AS chemistry.pptx

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FINALREMINDER

FOR AS

CHEMISTRY



CHAPTER 1

Definitions of relative isotopic mass, relative

atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative

formula mass. For calculations, all the answer must be given in 3-

4 sig figures. Use standard form A x 10n.

Balance the chemical equation.



CHAPTER 2 Define subatomic particles. (check the location

whether in nucleus or electron shell)

Check how to write proper symbol for elements.

The position of proton and nucleon number. Difference between shell, subshell and orbital.

p orbital – x,y,z (3 different orientation)

Specify group using number or Roman numeral



CHAPTER 3 Ionic bond = electrovalent bond

Use different shape for different atom for dot and cross diagram (show

valence shell only).

Coordinate covalent bond = dative bond.

Characteristic of MgO.

Expanded octet/reason.

8 shapes and their bond angles.

sp3, sp2, sp hybridization (know the example)

Difference between dipole interaction, temporary dipole and

hydrogen bonding.

Label all the bonding shown.



CHAPTER 4

Basic assumptions of kinetic theory of gases

PV = nRT graph for deviation from ideal gas behavior.

For formula PV = nRT (Pa, m3

or kPa, dm3

) anddetermination of Mr.

Dalton’s Law of partial pressure. (definition and deduce

mole fraction)



CHAPTER 5 Define the system and surrounding for a reaction.

Remember conditions for enthalpy change.

Units for standard enthalpy change (kJ/mol)

Check definition for every enthalpy (formation,

combustion etc). Include standard condition (25C, 1 atm)

Q = mcΔT (temp change don’t need to change unit to K)

Hess Law check on arrows and pathway. After everycalculation, use formula to justify the answer.

Bond energy calculation, try to show all the bond involve.



CHAPTER 6 Oxidation number rules.

Diaphragm cell (label all the product and electrode & half

equation at anode and cathode. Deduce overall equation.

Industrial use of diaphragm cell product.

Extraction of aluminium. (label diagram and electrolyte

content).

Remember disproportionation.



CHAPTER 7

Define dynamic eqm

Check on the graph for eqm reactions. No completion.

Kc and Kp (check concentration or pressure)

Liquid and solid always 1. (don’t ignore if it’s stand alone).

Initial conc is reaction quotient, Qc.

Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis (don’t get confuse). Maxwell graph show clearly for any changes.



CHAPTER 8

For graphs, show clearly the differences. Eg withor without catalyst.

Maxwell graph!



CHAPTER 9 Remember all the SPECIAL CASES. The general

trend and the variation.

All the graph for trends.

Oxidation number for Period 3 chlorides and

oxides.

Period 3 oxides (from basic to acid) and Period 3

chlorides (from neutral to acid)



CHAPTER 10

Remember the trends, COLOURS

Write balance chemical equation.

Check the difference in product when metal react

with water and metal oxides with water.

For decomposition, write balance equation.



CHAPTER 11

Colour of halogen at standard state and vapour

state.

Observation for displacement and testing thehalides. (colour, smell, etc)

Oxidation number of chlorine (hot & cold NaOH).



CHAPTER 12

Haber process – check diagram for heat exchanger

Catalytic converter – all equations

2 conditions – atm and car engine



CHAPTER 13 Displayed formula – show all the bonds

Structural formula – can be minimized (show functional

group).

5 type isomer – structural (3) & stereoisomer (2)

Geometrical isomer specify cis and trans. Label the formula.

Optical isomer show 3D and mirror image. Label the chiral

centre.

Check for parent chain before naming.

Always consider cyclo compound and ether for isomers.



CHAPTER 14 (ALKANE) Catalytic converter – check which compound

undergo oxidation and reduction. Write the

balance equation.

Free radical – specify the steps. (I,P,T)

Check for the products formed in termination

step.

Mechanism step by step.



CHAPTER 14 (ALKENE) Mechanism – show the curly arrows clearly.

Show any intermediate.

Check again and AGAIN for reagents and conditions.

Addition to unsymmetrical alkene. (major and minorproduct).

Oxidation (hot & cold) don’t stop for aldehyde unless the

question specify the intermediate.

Check whether question specify organic products ONLY orincluding the byproducts.

Polymerization – check how many repeating units. If not

mentioned, then remember to put n.



CHAPTER 15 Mechanism – specify SN1 or SN2, show all the curly arrows,

show all the partial positive and negative.

Remember OH- can be in both aq and alc with 2 different

products. Check for NH3 and CN-

Check reaction of nitrile (acid hydrolysis & reduction)

Check REAGENTS & CONDITIONS.

Elimination no major or minor product. Follow the

question for isomers or any other requirement.

Check graph for Ea for SN1 or SN2 reactions. (transition

state and intermediate carbocation)

Stability of1°/2°/3° carbocation.



CHAPTER 16

Check all reactions, REAGENTS & CONDITIONS.

Oxidation diagram.

SN1 or SN2 convert to haloalkane.

Alcohol cannot substitute with CN-, convert

alcohol to haloalkane and then convert to nitrile.

Reactions with phosphorus halides – check thebyproducts and their observations. (remember

difference with chloride, bromide and iodide)



CHAPTER 17 Mechanism – curly arrows, partial +ve and partial –ve.

Check the difference in mechanism for C=C and C=O.

REAGENTS & CONDITIONS

Hydroxynitrile – most of the time results in optical isomers.

Look for the chiral centre.

Reduction – remember the catalyst & condition

Check structure of before and after testing of DNPH. Tollen’s and Fehling’s check the equation for product and

reactants, observations & any change oxidation number.



CHAPTER 18 Check acyl chlorides naming.

The reactivity between acyl chloride and

carboxylic acid in formation of ester.

Check byproducts for preparation of carboxylicacid.

Formation of acyl chloride from phosphorus

halide and their byproducts. Hydrolysis of ester – acid & alkali (different

products)



“If I fail, I try again, and again, and again. If YOU fail, are you going to

try again? The human spirit can handle much worse than we realize.It matters HOW you are going to FINISH. Are you going to finish

strong?”

―

Nick Vujicic, Life Without Limits

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