AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1...
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Section 3.1: Biological Molecules 3.1.1 Monomers and Polymers 3.1.2 Carbohydrates 3.1.3 Lipids 3.1.4.1 Proteins 3.1.4.2 Enzymes 3.1.5.1 Nucleic acid structure 3.1.5.2 DNA Replication 3.1.6 ATP 3.1.7 Water 3.1.8 Inorganic Ions AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1-4 Section 3.2: Cells 3.2.1.1 Eukaryotic cells 3.2.1.2 Prokaryotic cells and viruses 3.2.1.3 Studying cells 3.2.2 All cells arise from other cells 3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system Section 3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment 3.3.1 Surface area to volume ratio 3.3.2 Gas exchange 3.3.3 Digestion and absorption 3.3.4.1 Mass transport in animals 3.3.4.2 Mass transport in plants Section 3.4 Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms 3.4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes 3.4.2 DNA and protein synthesis 3.4.3 Genetic diversity - mutations and meiosis 3.4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation – natural selection 3.4.5 Species and taxonomy 3.4.6 Biodiversity 3.4.7 Investigating biodiversity
Transcript of AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1 and 3 - Topics 1 -4AS Level Paper 1 and 2. A2 Level Paper 1...
Section3.1:BiologicalMolecules3.1.1MonomersandPolymers3.1.2Carbohydrates3.1.3Lipids3.1.4.1Proteins3.1.4.2Enzymes3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure3.1.5.2DNAReplication3.1.6ATP3.1.7Water3.1.8InorganicIons
ASLevelPaper1and2.A2LevelPaper1and3- Topics1-4
Section3.2:Cells3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses3.2.1.3Studyingcells3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem
Section3.3Organismsexchangesubstanceswiththeirenvironment3.3.1Surfaceareatovolumeratio3.3.2Gasexchange3.3.3Digestionandabsorption3.3.4.1Masstransportinanimals3.3.4.2Masstransportinplants
Section3.4Geneticinformation,variationandrelationshipsbetweenorganisms3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutationsandmeiosis3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy3.4.6Biodiversity3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity
Canyoudescribethestructureofeukaryoticcells,includingthe:
• Lysosomes
• Ribosomes
• Roughendoplasmicreticulumandsmoothendoplasmicreticulum
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells(p67-74)
Canyoudescribethestructureofeukaryoticcells,includingthe:
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• GolgiapparatusandGolgivesicles
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells(p67-74)
Canyoudescribethestructureofeukaryoticcells,includingthe:
• Chloroplasts
• Cellwall
• Cellvacuole
Canyouexplaintheadaptationsofeukaryoticcells? Suggestorganellesthatyouwouldexpecttobenumerousandwelldevelopedinthefollowingcells:
- Musclecells
- Aspermcell
- Phagocytes
- Livercells
Describeanyotherspecialisedcellsandsuggestthecellultrastructureyouwouldexpectthemtohavetocarryouttheirfunctionefficiently.
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells(p67-74)
Whatiscelldifferentiationandwhatareitsadvantages?
Howarecellsarearrangedintotissues?Givesomeexamplesoftissues.
Howaretissuesarearrangedintoorgans?Givesomeexamplesoforgans.
Howareorgansarrangedintoorgansystems?Givesomeexamplesoforgansystems.
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses(p75-76)
Labelthisprokaryoticcellandexplaintheroleofeachpart:
Canyouexplainhowprokaryoticcellsdifferfromeukaryoticcells?
Canyouexplainwhethervirusesarelivingornotandwhy?
Canyoudescribethestructureofvirusparticlesandexplaintheroleofeachpart:
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.3Studyingcells(p58-66)
Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenmagnificationandresolution?
Howdoyoucalculatemagnificationandthesizeoftherealobject?
Canyoudescribetheprinciplesofcellfractionationandultracentrifugationinseparatingcellcomponents?
Beforecellfractionation,thetissueisplacedinwhattypeofsolution?
Unit Symbol Equivalentinmetres
kilometre
metre
millimetre
micrometre
nanometre
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.1.3Studyingcells(p58-66)
Canyoudescribehowalightmicroscopeworksandexplainthelimitationsofit:
Canyoudescribehowatransmissionelectronmicroscopeworksandexplainthelimitationsofit:
Canyoudescribehowascanningelectronmicroscopeworksandexplaintheoflimitationsit:
Canyouexplainhowyouwoulduseaneyepiecegraticule tomeasurecells:
Howdidthescientificcommunitydistinguishbetweenartefactsandcellorganelles?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells– Mitosis(p77-79)
Whathappensinmitosis? Canyoudescribethebehaviour ofchromosomesduringinterphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphaseandtelophaseofmitosis?
Canyouexplaintheroleofspindlefibres?
Whatismitosisimportant?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells– Cellcycle(p77-79)
Notallcells,withinmulticellularorganisms,retaintheabilitytodivide.
Eukaryoticcellsthatdoretaintheabilitytodivideshowacellcycle.
Describethethreestagesofthecellcycle:
Whatcanuncontrolledcelldivisionleadto?Explainwhy.
Somecancertreatmentsaredirectedatcontrollingtherateofcelldivision.Howmighttheydisruptthecellcycle?Whatistheproblemwiththesetypesofdrugs?
Howdovirusesreplicate?Howdoprokaryoticcellsdivide?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– Cell-surfacemembrane(p84-86)
Canyoudescribeandlabelthefluid-mosaicmodelofmembranestructure?
Whyarephospholipidspresentincellmembranes?
Whyischolesterolpresentincellmembranes?
Whyareglycolipidspresentincellmembranes?
Whyareglycoproteinspresentincellmembranes?
Whyareproteinspresentincellmembranes?
Explainthepermeabilityofthecell-surfacemembrane:
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– Diffusion(p87-88)
Whatisdiffusion?Drawadiagramtohelpyouexplain.
Whydoessimplediffusionhappen?
Whatisfacilitateddiffusion?
Whataffectstherateofdiffusion?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– Osmosis(p89-92)
Whatisosmosis?Drawadiagramtohelpyouexplain.
Whydoesosmosishappen?Explainwhatismeantbythetermssolute,waterpotentialandsolution:
Howdoesosmosisaffectanimalcells?
Howdoesosmosisaffectplantcells?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes– ActiveTransport&Co-transport(p93-98)
Labelthediagramtoexplainactivetransport:
Whatisactivetransport?Whatdoesactivetransportrequire?
Howcouldcellsbeadaptedforrapidtransportacrosstheirinternalorexternalmembranes?
Whatisco-transport?Usethediagramtoexplainhowtheprocesshappensintheintestine:
Whataretherolesofdiffusionandactivetransportinabsorption?
Howdoesoralrehydrationtherapywork?
Canyouexplainspecificadaptationsofspecialised cellsinrelationtotherateoftransportacrosstheirmembranes?E.g.Epithelialcells
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Defence mechanisms&Phagocytosis(p102-105)
Whatarethemaindefence mechanismsofthebody?
Whatarenon-specificresponses? Whatarespecificresponses?
Howdoesthebodydistinguishbetweenitsowncellsandforeignmaterial?Givesomeexamplesofforeignmaterial.
Labelthediagramtoexplaintheprocessofphagocytosis:
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Tlymphocytesandcell-mediatedimmunity(p106-8)
Whatarethe2differenttypesoflymphocytes? Whatiscell-mediatedimmunity?Usethediagramtoexplainthefivesteps:
CanyoudescribetheresponseofTlymphocytestoaforeignantigen?
Whatistheroleofantigen-presentingcellsinthecellularresponse?
HowdocytotoxicTcellskillinfectedcells?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Blymphocytesandhumoralimmunity(p109-10)
Whatishumoralimmunity?Usethediagramtoexplain:CanyoudescribetheroleofhelperTcells(THcells)?
CanyoudescribetheresponseofBlymphocytestoaforeignantigen?
Whatareplasmacells?Whattypeofimmuneresponsedotheyproduce?
Whatarememorycells?Whattypeofimmuneresponsedotheyproduce?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Antibodies(p111-14)
Whatisanantibody?
Drawandlabelthestructureofanantibody:
Canyouexplaintheformationofanantigen-antibodycomplex?
Whataremonoclonalantibodies?Howaretheyproduced?
Howcanmonoclonalantibodiesbeusedtotargetspecificcelltypes?
Howcanmonoclonalantibodiesbeusedinmedicaldiagnosis?
Canyoudescribetheethicalsuesassociatedwiththeuseofmonoclonalantibodies?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– Vaccination(p115-118)
Whatispassiveimmunity? Whatisactiveimmunity? Whatarethedifferencesbetweenactiveandpassiveimmunity?
Whatarethefeaturesofaneffectivevaccinationprogramme?Whatisavaccination?
Whatisherdimmunity? Whydoesavaccinationrarelyeliminateadisease?
Canyoudescribetheethicalsuesassociatedwiththeuseofvaccines?
Topic2:Cells- 3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem– H.I.V(p119-121)
Canyoudescribethestructureofthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)anditsreplicationinhelperTcells?
CanyouexplainhowantibodiesareusedintheELISAtest?
CanyouexplainhowHIVcausesthesymptomsofAIDS?
Canyouexplainwhyantibioticsareineffectiveagainstviruses?
