315 In the 33rd <year> of his reign Constantine the great died. (SymLog| 88.8 p.109.52-6) ||For setting out against the Persians from Nikomedeia, he went to the natural hot springs at Pythia. And falling ill and going from there via Helenoupolis to the fort1, in the grip of a violent fever he died nine years after the founding and consecration of Constantinople.||2

(PsS 88r.36-38) ||He was laid in a porphyry, that is a Roman, sarcophagus, himself along with his mother Helena, who had died twelve years before his death, and his wife Fausta the daughter of Maximian Herculius,||3

(SymLog 88.8 p.109.58-61, cf. PsS 88r.36-88v.1 [to ‘rule’]) ||leaving behind his three [520] sons, Constantius, Constantine and Constans to rule, determining that Constantius was to have the regions of Thrace and the East, Constantine the western territory towards the Ocean, and Constans Crete, Africa and Illyricum.||4

(cf. Zon. 13.4.24 p.157 Banchich/Lane) ||A view prevailed that Constantine the great had died from a poisonous drug through a plot of [his] brothers,||

so he had enjoined his son the following in his own hand, that he guard himself from and take vengeance on the uncles who had murdered him; that Eusebius bishop of Nikomedeia, taking this letter, had handed it over to Constantius as soon as he arrived from the East, and that he [Eusebius] had then also become bishop of Constantinople.5 Since a mass killing of all these [uncles] seemed clearly quite stupid to him [Constantius], he judged that he should not carry out the killing of them without some thought.

(PsS 88r.35-36) ||Constantine the great died after reigning piously for 32 years and 10 months and having lived for 65 years in total.||

1 χάρακι presumably near Nikomedeia, but possibly this is an understandable misunderstanding and consequent misreading for ἀχυρών (chaff-house), the rather odd name of the imperial villa near Nikomedeia where several sources (e.g. Aurelius Victor, 41.16, Jerome, Chron., year 337) say Constantine died. Cf. Averil Cameron and Stuart Hall, Eusebius, Life of Constantine, 339-42; Paul Stephenson, Constantine 279; R.W. Burgess, "Ἀχυρών or Προαστείον? The Location and Circumstances of Constantine's Death", JTS ns 50 (1999) 153-161.2 Constantinople was founded as such in 324, consecrated in 330 and Constantine died in 337. To what does "nine years" refer?3 On the precise placing of Constantine's sarcophagus in the centre of the mausoleum or heroön attached to the church of Holy Apostles in Constantinople and the significance of that placing, see J. Wortley, ‘The “Sacred Remains” of Constantine and Helena’ in J. Burke, ed., Byzantine Narrative, 351-367. Helen, who died in Rome, and Fausta were never placed in Constantine’s sarcophagus. Helen died in Rome. Her sarcophagus, intended for Constantine himself, is in the Vatican but was originally kept in a fine mausoleum on the Via Labicana (ODB 1. 909, F.W. Deichmann, A. Tsichira, JDAI, 72 [1957] 44-110).4 Theophanes 34 (AM 5829) and PsS 88v 28-29 are in agreement on a different way of expressing the allocation.5 Or is this part of Constantine’s insstructions? = ‘and that Eusebius bishop of Nikomedeia, taking such a letter, should hand it over to Constantius as soon as arrived from the East, and then become bishop of Constantinople.’

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Constantius316:1 (SymLog 89.1) ||Constantius reigned for 24 years; Constans for 17 years. Constantine soon died n the following manner. To communicate with his brother Constantius about some matter, he approached with a mighty strong force, which drove Constantius to consternation that he was coming to do something violent to him.6 After meeting with wicked advisers who encouraged him to war, he went out against [Constantine]. After the fighting had taken place Constantine, the third brother,7 was found dead among the last of those who had fled, so Constantius got control over all the West.||

316:2 (PsS 88v.19-26) ||Constantius was [521] tall with regard to the height of his body, fair, with flashing eyes, changeable in his views, restrained in his sexual pleasures, courteous towards his friends, self-disciplined with regard to food [in his eating], kindly regarding the petitions/requests from and decisions on his subjects. He abstained from fruit absolutely.8 In matters of rivalry between leaders,9 he always acted appropriately. He did not enrol anyone for the senate who lacked education, so that they knew how to string together a speech and write in verse.10 He was overcome by one single disease, that of his heretical views.||

316:3 (PsS 89r.1-2) ||In the second year of his reign, the Caesar Dalmatios was murdered by soldiers with Constantius having neither ordered this nor yet having hindered the slaughter.||

(PsS 89r.4-8, cf. Theoph. 35.13-19) ||Gallus and Julian, the sons of the great Constantine’s brother Constantius, were likely to be killed as well. But sickness saved Gallus and his infancy saved Julian. For he was 8 years old. Having previously accepted the homoousion Constantius later changed his mind11 as a result of his own weakness of mind and the deception of the Arian presbyter and Eusebius the head eunuch and Eusebius of Nikomedeia.||

316:4 (PsS 89r.9-18, cf. Theoph. 35-36) ||In year 3, Constantine after advancing into the territories of his own brother Constans and having clashed in battle was killed by 6 Constantine’s attack was upon Constans, not Constantius. Kedrenos corrects this at year 3.This resulted in the youngest brother, aged just 14, ruling two thirds of the empire, from Britain to Thrace. Cf A.H.M. Jones, LRE, 1.112. 7 Constantine was the eldest of the three brothers (born Feb. 317, died 340), so "third" here should probably be taken as equivalent to "senior"; cf. δέκατος αὐτός used to imply the senior of the ten Athenian strategoi. Constantius was born 7 Aug. 317; Constans was born ca 323 (died Jan. 350).8 Cf. Amm. Marc. 21.4 ‘He never in his life tasted fruit.’ (Penguin trans., 230). This is listed as the final (and hence possibly most important) example of Constantius’ good qualities before Amm Marc. begins his description of Constantius’ defects.9 Or ‘in the munificence [bestowed] on his leaders.’10 Cf. Zon 13.11 [end] Banchich/Lane p. 172, ‘It is said that Constantius … was acquainted with literature to the extent that he was able to compose verse.’ Also AmmMarc. 21.16.7. Xylander’s Latin translation takes this to refer to Constantius himself, but we do not think the Greek allows this. Cf. Ammianus Marcellinus, 21.4: ‘Constantius was industrious and had aspirations to learning, but he was too dull-witted to make a speaker, and when he turned his mind to versifying produced nothing worthwhile.’ (Penguin trans., 230). 11 Ked here appears to be picking up from his description of Constantius (above).

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soldiers as mentioned above.12 Constantius, ruling over the East, handed over Gallus and Julian to be brought up in a region called in fact Makelion13 near Caesarea in Cappadocia. These two brothers became lectors and were eager to build a church for the holy martyr Mamas. In the section [522] allotted to Julian to build, the earth would not allow this. After cutting off his hair he pretended to train as a monk.

Constantius and Constans legislated that a Jew could not buy a slave, and that anyone [so bought] was to be confiscated to become property of the state.14 If [a Jew] dared to circumcise a slave he was to be punished by the sword and his property confiscated.||

316:5 (PsS 89r.30-31, Theoph. 36] ||In years 4 and 5 Antioch suffered from a great earthquake for three days.||15

317:1 (PsS 89r.34-36, Theoph. 37] ||In year 6 Constantius celebrated a triumph after defeating the Assyrians. Sapor, emperor of the Persians persecuted the Christians and Constans destroyed the Franks in the West.||

(PsS 89r.37-40) ||In this year, an eloquent blind man named Didymus became famous.16 On meeting him in Alexandria the great Antony said to him, “Don’t let the loss of your eyes disturb you at all. For you have eyes of the kind that not even flies and mosquitoes can harm. Rejoice that you really have [the kind of] eyes with which angels too do see.”||

317:2 (PsS 89v.1-5, Theoph 37) ||In year 7 after a great earthquake Neocaesarea17 was flooded and collapsed apart from the bishop’s [palace] and the church. It was then that Paul the confessor was appointed bishop of Constantinople.||

317:3 (PsS 89v.5-6, Theoph 37] ||In year 8 following a great earthquake the island of Rhodes collapsed.||

12 "as mentioned above" not in PsS. In fact this entry corrects Kedrenos’ error in the ‘above-mentioned’ account where he has Constantine attacking Constantius. 13 Usually spelled Macellum. By his use of ‘in fact’ (δή) Kedrenos is drawing attention to the name which means ‘market’, particularly ‘butcher’s market’, so perhaps hinting at the violence linked to the future careers of Gallus and Julian.14 GM (somewhere) attributes this to Constantine.15 Source? Seemingly not in PsS16 On Didymos the blind (ca. 313- ca. 398), see ODB, 1.620. He was last head of the catechetical school at Alexandria. Blind at four and never attended school, he wrote extensively of which most is lost, probably resulting from his condemnation for Origenism at Council of Constantinople in 553, although a substantial amount survives (about 1500 cols in PG 39).http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr//ecf/202/2020352.htm : It is related that when Antony left the desert and repaired to Alexandria to give his testimony in favor of the doctrines of Athanasius, he said to Didymus, “It is not a severe thing, nor does it deserve to be grieved over, O Didymus, that you are deprived of the organs of sight which are possessed by rats, mice, and the lowest animals; but it is a great blessing to possess eyes like angels, whereby you can contemplate keenly the Divine Being, and see accurately the true knowledge.”17 Modern Niksar in Turkey, in the Roman province of Pontus Polemoniacus, or is it Neocaesarea in Syria

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317:4 (PsS 89v.6-19, Theoph 37-8] ||In year 9 Dyrrachium,18, a city in Dalmatia, was destroyed by an earthquake, and Rome suffered, being shaken for three days, [523] and 12 cities in Campania were destroyed.

On reaching Byzantium Constantius expelled bishop Paul from his see and installed the utterly impious Eusebius of Nikomedia, the receptacle of evils, in a predatory and unlawful way.

Eusebius consecrated the church of great God which had been completed by Constantius in accordance with the testamentary instruction of great Constantine,19 and transferred relics from Antioch and placed in it20 those of the holy martyr Pamphilos and his associates, Porphyrios [Theodoulos]/the slave of God21 and Paul.

The Alexandrians killed Gregory who had climbed on to the throne of Alexandria like a brigand after driving out the great Athanasios for six years. And the Arian George was appointed by the Arians, a Cappadocian monster.||

317:5 (PsS 89v.19-34, Theoph 38] ||In year 10 Constantius built the harbour in Seleucia22 in Syria, cutting through a mountain for a great distance, and restored the city. He re-founded Anatarados in Phoenicia which he named Constantia.23

In the same year occurred an eclipse of the sun on the sixth of the month Daisios at the third hour of the day.24 The orthodox bishops who had been driven out with Athanasius arrived in Rome.||25

18 Ancient Epidamnus, modern Durres/Durazzo in Albania. 19 Ked is alone in making this claim. Dagron, Naissance 397-401 argues that this probably refers to Con’s foundation of CP. At 1.498 Ked attributes the H. Sophia to Constantine as do some other late sources (see Whitby at CP p. 35 n. 110), but Constantius was mainly responsible for its building.20 It is not clear why masculine/neuter is being used here rather than feminine (referring to ἐκκλησία). Perhaps Kedrenos is thinking of the church as ναός, but that is not a satisfactory explanation.21 Kedrenos’ language requires ‘Theodoulos’ (the slave of God) to be taken as an attribute of Porphyrios, but in fact it should refer to the martyr Theodoulos. See http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/los/February/16-01.htm; Eusebius Scr. Eccl., Theol., De martyribus Palaestinae (recensio brevior) (2018: 003)“Eusèbe de Césarée. Histoire ecclésiastique, vol. 3”, Ed. Bardy, G.Paris: Cerf, 1958, Repr. 1967; Sources chrétiennes 55.Chapter 11, section 24, line 2: Θεόδουλος, σεμνός τις καὶ θεοσεβὴςπρεσβύτης ...22 Modern Silifke on the Isaurian coast, named after its original founder, Seleucus 1 Nicator (321-280 BC). The evidence of cutting through the mountain is still clear, but the harbour, the basis of Seleukeia’s existence, existed long before Constantius.23 Modern Tartus, on the coast 220 km north of Damascus. It retained its former name, as its bishops signed under both names at some later councils. There are significant remains. On these and its history see R. Burns, Monuments of Syria, 229-32 sv Tartus.24 6 June 346. 25 PsS lacks this sentence and also‘on the sixth of the month Daisios at the third hour of the day’ from the previous sentence, but both are in Theoph, an example that makes it clear that Ked is using PsS’s source or a parallel text (Trajan's Epitome?) rather than PsS itself. (Not

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317:6 (PsS 89v.27-30, Theoph 38) ||In year 11, relying on letters from Julius, the pope in Rome, they re-occupied their own sees. But Constantius who was residing in Antioch expelled them at the instigation of the Arians.||

317:7 (cf.PsS 89v.34-35, Theoph 39) ||In year 12 there was a large earthquake in Beirut in Phoenicia, resulting in the collapse of the greater part of the city.||

317:8 (cf. PsS 89v.37-40, Theoph [much abbreviated] 39-40) [524] ||In year 13 Sapor the Persian after besieging the city of Nisibis26 in various ways, diverting its river against the city and making all kinds of machines, was defeated and retreated in flight to his own [territory], losing the greater part of his army.||

317:9 (PsS 90r.22-24, Theoph 40) ||In year 14 Constantius, after proclaiming his nephew Gallus as Caesar27 and renaming him as Constantius, dispatched him to the East.|| 317:10 (PsS 90r.25-35 [Tartaglia misses 30-35], Theoph 40-41) ||In year 15 the Jews in the east28 of Palestine revolted and killed many of the Hellenic peoples and Samaritans. But they themselves with their entire race were destroyed by the Romans and their city of Diocaesarea29 was wiped out.

In the same year the great Athanasios was exiled by Constantius to Britain and Felix was appointed in his place. A synod of the fathers which had assembled in Milan was dismissed again without achieving anything.||

318:1 (PsS 90v.1-6, Theoph 41) ||In year 18 Gallus, after plotting a usurpation, killed Domitian, the prefect of the East, and the quaestor Magnus who had revealed [details] of the plot to Constantius. After recalling Gallus, Constantius had him killed on the island of Thalamon and placed his brother Julian under arrest. The emperor's wife Eusebia had him sent to Athens at her request.||

(GM 535.13-536.6) ||In his desire to become emperor Julian went around Greece in search of seers and oracles to find out if he would achieve what he wanted. And indeed he came upon an impious fellow who promised to predict these things. After leading him down to one of the hidden places for worshipping idols, [525] this fellow called to the cheating demons. When they appeared with their usual fantasy, fear drove [Julian] to make the sign of the Cross on his forehead, on seeing which [the demons] immediately disappeared. But that sorcerer, understanding the reason for their flight, responded to him as follows: 'They have gone not in fear, as you think, but in their loathing of what has happened to you.' So having deceived his prisoner he initiated him and filled him with [his] abomination. For his desire for empire denuded

noted by Tartaglia).26 Modern Nusaybin on the Turkish-Syrian border, 18 km east of Dara and 56 km from Mardin.27 15 March 351.28 'In the east' is not in Theoph. Is it in ThL?29 Sepphoris (or Zipori) in Israel.

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this thrice-miserable man of his piety, washing away his holy baptism with polluted bloods.||30

318:2 (GM 540.19-541.9) ||After a little while the most ungodly Julian, after gaining control of the empire, next openly and quite shamelessly made war on piety. First he sullied the springs, both those within the city and elsewhere with abominable sacrifices, so that each person who partook of the water would share in the abomination. Then he filled everything that was around the agora with his pollution. For the bread, meat, fruit, vegetables and all the other provisions used to be sprinkled [with lustral water]. Seeing this, the Christians groaned and howled at what was happening but nevertheless took part, being persuaded by the apostolic rule that pronounced: 'Eat everything that is for sale in the market, not discriminating because of your conscience.||31

(GM 543.8-22) This utterly foul Julian, ||arming the Jews against the Christians, asked them: 'why don't you sacrifice when the law orders you to do so?' When they responded that the temple was in Jerusalem and that their worship was confined to there, [526] that fighter against God immediately ordered the rebuilding of the temple that had been destroyed in accordance with God's anger and will. Having heard this with much joy they revealed his instructions to all of their tribes throughout the world, and they came running together bringing money and zeal for the rebuilding of the temple. He dispatched to them officials, a large workforce and assistance. For he sent silver mattocks and shovels to the God-opposing Jews. But when they began to dig, violent winds immediately blew up and suddenly scattered everything.|| Thereafter they suffered terrible things which I shall record in the third year of his reign.32

318:3 (GM 546.5-20) ||When the accursed man entered Persia he sent a demon to the West to bring him an answer from there quickly. But [the demon] was prevented by some hermit from continuing its journey for ten days. Since the demon was not able to advance it went back again to Julian. He asked about the cause of its sluggishness. The demon replied to him: 'I was slow and I still have not completed [my journey]. For I waited for a monk [called] Pouplios to stop praying, but since he did not stop for ten days, he prevented me from carrying out your will. On hearing this Julian became extremely angry and threatened on his return to wipe out the [whole] tribe of monks. One of his senior people learned this and was amazed [by it], so on his return he distributed all his property to the poor and went off to the old man. Having become his disciple33 [527] he told everyone of the strength which the monks possessed against gloomy-looking demons.||

30 Kedrenos seems to be exploiting words linked τὸ μύσος (abomination): ἐμύησε, τὸ μύσος, μυσαρός.31 Cf. 1 Corinthians 25: 'Whatsoever is sold in the shambles, that eat, asking no question for conscience sake.'32 Cf. p540 on Jovian's only year as emperor where Kedrenos repeats much of what he records here and on p. 527 rather than adding much in his account of Julian's third year. But is this evidence of Kedrenos actually planning his narrative?33 δοκιμος in the sense of 'disciple' explains the use of 'old man', i.e. the mentor of a novice monk.

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318:4 (GM 546.31 – 547.23, close to verbatim) ||In his march against the Persians he entered Carrhai, a city founded by the emperor Carus,34 and performed impure sacrifices in some cave. He put bars and seals on the doors and established guards. But on opening this [cave] after his fall they found a woman hanging by her hair with her arms stretched out. That heartless35 man had her stomach cut open presumably to learn from her liver about victory against the Persians. In Antioch they found many chests in the palace filled with human heads and many wells filled with corpses. For the idol-loving Julian had cut up tens of thousands of pregnant women and after inspecting the liver in the embryos for soothsaying he had slaughtered lots of children and buried them under the idols. The daemonic and God-hating man also subjected a further large herd of rational beings of various ages to different deaths in the name of Poseidon and other demons. Indeed he used to slaughter even white and red horses, some to the Sun, others to Fire and the Winds. In addition to these, he did not leave off slaughtering dogs, monkeys, ravens, and almost every variety of reptile and wild quadruped and winged and swimming creature, devising all kinds of mystic rites, larger and worse than those practised among Hellenes, so as to surpass all Hellenizers before him, thinking that through such [practices] the atheist [528] would be deified and counted as a god.|| But we will speak about the [events] concerning him in the account of his hateful-to-God reign as briefly as possible. My narrative must now proceed to events in [proper] order.

319:1 (cf. Theoph 41) ||In year 19 of Constantius, on the day of Pentecost there appeared in Jerusalem the sign of the life-bringing Cross. It was luminous and stretched from Golgotha, where Christ was crucified, to the Mount of Olives, where He was taken up. All around it was a crown like the rainbow. It was seen by Constantius on the same day. At the time Cyril was bishop of Jerusalem.||36

319:2 (cf. PsS 90v.14-27, Theoph 42-45, abbreviated but with some extra details not in Theoph) ||In year 21 of Constantius' reign, on the death of Eusebius, the impious [bishop] of Constantinople, Athanasios and Paul went back again to Rome to Pope Julius and Constans the brother of the emperor Constantius. After the orthodox appointed Paul as [bishop] of Constantinople, since the Arians had made a counter appointment of Makedonios, they clashed with each other and many from both sides fell. After Hermogenes, the master of soldiery, was sent by Constantius to expel Paul, he was killed by the orthodox and tossed into the sea. On learning this Constantius proceeded to Constantinople and banished Paul but could not enthrone Makedonios.||

(cf. PsS 90v.38-91r.5 ||Later Paul, after returning with a letter from Julius of Rome, was banished to Thessalonica. Makedonios [529] like a brigand mounted [control] over the church, as a result of which three thousand one hundred and fifty men were killed. In this way the Arians took control of the church, and Athanasios and Paul went back to Rome. After approaching Constans they gave him a full account. Angered by these [events] he wrote in sorrow to his brother to give their sees back to Athanasios and Paul.||

34 Not true of course, Carrhae (mod. Harran) being the site of a famous defeat of the Romans under Crassus in 53BC. Carus was emperor briefly in AD 282.35 lit. 'without bowels', remembering that seat of emotions was accepted as being in the gut, not the heart.36 Year 19 is almost verbatim Theoph. AM 5847 (AD 354/5) [the last sentence by implication]. But Ked also omits much.

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319:3 (PsS 91r.8-13) ||Magnentius usurped power in Gaul and killed the pious Constans. When Constantius, who was in Antioch, learned this, he immediately banished Paul from the city to Koukousos. There he was strangled by the Arians with his own pallium 37 and Makedonios again took control of the see and Athanasios took measures for his own safety by fleeing again.||

(PsS 91r.24-24) ||After releasing Gallus' brother Julian from prison, he [= Constantius] promoted him to Caesar and sent him to Gaul, also uniting him through marriage to his own sister Helena, also known as Constantia.||

(cf. Zon 13.11 p.172 Banchich-Lane) ||Constantius' wife Eusebia was renowned for her beauty throughout the land;38 but her husband, being more gentle than was appropriate, and furthermore tending to sickness, was not able to nurture a woman who in the flower of youth and surpassing nature in her beauty, fell through suffering from hysteria,39 and so wasting away shortly died, and she did not profit40 from her beauty, her youth nor her royalty.||41

For whatever other things a woman may suffer second / when she gets it wrong with her man. she gets it wrong with life.42

319:4 [530] (PsS 91r.29-31) ||In year 22 the Arians beguiled the emperor Constantius against the Christians so as to pronounce a capital sentence on him [Athanasios]. But at that point the holy man gained safety through flight.||

319:5 (PsS 91r 33-35) ||When a large earthquake occurred in Nicomedia about the third hour of the night, it overpowered the city and a great many perished including bishop Kekropios.||

319:6 (PsS 91r.36-91v 5) ||Makedonios who was then holding the see of Constantinople transferred the body of Constantine the great from the temple of the Holy Apostles to St Akakios', prophesying the collapse of the church. But with the masses opposing [this], a great many people were killed, so that the martyrium's cistern, courtyard and hall were filled with blood. On learning this Constantius deposed him and appointed Eudoxios in his place, exchanging a great evil for a greater one. This Eudoxios consecrated the second church of Hagia Sophia, for after the first completion and consecration of it by Eusebius, it fell again and was rebuilt by Constantius.43||

37 Theoph omits this detail.38 Literally 'whose beauty had gone out to all the land', a nice concept.39 ‘womb-madness’.40 The form occurs some 154 times in TLG, all occurrences being from the Byz period. LSJ calls it a late aorist form.41 For this paragraph cf. Zonaras 13.11 [end] Banchich/Lane p. 172 {Tartaglia has wrong ref].42 Euripides, Andromache 372-73, spoken by Menelaos to Andromache. Other than Ked, the lines are only ever cited by Stobaeus, Anthology, Book 4, chapter 23 section 23 line 3. (Photios does commend Stobaeus for its usefulness). So what is Ked's source here?43 PsS reads ‘Constantine’ (wrongly).

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(SymLog 89.8) ||During the time of Eudoxios, who was a disciple of Eunomios, St Ephraim the Syrian died,44 a man great in word and deed, who has bequeathed in writing many useful works.||

319:7 (PsS 91v.5-13, GM 536.13-15) ||In year 23 of Constantius, Flavian of Antioch, after separating the choirs of those singing psalms was the first to teach the singing of David's psalms in turns. After him Peter the fuller after usurping the throne of Antioch was the first to think of sanctifying the whole congregation in church with myrrh, and that the [531] invocation of the waters at holy Christmas take place in the evening 45 and that the Theotokos be named in each prayer, and that the symbol of the faith46 be spoken at every service, whereas previously it was only said on Good Friday.||

319:8 (PsS 91v.13-21, Theoph 46) ||After hearing that Julian had been proclaimed emperor by his troops in Gaul [as a result of] his high repute in wars, Constantius, who was residing in Antioch because of the Persian war, set out against him. After reaching Mopsoukrenai he died on 3 November, castigating greatly his own ignorance. He was baptized at that time in Antioch by the Arian Euzoïos.||47

(SymLog 89.4) ||Jovian who later became emperor but was then a protector, took away his body and placed it near his father in the Heröon with Eusebia, his first wife.||

320:1 (PsS 91v.21-28) ||Simultaneously with Julian's proclamation in Gaul the dome48 of the holy great church of God immediately collapsed, being like an oven [oven-shaped?], crushed the ambo / pulpit and the solea which were made49 from a kind of a onyx stone and reduced them to dust. When he saw this church Julian said: "The Christians still have their churches. If I should return from the Persians, I will turn the central part into a hay-loft and the parts on either side will be stables for my horses. So I will be able to watch where they place their hopes."||

Julian

320:2 (PsS 91v.31 - 92r.12) ||Julian was short in body, had a good beard, black hair, was completely in control over sleep, luxuries and sexual pleasure, and very ambitious, [532] as well as being evil regarding piety. Once he had become emperor he hellenized shamelessly, washing away his holy baptism with the blood of sacrifices and doing all the things by which demons are worshipped. So he sent Oribasios, his doctor and quaestor to rouse the temple of Apollo at Delphi. In consequence that man went off and completed this task, bringing back an oracle from the demon:

44 Lit. ‘was among the holy’.45 Lampe sv theophania, shows this sentence comes verbatim from Theodore Lector, h.e. 2.48 (Migne 86.209A). Check Hansen.46 i.e. the Creed.47 Theoph AM 5852 (year 24) deB 46.48 I haven't checked but I think it highly unlikely that the 4th-century church had a dome.49 Syntax (or the reading) is odd. 'Onta' is either masculine accusative singular (which could agree with 'ambo' or neuter accusative plural, which can agree with neither ambo nor solea. The Latin translation makes it agree with solea, presumably on the basis of sense and word order. I've taken it to go with both. We need to find the source!

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Speak to the emperor: ‘The hall of cunning has fallen on the ground. Phoebus has neither a hut nor prophetic laurel nor a babbling spring any longer. The babbling water has been extinguished.’50

321 (PsS 92r.1-11) ||In his first year, with him putting on the diadem before Constantius' death, God-driven fury immediately took hold of the land of the Romans. So wanting to show that Constantius was unjust and a law-breaker,51 the impious one feigned righteousness by recalling the exiled bishops. He executed Eusebius, the head eunuch for supposed injustice. He expelled the other eunuchs of the palace for driving out his wife,52 whom her brother Constantius had joined to him; likewise the cooks because of the frugality of his way of life and the barbers because one was sufficient for many as he used to say. He also got rid of the camels, donkeys and mules from the public post53, and only allowed horses to serve because of his great avarice, to which he was a slave.||

(PsS 92r.12-14, Ked then omits the nasty things …) || Then the [533] Hellenes in the East, getting puffed up, immediately dragged off George, the bishop of Alexandria and killed him.||54

(PsS 92r.17-21) ||Then Athanasius, who had been hiding with a virgin for a long time, came out and drummed up a synod, and by endorsing the decisions [made] at Nicaea received back the churches. After George the Arians appointed Lucius for themselves, and gathered in a communal house. The Hellenes crucified and slaughtered lots of Christians.||

(PsS 92r.24-27) ||For in Gaza and Askelon after killing presbyters and ever-virgins, they cut open55 their innards, filled them with barley and tossed them to pigs. In Phoenicia after killing the deacon Cyril they took a taste of his liver.||

(PsS 92r.29-32) ||The man who cut up the deacon and tasted his liver vomited up his [own] tongue which had rotted, lost his teeth, was deprived of his sight, and died in utter torment.||

50 The only other known reference to this last oracle from Delphi is in Philostorgios 77 (Bidez-Winkelmann), from some 7 centuries earlier which lacks the story of Oribasios' mission. Various scholars have linked this oracle to Daphni, near Antioch, rather than Delphi. See T.E. Gregory, ‘Julian and the last oracle at Delphi’, GRBS 24 (1983), 355-66, and A. Markopoulos, ‘Kedrenos, Pseudo-Symeon and the last oracle at Delphi’, GRBS 26 (1985), 207-10, who both argue for Delphi rather than Daphni. See too Averil Cameron, Agathias and Cedrenus on Julian’, JRS 53 (1963), 91-94. Also Artemii Passio (BHG 170) also preserving this oracle. (Markopoulos 207).51 This is an intriguing example of Kedrenos' technique in adapting a source. The account is closely based on Theophanes AM 5853 (Julian's first year). Theoph has ‘Wishing to show that Constantius had been unjust and inhumane, this lawless man, feigning righteousness …’ For Theoph's απανθρωπον, 'inhumane', Ked substitutes παρανομον 'a law-breaker', which he has borrowed from Theoph's following adjective for Julian παρανομος.52 "because of dissolving the marriage" Theoph reading γαμετήν instead of γυναῖκα.53 i.e. the cursus publicus.54 Or 'killed him by dragging him'.55 άναπτύσσω literally means 'unfold', especially of papyrus rolls for reading.

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(PsS 92.v.2-4) ||But what is the point of relating the things that happened in each city and region at that time because of the Hellenes?56 For they exceed all accounts and writings.||

(PsS 92v.4-6) ||At that time Basil the great was a presbyter of the church of Cappadocia; [his contemporaries were] the sophist Libanius and the philosophers Proclus and Maximus.||

322:1 (PsS 92v.7-11) ||In his second year the impious Julian introduced a law that Christians could not take part in Hellenic education.57 But Apolinarios by using all58 of holy scripture and by imitating the idioms of all the poets, wrote [works] for teaching among Christians.||

(PsS 92v.23-29) The [534] transgressor, ||imitating the good works of the Christians, ordered that provisions be supplied to wayfarers and beggars, so deceiving the simple minded. He decreed that Zeus, Ares, Hermes and the other demons be added to his own images,59 and that those who refused obeisance to them were to be punished as enemies of the emperor. At the distribution of wages to the army he set out fire and incense and forced the soldiers to burn incense.||

322:2 (PsS 92v.30-36) ||At Caesarea Philippi, now called Panaïs,60 the woman with an issue of blood who had been cured by Christ had set up a statue of Christ the Lord, and a plant used to grow at the base of the statue which [worked as] a remedy for every disease. So in envy about the plant the coward Julian pulled down the statue and set up a wooden statue of himself. And the Christians, taking the statue of the Saviour put it in a church, and fire coming down from Heaven destroyed the [statue] of Julian.||

322:3 (PsS 92v.30-33; Ked then omits one line.) At Nicopolis in Palestine, [now] Emmaous, a spring provides a cure for all kinds of diseases among men and beasts. For they say that our Lord washed his feet in it during a journey.||61

(PsS 93r.1-4, Ked drops ref [lines3-4] to fleeing from Jerusalem with the Theotokos and Joseph; and more) ||In Hermopolis in the Thebaid, there is a persea tree; if someone were to take a leaf or stick of it, it was a cure against every disease. This tree, they say, being bent, made obeisance to Christ when he fled|| [omission > Ked's summary] to Egypt and provided shade for him. In [his] envy [Julian] choked the spring and cut down the tree.||

(PsS 93r.7-9) ||This [535] bitter man, after opening the tomb of the Forerunner burned the relics and scattered the ashes in the wind.||62

56 Ked substitutes this sentence instead of continuing with Theoph's catalogue.57 Theoph. AM 5854 (deB 48). See Julian, Ep. 42 (17 June 362), cf. CTh. xiii.3.5; T.M. Banchich, Ancient World 24 (1993), 5-14.58 Ked has read Theoph's 'material' as 'all', a difference of one letter, ολη for υλη, perhaps mistakenly.59 Or this may mean 'be depicted in his likeness'.60 Paneas in Theoph and elsewhere, it is in the Golan heights at the foot of Mt. Hermon.61 Ked omits from Theoph and PsS: 'That man ordered it to be covered with earth.'

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322:4 (PsS 93r.9-16) ||They say that in [the area] around Caesarea Philippi, in the northern part of the gorge, there was a flame-shaped root which they call battaritis, from which around evening a flashing light like lightning makes it unapproachable and inaccessible since anyone who gets close immediately dies. So after digging a circle around it, they tether a dog to the root.63 The dog being eager to follow its masters drags the root and pulls it up for some distance. The dog immediately dies, but by grabbing hold of the root they cure those who are possessed by a demon.||64

(Cf. GM 710.11-18 [under reign of Constans II emp. 641-68] following Josephus Bell. Jud. 7.6.3 cf. 2.10.2) ||They say that a city in Galilee is beside the sea. A river flows for two stades65 from it. This produces an island-shaped place in it with a perimeter of a hundred cubits, where the ordinary sand carried down by the winds is immediately turned into glass; and when this is taken away, it is immediately replaced.||

322:5 (cf. Soc. HE 3.12, Theod. Lect. Epit. 127 p.58, 1-3) ||While Julian was staying in the city of Chalcedon, its bishop Maris cast many insults at Julian to his face for sacrificing at the temple of Fortune, calling the transgressor an accursed wretch and a foreigner to the Glory of God. But [Julian] pretending to be like a philosopher rebuked Maris with a single statement, saying 'Go away, you wretch, and lament your own blindness. For the Nazarene whom you worship didn't cure your illness.' For Maris suffered from a cataract.66 [Maris] said to the transgressor [536] 'I give thanks to Christ my Lord for looking after me in advance so that I can't look upon your utterly shameless and impious face.'||

322:6 (PsS 92v.12-15 so out of order) ||[Julian] gave orders for the great Athanasius to vacate his church, with the Hellenes urging him on. But as [Athanasius] was leaving he spoke to encourage the Christians who were weeping on his behalf: ‘Take heart, people of Christ’, he said, ‘it is just a little cloud and will pass by.’67 ||

322:7 (PsS 93v.17-34 + abbreviated to line 38) ||Julian, while staying in Antioch, frequently went up to Daphni and worshipped the statue of Apollo there (for it was a remarkable work of the sculptor Bryxis,68 which no one since has been able to copy faithfully). He kept on seeking an oracle from it but did not get any answer. Thinking that it stayed silent because of the relics of the sacred holy martyr Babylas buried in

62 Διαλικμaω not listed in LSJ; one citation in Lampe with meaning 'winnowed away thorougly', Apoll. Met Ps 17.43.[? =18.42 'then did I beat them small as the dust before the wind λεπτυνω = winnow, thresh].63 [but why εξ plus genitive? It should mean 'from']64 This story is not in Theophanes. Need to check if it is in one of the 5th-cent eccl histories. Otherwise, why are this and the next story in Ked's account of Julian?65 i.e. furlongs.66 Vocab: epichusis = hypochusis / hypochuma = cataract.67 Athanasius' famous remark paraphrases Demosthenes 18 (On the Crown). 188: παρηλθεν ο κινδυνος ωσπερ νεφος, 'the danger has passed by like a cloud.' Athanasius was in exile from 23 Oct 362 to 14 Feb 364.68 i.e. Bryaxis (fl. 350BC) famous for a colossal statue of Sarapis in Alexandria and for the sculptures on the north side of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. What is important here is that the reference is Kedrenos' addition to PsS, and so provides clear evidence Kedrenos' own knowledge of (and interest in) ancient art, rather than having simply copied such material from his source.

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Daphni, he ordered that they all be moved away. When this took place fire suddenly descended from heaven during that night and completely burned the temple and the statue of Apollo so that not a single trace of it remained. So, frightened by this, the accursed man, thinking it had been caused by a Christian plot, instigated a close examination of priests. After punishing them in all kinds of ways so that several of them died, he only heard this from them that [it was due] not to the Christians nor any human plot but that fire descending from heaven had burned the temple and the statue. So in fury the transgressor and fighter against God closed the great church of Antioch and [537] pillaged all its sacred objects. After counts Felix and his uncle Julian, who had been sent there, reported that 'we thought that there was a force of the highest mysteries which prevented us', the accursed [fellow] mocked them.||

322:8 (cf. PsS 93v.6-9, Theoph 51, Zon. 13.12 [Banchich-Lane 175]) ||Artemios, the dux of Alexandria, since he had shown much zeal during the reign of Constantius against idolaters in Alexandria had his property confiscated and was beheaded after [undergoing] much torture because of his faith in Christ, as were two presbyters, Eugenios and Makarios.||

323:1 (PsS 93r.39) ||In his third year, after punishing many and creating martyrs,||

(PsS 93v.16-21) ||he decreed that the temple of the Jews be built. When this work was attempted, first of all a hurricane carried away the lime of which there was more than two hundred thousand modii,69 then, with the Jews still trying [to continue] the work, fire coming out from the foundations burned them thoroughly, and made them stop work.

The impious one even wrote a refutation of the holy Gospels, which the great Cyril of Alexandria and other Christ-lovers refuted. He himself and others like him slandered all the rest of scripture. The spurious [writings] of these people were cast away by the orthodox.||

323:2 (PsS 93v.21-29) ||During these times the holy Cross was seen in the sky, radiant and encircled by a shining crown, [extending] from Golgotha to the holy Mount of Olives, more brilliant than [it was] at the time of Constantius. [538] The sign of the Cross appeared of its own accord on the altar-cloths of altars and on bibles and other [liturgical] vestments, and even on the clothing not only of Christians but also of Jews, not only in Jerusalem but also in Antioch and other cities. The Jews and the Hellenes impudently did not believe it and found it on their clothing. For some [the Cross] even was black.||

323:3 (PsS 93v.29-34) ||Julian, shuddering at the prophecies, sacrifices and the spells of demons and [their] frauds, as Agathias says,70 campaigned against the Persians because he received the following oracle; 'All we gods now go forth to carry the trophies of victory by the wild river [Ther].71 I, raging Ares, raising the din of war, will lead them.'||

69 A modius, a sixth of a medimnus, is about 2 gallons, so 200,000 modii is about 3.5 million litres. [1.8 million?] 70 Tartaglia suggests Theodore Anagnostes (i.e. Lector) might be meant.71 ‘Wild Beast ’. Bekker suggests reading Τιγρητι, 'Tigris', for θηρι, but θηρι is the reading in GM.

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(PsS 94r.6-13 abbreviated) ||During his journey to Persia, a small jug standing full of water was found in the house of a Christian woman, which suddenly began fomenting and changed into sweet wine. This was seen as perhaps a symbol of the change to the sweetest of affairs because of the downfall for the usurper in a short time.||

(SymLog 90.6 cf. Zon. 13.13 which is close, presumably from a common source, very possibly John of Antioch). ||For while he was campaigning against the Persians he was enticed by some deserters into burning his ships. Then making his journey through the desert and uneven regions for some time, with all his needs and necessities72 left behind, and those with him enduring severe hardship, when the moment for war arrived||

(cf. Philost. HE 7.15a,20-27??) ||and he was going around the army and drawing it up, he was struck by a spear unseen in his abdomen so that he cried aloud, and putting some blood in his hand he sprinkled it into the air, saying: 'You have conquered, Christ. Let it suffice, Nazarene.' And in this way [539] he severed his polluted soul,|| with much abuse of his own gods, calling them cheats, deceivers and liars.

|His wretched body was taken to Constantinople, and he was buried in a circular porphyry coffin73

on which the following elegy was inscribed:74

By the Kydnos flowing with silver, from the Euphrates’ waves75

Out of the land of Persia from a task left incompletehaving moved his army, Julian obtained this tomb,"at the same time a good king and a strong spearfighter."||76

323:4 (cf. John of Antioch 270 [Exc. Salm. 2.79, Roberto, 452], SymLog 91.1, Zon. 13.14) ||When Jovian, who reigned after him, while walking behind [the emperor] accidently trod on his purple cloak while going down some slope, Julian turned around and judging from what had happened that he [Jovian] would rule the empire after him, said: 'So be it, so long as it is a human being.'||77

JOVIAN324:1 (cf. PsS 94r.14 - 27, Theoph 53-54) ||Jovian reigned for 9 months and 15 days. He was a chiliarch, a most gentle man and an orthodox Christian, who was

72 [suggestions for any other vocab? Perhaps 'indispensable necessities'].73 Tartaglia suggests SymLog 90.3 as the source but it has Tarsos instead of Constantinople and makes no reference to the coffin.74 TLG cites the elegy at Anth Graec, appendix, Epigrammata sepulcralia, epigram 601 (which I can't find in Anth Graec). It is also cited by Zon. 13.13 [Banchich-Lane 176], (presumably from Ked).75 'from the waves of the Euphrates' also occurs in Sybilline Oracles, section 13 line 98 but its context is quite different.76 The last line of the epitaph is taken from Homer, Iliad, 3.179 for which I have borrowed Richmond Lattimore's translation.77 The last phrase is obscure. Banchich and Lane, The History of Zonaras, 242 suggest: ‘So be it, at any rate, though he is a man’, and from SymLog, 91.1 p.115 ‘Would that, at least, he were a man.’

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proclaimed emperor by the army in the place where the transgressor was killed. He was so tall in height that not one of the imperial vestments fitted him. After a single clash in war, peace as if from God was invoked harmoniously by both the Romans and the Persians and was fixed for thirty years. Jovian declined the emperorship, saying he was unable to lead a Hellenising army. Everyone in unison shouted out at him: ‘We are Christians, thrice August emperor [autocrator]’. So he dispatched laws to every land under the Romans [540] for the preservation of the churches of God, and he recalled the Christians in exile, writing even to the holy Athanasius to declare to him in writing an accurate [statement] of the faith without fault. When this occurred he became stronger in his orthodoxy.||

324:2 (cf. PsS 94r.28-38, GM 547) ||On returning to Antioch, he found many chests in the palace[s] filled with human heads and many wells full of human corpses.78 For Julian had cut up tens of thousands of pregnant women and after inspecting the liver in the embryos for soothsaying he had slaughtered lots of children and buried them under the idols. Furthermore [this] most abominable man used to slaughter even white and red horses and many types of creatures to the Sun, to Fire, to the Winds and to all his demons. So it is not at all incredible that his buried body was thrown up out of the earth. So they buried him after mixing him with the bones of foul animals, with this act demonstrating his estrangement from God and mankind.||

324:3 (PsS 94r.38-94v.2 [not noted by T], cf. Theoph 54) ||On setting out from Antioch for Constantinople Jovian, on reaching Ancyra in Galatia, was promoted to consul.79 When he got to the suburb of Dadastana he lay down in a hut that had recently been coated with lime, and with the asbestos giving off a heavy vapour he suddenly died, suffocated by its burning. But some write that he died after eating a poisonous mushroom.||

(PsS 94v.2, not noted by T) ||His wife was Charito, who never saw him as emperor.||80

78 Cf. 318.3 from which this and the following two sentences are slightly abbreviated.79 Latin trans omits 'was promoted to consul'.80 Ked next omits 2 lines from PsS: Jovian's body was buried in a porphyry tomb in Holy Apostles; an Arian Demophilos was then in control of the church.

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