drug-Disease Interactions in the Elderly Quality Measures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Dec;63(12):e8-e18. PMID: 26447889

Alternatives

Haescher M, Chodan W, Höpfner F, Bieber G, Aehnelt M, Srinivasan K, Murphy MA. Automated fall risk assessment of elderly using wearable devices. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2020 Dec 4;7. PMID: 33329902; PMCID: PMC7720295 Stevens JA, Lee R. The Potential to Reduce Falls and Avert Costs by Clinically Managing Fall Risk. Am J Prev Med. 2018 Sep;55(3):290-297. PMID: 30122212; PMCID: PMC6103639

Miscellaneous (added 2021)