AS level Psychology The Core Studies The developmental approach
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Transcript of AS level Psychology The Core Studies The developmental approach
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AS level PsychologyThe Core Studies The developmental approachBehaviourist & Social Learning perspective
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AS Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961)
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Bandura, Ross & RossThe Bobo Doll Study
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The Question
• The nature - nurture debate
• Do children learn behaviour from the behaviour they observe around them?
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Specifically…….
• Can aggressive behaviour be learned by observation?
• NB: This was one of the studies that triggered the TV violence debate
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1 List two behaviours you think a child might learn by observing other people
2 List two behaviours you think could not be learned in this way
Getting started:
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll studyThe participants
• 72 children (Stanford University nursery school)
• 36 boys & 36 girls
• age range 37 months - 69 months
• Mean age 52 months
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
TWO adult ‘role models’
• one male and one female
• and a female experimenter
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
Method - an experiment
• there were three conditions
• 24 children in each condition
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
First IV
• Non aggressive condition
• Aggressive condition
• Control condition
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
Second IV
• Children observed either a
• MALE or FEMALE role model
• 12 children in each
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll studyThird IV
• Gender of the child
• Child was male or female
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll studyThus
• 6 boys saw aggressive male
• 6 boys saw non-aggressive male
• 6 boys saw aggressive female
• 6 boys saw non-aggressive female
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll studyThus
• 6 girls saw aggressive female
• 6 girls saw non-aggressive female
• 6 girls saw aggressive male
• 6 girls saw non-aggressive male
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• Level 1 Independent Variable (IV)
• aggressive or non-aggressive role model
• Level 2 Independent variable (IV)
• Same sex or opposite sex role model
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• Write a TESTABLE two-tailed hypothesis for the study
• Write a TESTABLE one-tailed hypothesis for the study
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study• The matching process
• To ensure that each group contained equally aggressive children they were rated for aggression before the experiment
• rated on
• physical aggression, verbal aggression
• aggression to inanimate objects
• aggression inhibition (self control)
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study• What happened then?
• Children taken one at a time
• Phase one of the experiment
• Modelling the behaviour phase
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• What happened then?
• Phase two of the experiment
• The AROUSAL phase
• This was necessary to provoke the children so that they were equally likely to display any aggressive behaviour they had learned
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• What happened then?
• Phase three of the experiment
• The OBSERVATION phase
• Child left alone in play room to which a ‘mini’ Bobo and mallet had been added
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study• What was observed?
• The criteria
• Imitative aggression
• Non-imitative aggression
– both physical & verbal
– e.g. hitting Bobo with mallet
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study• Who observed?
• More than one observer
• How long for?
• For 20 minutes in 5 second time samples
• 240 observation samples for each child
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• Examples of behaviour observed
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
The results
• IMITATION - the children in the aggressive condition imitated many of the modelled physical and verbal aggressive behaviours
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
The results
• IMITATION - the children in the NON- aggressive condition imitated very few of the modelled behaviour
• 70% had zero scores
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll studyThe results
• NON-IMITATION
• the children in the aggressive condition displayed more non-imitative (non-copied) aggressive behaviour
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll studyThe results
• NON-AGGRESSIVE CONDITION
• the children in the non-aggressive condition spent more time playing with the toys (dolls etc) also more time doing nothing
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
GENDER RESULTS
• Boys imitated more physical aggression (but not verbal)
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
GENDER RESULTS
• Boys more aggressive after watching MALE aggressive model
• Girls more aggressive after watching FEMALE aggressive model
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
The conclusion
• Learning can take place by observation
• Children more likely to learn from same sex models
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
The conclusion
• Bandura suggested Freud’s theory of identification may be used to explain how learning took place
• Thinking point: Which of Freud’s stages might these children have been in?
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• Consider: BPS guidelines – Was this study ethical?
• What are the issues?
• If not ethical WHY not?
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• Methodology
• Does this study have ecological validity?
• If not ecologically valid - why not?
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• The participants
• To whom can we generalise the findings?
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• The debate about whether children learn aggressive behaviour from watching violence on TV
• How might watching TV differ from the experience of the children in the Bandura experiment?
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study
• There were four predictions (hypotheses) in this
• MATCHED SUBJECTS experiment
• What were they?
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Bandura, Ross & Ross The BOBO doll study• Now complete your assignment on Bandura,
Ross and Ross