”Sampling & Test · Aluminium plus silicon, mg/kg max. 80 80 80 80 80 ISO 10478 Used lubricating...
Transcript of ”Sampling & Test · Aluminium plus silicon, mg/kg max. 80 80 80 80 80 ISO 10478 Used lubricating...
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Services are provided by members of the Lloyd’s Register Group Lloyd’s
Register, Lloyd’s Register EMEA and Lloyd’s Register Asia are exempt
charities under the UK Charities Act 1993.
”Sampling & Test
Accuracy under the
umbrella of emissions
legislation“
Presented by:
Timothy Wilson CEng. MIMarEST
FOBAS Product Manager
&
Dr. Anthi Miliou Phd
FOBAS EMBS
Bunker Summit
Athens 2007
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Environmental legislation on ship emissions
& Improve
air quality
NOx
CO2
VOC
SOx
(PM)
To reduce
acidification
& global warming
Setting limits requires the CORRECT application of recognised international standards
and procedures to demonstrate compliance and resolve disputes
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Two cases of SECA non – compliance?
• 2 spot sample inspections – Klaipeda 2007
• + barge vs ship samples discrepancies
• Why? Who is responsible?
• The analysis of any fuel can be
constructively interpreted given THREE
conditions:
1. Sample is representative
2. Test method is correct
3. Rules for interpretation are applied
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Overview of Marine Fuel Specification – ISO 8217:2005
User‟s Requirements for a fuel
• Safe handling and easy to transfer
• Stable at all stages of operation
• Capable of being adequately cleaned of catalyst fines, dirt and water
• Easy to ignite and combust
• Non- Corrosive
• ISO 8217 covers the points listed above to protect the user
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ISO 8217:2005 Structure
• Classification of fuels through:
• ISO 8217 -1 Categories of marine fuel
• International Statutory Requirements
• IMO – SOLAS – Flash point
• IMO – MARPOL Annex VI (14) – Sulphur
• Tables: 1 & 2
• 1 Requirements for Marine Distillates
• 2 Requirements for Marine Residual Fuels
• 9 - Informative Annexes (3rd 2005 edition)
• When an order is given based on ISO 8217 the fuel required is to meet not only the specifications of Tables 1&2 but also the documents’ and notes in its entirety.
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Grade Changes in 3rd edition
• Distillate fuels
No changes, we still have: DMX, DMA, DMB &DMC
• Residual fuels
Reduced from 15 to 10 removing:
RMC 10, RMH 45, RMK 45, RML 45 & RML55
Category ISO-F-
Characteristic Limit RMA
30
RMB
30
RMD
80
RME
180
RMF
180
RMG
380
RMH
380
RMK
380
RMH
700
RMK
700
Test method
reference
Density at 15 °C, kg/m³ max. 960,0 975,0 980,0 991,0 991,0 1010,0 991,0 1010,0 ISO 3675
ISO 12185
Kinematic viscosity at 50
°C,mm²/s
max. 30,0 80,0 180,0 380,0 700,0 ISO 3104
Flash point, °C min. 60 60 60 60 60 ISO 2719
Pour point (upper), °C 2)
- winter quality
- summer quality
max.
max.
0
6
24
24
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
ISO 3016
ISO 3016
Carbon residue, % (m/m) max. 10 14 15 20 18 22 22 ISO 10370
Ash, % (m/m) max. 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,15 0,15 0,15 ISO 6245
Water, % (V/V) max. 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 ISO 3733
Sulfur, % (m/m) 3)
max. 3,50 4,00 4,50 4,50 4,50 ISO 14596
ISO 8754
Vanadium, mg/kg max. 150 350 200 500 300 600 600 ISO 14597
IP 501
Total sediment potential, %
(m/m)
max. 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 ISO 10307-2
Aluminium plus silicon, mg/kg max. 80 80 80 80 80 ISO 10478
Used lubricating oil (ULO)
Zinc, mg/kg
Phosphorus, mg/kg
Calcium, mg/kg
-
-
-
The fuel shall be free of ULO. A fuel shall be considered to be free of ULO if one or more of the
elements Zinc, Phosphorus and Calcium are below or at the specified limits. All three elements must
exceed the same limits before a fuel shall be deemed to contain ULO.
15
15
30
IP 501
IP 501
IP 501
Requirements for marine residual fuels
Characteristic changes
975.0 980.0
1.0
5.0
0.2
ADDED
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Control of Contaminants - Note Sub Clause 5.1
• “The fuels shall be homogeneous blends of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum refining.”
• “This shall not preclude the incorporation of small amounts of additives intended to improve some aspects of performance”
• This is all that may be in the fuel !
The fuel shall not include any added substance
or chemical waste which either:
• jeopardises the safety of ships or adversely
affects the performance of the machinery
• is harmful to personnel
• contributes overall to additional air pollution
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4th Edition of ISO 8217 ?
• To include :
Acid Number, Na, Asphaltenes, Nitrogen, H2S, FIA/100 ?
Alternative fuels – Bio Diesels, Natural Gas?
• The driving force :
Diesel engine design
Changes in fuel manufacturing processes
Further environmental legislation
Fuel costs and availability
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Precision data – ISO 4259:1992(E)
“Most tests carried out by a laboratory
will produce only one result called, in
ISO 4259, “a single result”
“Two or more measurements of
the same property of a specific
sample by any given test method
do not usually give exactly the same result.”
•Most Flag administrations and PSC
enforcement bodies are not familiar
with these standards.
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True Value
xx x x
x x
x
xx
Results Fail
Results
Acceptable
-0.59xR +0.59xR
Variability of test result
Fre
quency o
f re
sults
Accuracy of the data
•Reproducibility, R : The difference between two test results independently obtained by different operators in different laboratories on nominally identical test material.
•How well can I expect to agree with other laboratories
• Repeatability, r : The difference between successive test results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material
•How well can I expect to agree with myself
x
Infinite results
from infinite Laboratories
One result in a grey area exceeding the limit
but within test reproducibility, is NOT a TRUE
figure so when is the fuel compliant?
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MARPOL Annex VI Sulphur Test Method
ISO 8754:2003
Specified Sulphur
Max Limit (% m/m)
Lower Limit - Supplier
95%
Upper Limit - Buyer
95%
4.50 4.28 4.72
1.50 1.42 1.58
0.20 0.18 0.22
0.10 0.09 0.11
„S‟ Test Accuracy to 95% confidence
The Supplier can consider the result
to MEET the regulation with 95%
confidence if his single
result is < or = to 1.42% m/m
The Buyer can consider the sample to FAIL
the regulation with 95% confidence if his
single result is greater than 1.58% m/m
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Buyer and Supplier cannot agree on single result!
1. If results fall into the grey area then the same sample should be re-tested by another laboratory in order to produce further results, within the (R),
• average of each labs (r) and between labs will indicate the true value.
2. If there is still dispute then ISO 4259 stipulates further procedures
for reaching conclusion and resolving dispute:
• Paragraph 10: Rules on acceptance and rejection of results in case of
dispute. This procedure is only for situation where the two labs are
analysing fuel samples that are subdivisions of same representative
sample!
• Paragraph 9: Guidance on the reliability of a single test.
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Setting the stage –
1. +Which Test method
• ISO 8754:2003 is the Sulphur test used in ISO 8217, referred to in the
Appendix V of MARPOL Annex VI. Logical and correct that this is
used.
2. +Laboratory accreditation
• ISO 17025 - important to ensure the highest of technical standards and
test method precision and accuracy are maintained.
3. +Representative sample – apply “best practice”
• ISO/TR 13739 (Soon will be an ISO standard) – SS CP60 by example
4. -The problem is that any avoidance of the implementation of correct
sampling and testing procedures and rules may lead to a ship
and/or supplier being falsely accused.
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Why is the sample so important?
•Statutory – IMO Requirement
•Enables analysis of the product supplied
• Wide range of marine fuel grades
• Marine fuel quality is not guaranteed
•Operations:- reports fit for purpose
•Commercial: - quantity verification & reliability
•Legal: - Proof, Evidence, most important
•Representative sample Benefits ALL parties.
The quality of EVIDENCE collected will determine the
representative status of the test result and the success of any
investigation’
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WHERE to draw the sample from?
• MARPOL ANNEX VI MEPC.96(47) Sampling guidelines. Sample to be drawn at the receiving vessel’s bunker manifold.
• ISO 8217 states: “When used in connection with commercial transactions, this International standard specifies the required properties for marine fuels at the time and place of custody transfer”
• “Samples for quality verification can be taken in any location agreed between the parties”
• Custody transfer point = Where Title & Risk changes hands.
Both parties applying best practice avoids mistrust!
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How do we draw the sample ?
ISO/TR 13739 Samplers
• Flow proportional Automatic
• Time Proportional Automatic
• Manual continuous DripFlow Proportional SamplerFlow Proportional Sampler
Open Bucket!Sealed Container
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What do we do with the samples?
• 1- Laboratory 2- Ship retained 3- Supplier - Commercial Samples
• 4 -Annex VI Sample – Statutory (Annex VI ) Remains with Ship
• 5 –Suppliers Annex VI sample – some suppliers request this
SS CP60 – Best Practice
• Pre-bunker agreement on sampling position, method and bottles
• All parties witness sampling, sealing and documentation
• ONE SET of samples all recorded on BDN
• NOTES OF PROTEST where NON compliance has been observed
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Summary
•FACT: Poor sampling and avoidance of implementation of correct testing
procedures and rules may lead to wrong indictment
•The industry must exercise caution and apply best practice:
• Single set of samples from one point witnessed by all parties CP60
ISO/TR13739
• Application of ISO 8217 and ISO 4259 from bunker order to dispute
resolution
• Correct Test methods
• Accredited laboratories
•ALL parties have RESPONSIBILITIES to ensure environmental compliance
• Supply Traders – compliant fuel
• Ship – crew awareness and change over procedures - flushing the lines
• Port – register suppliers and enforce
• Flag Administration – regulate and guide ships.
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Solar,Wind,Wave & Biofuel ?
Designed by Sail Log
Credit: Knud E.Hansen.
Wallenius Wilhelmsen Australian Solar Sail
Sky Sails
Auto Industry’s way
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Letter to Fairplay March 20 1885
“Surely something ought to be done
in the way of testing and marking
Canvas to show that it is what it is
represented to be, and not
shoddy…….”
Legislation this is where it all started
- Shoddy canvas!
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Thank You
Contact: Lloyd’s Register Piraeus
Dr Anthi Miliou
Tel: + 210 4580 870
[email protected] Lloyd’s Register Group
works to enhance safety and
approve assets and systems at
sea, on land and in the air –
because life matters.
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