Artificial System of Plant Artificial System of Plant ClassificationClassification Carl LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus

Born in Sweden (1707-Born in Sweden (1707-1778)1778)

Father of TaxonomyFather of Taxonomy

TaxonomyTaxonomy

““The flowers' leaves. . . The flowers' leaves. . . serve as bridal beds serve as bridal beds which the Creator has so which the Creator has so gloriously arranged, gloriously arranged, adorned with such noble adorned with such noble bed curtains, and bed curtains, and perfumed with so many perfumed with so many soft scents that the soft scents that the bridegroom with his bride bridegroom with his bride might there celebrate their might there celebrate their nuptials with so much the nuptials with so much the greater solemnity. . . “greater solemnity. . . “

Taxonomy based on Taxonomy based on reproductive organs.reproductive organs. Class determined Class determined

by Stamenby Stamen Order by PistilsOrder by Pistils ProblemsProblems Controversial Controversial

Before Linnaeus Before Linnaeus

Naming practices Naming practices varied varied

For instance, the common wild briar rose:

Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina and Rosa sylvestris alba cum rubore, folio glabro

Artificial vs. NaturalArtificial vs. Natural

ArtificialArtificial taxonomy was a system of taxonomy was a system of grouping unrelated plant species by a grouping unrelated plant species by a common criteria (i.e. a flowers sexual common criteria (i.e. a flowers sexual organs)organs)

NaturalNatural classification reflects evolutionary classification reflects evolutionary relationships…relationships…

Artificial System of Artificial System of Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

Carl LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus

Carl LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus

Born May 22, 1707 in RBorn May 22, 1707 in Rååshult, Sweden.shult, Sweden. Father was botanist/naturalistFather was botanist/naturalist Attended Univ. of Lund and Univ. of UppsalaAttended Univ. of Lund and Univ. of Uppsala Traveled to Lapland (Blue Lake, CA) and collected 537 Traveled to Lapland (Blue Lake, CA) and collected 537

plant specimensplant specimens Married Sara Moraea in 1739Married Sara Moraea in 1739 Opened own medical practice specializing in venereal Opened own medical practice specializing in venereal

diseasesdiseases Became professor at UppsalaBecame professor at Uppsala Produced his sexual system of classification (Artificial Produced his sexual system of classification (Artificial

classification) classification) Invented binomial nomenclatureInvented binomial nomenclature

What is Artificial Plant What is Artificial Plant ClassificationClassification

Method of classifying plants Method of classifying plants based on a limited number of based on a limited number of their physical and sexual their physical and sexual characteristicscharacteristics

BasicsBasics

‘‘Sexual’ system Sexual’ system Divided plants into Divided plants into

24 classes24 classes Classes based Classes based

largely on the largely on the amount, union and amount, union and length of stamenslength of stamens

Linnaeus' classification system for plants (I) Public Marriages (Flowers visible to everyone) Linnaeus' classification system for plants (I) Public Marriages (Flowers visible to everyone) Monoclinous (Husband and wife have the same bed) [Hermaphrodite flowers: stamens and pistils in the Monoclinous (Husband and wife have the same bed) [Hermaphrodite flowers: stamens and pistils in the

same flower] same flower] Without Affinity (Husbands not related to each other) [stamens not united by any of their parts] Without Affinity (Husbands not related to each other) [stamens not united by any of their parts]

Without Subordination (All the males of equal rank) [stamens not in set proportion] Without Subordination (All the males of equal rank) [stamens not in set proportion] Monandria - One husband in marriage Monandria - One husband in marriage Diandria - Two husbands in the same marriage Diandria - Two husbands in the same marriage Triandria - Three husbands in the same marriage Triandria - Three husbands in the same marriage Tetrandria - Four husbands in the same marriage Tetrandria - Four husbands in the same marriage Pentandria - Five husbands in the same marriage Pentandria - Five husbands in the same marriage Hexandria - Six husbands in the same marriage Hexandria - Six husbands in the same marriage Heptandria - Seven husbands in the same marriage Heptandria - Seven husbands in the same marriage Octandria - Eight husbands in the same marriage Octandria - Eight husbands in the same marriage Enneandria - Nine husbands in the same marriage Enneandria - Nine husbands in the same marriage Decandria - Ten husbands in the same marriage Decandria - Ten husbands in the same marriage Dodecandria - Twelve to nineteen husbands in the same marriage Dodecandria - Twelve to nineteen husbands in the same marriage Icosandria - Generally twenty husbands, often more Icosandria - Generally twenty husbands, often more Polyandria - Twenty males or more in the same marriage Polyandria - Twenty males or more in the same marriage

With Subordination (Some males above the others) [Two stamens always shorter] With Subordination (Some males above the others) [Two stamens always shorter] Didynamia - Four husbands, two taller than the other two Didynamia - Four husbands, two taller than the other two Tetradynamia - More than four husbands, two shorter than the others Tetradynamia - More than four husbands, two shorter than the others

With Affinity (Husbands related to each other) [stamens united with each other or with the pistil] With Affinity (Husbands related to each other) [stamens united with each other or with the pistil] Monadelphia - Husbands, like brothers, arise from one base Monadelphia - Husbands, like brothers, arise from one base Diadelphia - Husbands arise from two bases, as if from two mothers Diadelphia - Husbands arise from two bases, as if from two mothers Polyadelphia - Husbands arise from more than two mothers Polyadelphia - Husbands arise from more than two mothers Syngenesia - Husbands joined together at the top Syngenesia - Husbands joined together at the top Gynandria - Husbands and wives growing together Gynandria - Husbands and wives growing together

Diclinous (Husband and wife have separate beds) [separate male and female flowers of the same species] Diclinous (Husband and wife have separate beds) [separate male and female flowers of the same species] Monoecia - Husbands live with their wives in the same house, but have different beds Monoecia - Husbands live with their wives in the same house, but have different beds Dioecia - Husbands and wives have different houses Dioecia - Husbands and wives have different houses Polygamia - Husbands live with wives and concubines Polygamia - Husbands live with wives and concubines

(II) Clandestine Marriages (Flowers scarcely visible to the naked eye) (II) Clandestine Marriages (Flowers scarcely visible to the naked eye) Cryptogamia - Nuptials are celebrated privately Cryptogamia - Nuptials are celebrated privately