Role of Role of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics in in CRIMECRIME ControlControl Presenting To Presenting To Presenting ByPresenting By Sir. Jehangir Khan Sir. Jehangir Khan Asar KhanAsar Khan

Bioinformatics

• Bioinformatics involves applying computer technology to the handling and sorting of biological information. As such, we can use computers to analyze and make sense of this biological information.

Crime Scene Integrity

• Protection of the crime scene is essential to the protection of evidence.

• Safeguarding and

preserving evidence

is fundamental to the

successful solution of

a crime.

DNA IdentificationDNA Identification

• To identify criminals whose DNA may match evidence left at crime scene

• To exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes• To establish paternity & other family relationship

DNA fingerprinting

• Also called DNA typing, in genetics, method of isolating and making Images of sequences of DNA.

• Developed in 1984 by the British geneticist Alec Jeffreys

• The procedure for creating a DNA fingerprint consists of first obtaining a sample of cells containing DNA (e.g., from skin, blood, or hair).

For example

DNA microarray/DNA ChipDNA microarray/DNA Chip

• Commonly known as DNA chip or biochip, is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.

• Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome.

How does it works. . . ?How does it works. . . ?

DNA family relationship analysis or DNA family relationship analysis or DNA ProfileingDNA Profileing

• Using PCR technology, DNA analysis is widely applied to determine genetic family relationships such as Paternity, Maternity, Siblingship etc.

• During conception (Egg & Sperm) recieve half amount of DNA then it form fertilized egg (zygote).

• The zygote contains a complete set of DNA molecules, a unique combination of DNA from both parents.

How they Do it. . . ?

• The combination of marker sizes found in each person makes up his/her unique genetic profile.

• When determining the relationship between two individuals, their genetic profiles are compared to see if they share the same inheritance patterns at a statistically conclusive rate.

• The DNA test report in other family relationship tests, such as Grandparentage and Siblingship tests, is similar to a paternity test report.

• The report shows the genetic

profiles of each tested person.

If there are markers shared

among the tested individuals,

the probability of biological

relationship is calculated

to determine how likely the

tested individuals share the

same markers due to a blood

relationship.

DNA evidence as evidence in DNA evidence as evidence in criminal trialscriminal trials

• Familial DNA Database

Searching is the practice of

creating new investigative

leads in cases where DNA

evidence found at the scene

of a crime strongly resembles

that of an existing DNA profile

in a state DNA database.

For Example

• It was 1st used in the United Kingdom on April 19, 2004.

• Craig Harman was convicted using familial DNA because of the partial matches from Harman's brother.

• When the police questioned Harman's brother, the police noticed Harman lived very close to the original crime scene.

• Harman confessed when his DNA isolated from the DNA found on the brick, matched.

Determination of Paternity or Maternity of a Child or Fetus

• Aborted fetal tissue can be analyzed for determining paternity, for example, in sexual assault and/or incest cases where conception occurred.

• Paternity and/or maternity of a child can be confirmed using blood or other samples from the child and the alleged parent(s).

DNA BarcodingBarcoding

• DNA barcoding allows scientists to use short standardized regions of genetic material to identify species and compare them to reference genetic sequences.

Simple Barcode DNA Barcode

Bioinformatics and Criminology

• DNA has not only impacted areas such as paternity testing and genetics, but it has literally revolutionized the field of criminology and improved the functioning of the criminal justice system.

• criminology looks at how society itself responds to crime and it investigates methods of crime prevention.

• Whether evidence is being examined or the emotional and mental effects of crime on victims are being analyzed, criminology is an important field that supports a healthy society.

Using DNA and for Immigration PurposesUsing DNA and for Immigration Purposes

• DNA testing is basically comparative testing, which allows for two DNA samples to be sequenced and compared to see if two people are biologically related.

• Most developed nations use DNA testing on a routine basis when assessing immigration applications.

• It is an accurate way to give evidence of the claimed relationship between two relatives.

Paternity Tests and DNAPaternity Tests and DNA

• When there is confusion regarding who is the father of a child, it can be a stressful and difficult time for all people involved.

• In this way, determining the relationship is an important task and must be accurate, reliable and ideally non-invasive.

• A paternity test works by examining the DNA of a child so that the identity of the father can be investigated.

• Since DNA is inherited, the DNA between two family members will be closely related.

Facial Recognition System Facial Recognition System

• From a photograph or a video recording by facial recognition systems we can also find out the person involve in crime.

EvidencePossible Location of

DNA on the EvidenceSource of DNA

hat, mask inside sweat, hair, dandruff

eyeglasses nose or ear pieces, lens sweat, skin

facial tissue, cotton swab surface areamucus, blood, sweat, semen, ear

wax

dirty laundry surface area blood, sweat, semen

toothpick tips saliva

used cigarette cigarette butt saliva

stamp or envelope licked area saliva

bottle, can, or glass sides, mouthpiece saliva, sweat

used condom inside/outside surface semen, vaginal or rectal cells

blanket, pillow, sheet surface area sweat, hair, semen, urine, saliva

"through and through" bullet outside surface blood, tissue

bite mark person's skin or clothing saliva

DNA Evidence BasisDNA Evidence Basis

• If the sample profiles don't match, the person did not contribute the DNA at the crime scene.

• If the patterns match, the suspect may have contributed the evidence sample.

• DNA from crime scenes also can be compared to profiles stored in a database.

Forensic identificationForensic identification• Forensic identification is the application of

forensic science, or "forensics", and technology to identify specific objects from the trace evidence they leave, often at a crime scene or the scene of an accident. Forensic means "for the courts".

Sub Divisions of Forensic ScienceSub Divisions of Forensic Science

• Forensic anthropology is the application of physical anthropology in a legal setting, usually for the recovery and identification of skeletonized human remains.

• Criminalistics examination and comparison of biological evidence, trace evidence, impression evidence (such as fingerprints, footwear impressions, and tire tracks),

• Forensic dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprints.

• Forensic limnology is the analysis of evidence collected from crime scenes in or around fresh-water sources.

• Forensic ptometry is the study of glasses and other eye wear relating to crime scenes and criminal investigations.

• Forensic podiatry is an application of the study of feet footprint or footwear and their traces to analyze scene of crime and to establish personal identity in forensic examinations.

• Forensic psychology is the study of the mind of an individual, using forensic methods. Usually it determines the circumstances behind a criminal's behavior.

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